〖TOEFL 2009上半年-Dark_Tournament听力组〗m2zhy的听力备考日志贴

m2zhyUID: 2440721

        索引

1楼 --------- 目录
2楼 --------- 经验总结
3楼 --------- 3月10日听写日志（2000-01-p3，p4）
4楼 --------- 3月11日听写日志（1989-01-p2；1989-05-p3）
9楼 --------- 3月12日听写日志（1990-05-p3；1990-08-p3）
10楼 --------- 3月13日听写日志（1991-05-p2;1992-08-p3;）
11楼  ---------  3月14日听写日志（1993-01-p2;1993-10-p2;）
12楼 --------- 3月16日听写日志（1995-08-p5; 1995-12-p5;1996-01-p3;）
13楼 --------- 3月17日听写日志（1996-01-p5;1996-05-p3;1996-N01-p5;）
14楼 --------- 3月18日听写日志（1997-10-p5;1997-08-p5; 1998-01-p3;）
15楼 --------- 3月19日听写日志（1998-05-p4;1999-01-p5;1999-05-p4;）
16楼 --------- 3月20日听写日志（2000-05-p3,p4,p5;）
17楼 --------- 3月22日听写日志（2000-01-p3,p4; 2000-08-p3,p4;）
18楼 --------- 3月23日听写日志（2000-08-p5; 2000-10-p3;2001-01-p3,p4;）
19楼 --------- 3月24日听写日志（2001-01-p5; 2001-05-p3,p4,p5;）
20楼 --------- 3月25日听写日志（2001-08-p3,p4,p5; 2001-10-p3;）
21楼 --------- 3月26日听写日志（2001-10-p4,p5; 2002-01-p4,p5;）
22楼 --------- 3月27日听写日志（2002-05-p4,p5; 2002-10-p3,p4;）


…  ---------  …
N楼 --------- M月D日听写日志（YYYY－MM－passage No.）

m2zhyUID: 2440721

经验总结（每10天一个总结）

第一阶段经验总结（3月11日——3月21日）：
经过10天的听写、跟读和背诵的练习，本人发现原本有xxxx等问题，现在已经解决了哪些问题，还存在哪些问题。


第二阶段经验总结（3月22日——3月31日）：
经过了第二个10天的基础练习，本人又解决了哪些问题，还存在哪些问题没有解决。


第三阶段经验总结（4月1日——4月10日）：
『理论上来讲，现在应该是即将出现或者已经出现量变到质变转化的时候了，所以这个阶段的总结应该会有比较深刻的体会，请大家好好写写啊：）』

......

m2zhyUID: 2440721

3月10日听写日志

2000－01－p3：

Listen to part of talk in a(the) music class, the professor is discussing a musical theater production.

It may seem strange that(In the 80th steet,) we are discussing music from a(will discuss the year for the) Broadway production in this(next) class,
"The Lion King"(and the loyaol key) especially, since it's based on a (the base of) popular Hollywood movie.

I mean music preformed for(from) the Broadway theater, in the heart(hard)
of New York city, surely(shortly) would seem to be(be seen) in the westen tradition of(tradional) popular music, and not have much in common with the music we have been studying in this course, such as gamelan music of Indonesia(Gamola music and Nesia), or Zulu chants(Sularchance) of South African, music that developed outside (Alassanda) the westen trational of Eropean and American.

But in fact, musicians have a long standing tradition of borrowing(boiling) from one another's(one to another) cultures, and this production's director intentionally include both western and non-western music.

That way,(that way) some of the rhythms,(reasons) instruments, homonies tipical of non-western music contrast with and(an) complement popular music more familiar to audiences in North American and Euopean, music like rock(walk), jazz, or Broadway style show tunes(showtons).

So I want to spend the rest of this class and most of next one on the music from(for) the show the Lion King as a way of summarizing some of the technical(technological) distinctions between tipical western music and non-western music we have been studing.

Now the African influence on the music is clear(square), the story takes place in Afican.

So the director got a South African composer to write songs with a distinctly African sound.

And the songs even include the words from African languages.

But we'll get back to(what is) the African influence later.

First, let's turn to the music that was(with) writen for the shadow puppet scenes(pop seens) in the Lion King, music based on the Indonesian(internetia) music used in the shadow puppet(pop) theater of that region.

2000－02－p4：

Listen to part of talk in a(the) class on the history of science.

In anciet time, many people believed the earth was a flat disc(year boots fight this). Well(for all) over (the) two thousands years ago, the ancient Greek(quick) philosophers(philosophy) were(was) able to put forward(for) two arguments(agmies) proving that it was not.

Direct observation of heavenly bodies was(the rectoa of basons have these bodies with) the basis of both these arguments(vol designers).

First, the Greeks(they crips) knew that during(the dream) eclipses of(and clips) the moon, the earth was between the sun and(deer would between the side of) the moon, and they saw that (deer) during these eclipses(clips), the earth's(deer) shadow on the moon was always round(around).

They realized that this could be(gime) true only if the earth was spherical(the thei tehirical).

If the earth were a flat disc(was plite this), then its shadow during eclipses(the clipsis) would not be a(that) perfect circle, it would be strenched out into(to) a long ellipse.

The second argument was based on what the Greeks saw during their travels(the great sugon troubles).

They noticed that the North Star or Polaris(cliros) appeared lower in the sky when they(in) traveled south(seven), in more northerly(there were nodoly) regions, the North Star appeared to them to be(they were saw
.. and) much higer in the sky.

By the way(That way), it was also from this(they were also foundies the) difference in the apparent position(pair medition) of the North Star that(and) the Greeks(geat) first calculated the approximate(countulation
count the) distance around the circumference of the earth, a figure recorded in ancient documents says 400,000 stadia, that's the plural of the word stadium.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

3月11日听写日志

1989-01-p2

we are rapidly(revantly) nearing the end of this course in the history of classical music.

we have covered several centuries(setury) in a very short time.

much too short to do the music justice, of course(just suforth
), but then this is a survey(surface) course.

from now until the end of the term, we will be talking about and listening to electronic music.

You’ve probably already known that it was in 1950 that musical computer and synthesizers first appeared in university.

the first commercial synthesizers was sold(also) about this time too.

the sophistications and complexity of there instruments(excetrament) has now increased to the point that they can produce(propuse) almost any kind of songs.

some alarmists believe this new instruments will bring an(the) end to (the) classical music or they already have.

you know I don't share this view(you), though(so) I agree we are in the midst(mister) of a revolution in instrument design.

This, however, is not the first such evolution in musical history, and probably not the last one either(follow we are the
wetern leader).

remember we’ve already studied a(the) similar case(game) in the early 19th century.

when the piano replaced the harpsichord(beallow
heart of court) and modern
brass of wind instruments came into being(win this
delieve).

one of the most important reason of(was) the great popularity of the electronic instruments is, of course, their(they are) relatively (of) cheap price.

well, just look at it.

only about 400 dollars for an electronic keyboard compared to nearly 3000 dollars for a piano.

naturally this has done a lot to(is on the large) increase sales of electronic instrument.

but I don't think even the most ardent supporters of electronic instruments, expect them completely to(with) replace the
acoustic
instruments.

1989-05-p3

let's look back in history to an(the) earlier way of life(wayoflotdy).

at one time, chiddren didn't have to learn any more than how to cope with their physical enviroment(this clibarrement).

they have to learn to be careful around moving objects(out), to draw(go) back when they got too close to something dangerous.

they didn't need a special school to learn these things( language thing,) other than the school of( mischool) experiences, now was(with) school(the co) (is) necessary for them to learn how to survive,

because their parents taught(told) them all they needed to know about how to hunt(haunt) and to till the soil.

But as the society became more complex( or comes back), people depended more on others who were living far away.

So it(some) became important for children to learn, to read and (to) write.

when money was created, they need to learn to count and calculate.

children has to know these(this) things in order to survive in this new expanded(un) enviroment.

because such skills could not be learned simply from first-hand(to first term) experience, school became necessary, so that(the) children could be taught what(, but) we now call the three Rs:(that we are) reading, writing and ryhsmtic.

moyuerUID: 2577848

压缩包里是听力原文吗？

m2zhyUID: 2440721

是的

icandoitwellUID: 2463560

6# m2zhy

网上下载的听力王都不能用啊，你是买的软件，还是下载的？我在北美，能不能share一下？谢谢:)

m2zhyUID: 2440721

回复楼上，我有这个软件，是从网上下的。
如果同学在我们的听力组的话，可以从共享里下载。我今天刚传上去

m2zhyUID: 2440721

3月12日日志

1990-05-p3：

Today, I will be talking about the invention of the camera and photography.

The camera is often thought to be a modern invention.

But as early as 1727, a German physicist discovered that light darken silver salt(like dark resolve), a chemical compound.

Using as a camera, a big box with a small hole to let the light in, he made temporay(may temper the) images on the salt.

Silver salt is still the base of(basic) film today.

Then a French scientist made the first permanent picture by using a special piece of metal sensitized with silver salt.

A photography he made in 1826 still exists.

The painter Dagera improved on the process by placing common salt, the kind we eat, on the metal.

This was in 1839, the official date(day) of the beginning of photography(tography).

But the problem was the printing of the potographs.

And it wasn't until other scientists developed the kind of paper we now use that good printing was possible and photography became truely modern.

In the 1860s, Matthew Brady was able to take his famous picture of the Ameircan Civil War, thus(those) making portrait poses(virtural pos)
very popular.

In the 20th century, George Eastman of the United States simplfied film developing and Ddwards Land invented the so called instant camera with self-developing film.

If we say that(said)
the photography(tography) came into existence in 18439, it follows that it has taken(bee taking) more than one hundred years for the camera to reach its(the) present condition(presentations) of technical refinement.

1990-08-p3：

Today, I would like to talk about the early days of movie making in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Before the pioneering films of D.W. Griffiths, film makers were limited by several misguided conventions of the era.

According to(the) one, the camera was always fixed at a view point corresponding to that of the spectator in the theater, a position now known as the(a) long shot.

It was another convention that position of the camera never changed in the middle of a(the) scene.

In last week's films, we saw how Graffith ignored both these(its) limiting (and) conventions and brought the camera closer to the actor.

This(These) shot now known as a full shot, was considered(contid a) revolutionary at the(that) time.

For Love of Gold, was the name of film in which we saw the first use of the full shot.

After progressing(the grasping) from the long shot to the full shot, the next logical step for Griffiths was to bring in the camera still closer, in what is now called the close-up.

The close-up had been used(has the news) before though(the) only rarely and merely as a visual stunt(vision start), as for example, in Edqaed Asport's "The Great Train Robbery", which was made in 1903.

But not until 1908 in Griffiths' movie called "After Many Years" was the dramatic potential of the close-up first exploited.

In the scene from "After Many Years" that we are about to see, pay special attention to the close-up of Annie Lee's(any l and) worried face as she awaits(waits for) her husband's return.

In 1908, this(the) close-up shocked(shot) everyone in the Biogress Studio(e won the bio
stedio).

But Griffiths(we've) had no time for argument.

He(It) had another surprise even more radical to offer.

Immediately following the close-up of Annie(mad ), he inserted a(the) picture of the object of her thoughts, her husband casting away on a desert isle(c the way and desert d).

This cutting from one scene to another without finishing either of(on) them brought a torrent of criticism on( was
t c of) the experimenter.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

3月13号日志

1991-05-p2：

Listen to the following lecture about Mark Twain.

Mark Twain, who wrote the story we are going to read, travel quite a lot, often because circumstances, usually financial circumstances forced him to.

He was born in Florican Missouri in 1835 and moved to Hannibal Missouri with his family when he was about four years old.

Most people think he was born at Hannibal, but that(the fact) isn't true.

After his father died when he was about twelve, Twain worked in Hnanibal for a while and then left, so he could(can) earn more money.

He work for a while as a typesetter on various newspapers and then got a job as a rivier pilot(peddler) on the Mississsippi.

Twain loved this job and many of(then y) his books show it.

The river job didn't last, however, because the outbreak of the Civil War.

Twain was in the federate(then confedery the) army for just two weeks, and then he and his(the) whole company went west to get away from the war and the army(in Mamy).

In Nevada in California, Twain prosperted for silver and gold without much luck, but did succeed as a(insist it is) writer.

Once(When) that happened, Twain travelled around the country giving lectures and earning enough money to go to Europe.

Twain didn't travel much the last ten years of his life, and he didn't publish much either.

Somehow his travel, ever when forced(given one forst), inspired(and fired) his writting.

Like(By r) many other popular writters, Twain derived much of the materials for his writting from the wealth and diverstiy(wel and the vosity) of his own personal experences.

1992-08-p3：

Listen to the following lecture about Mark Twain.

Mark Twain, who wrote the story we are going to read, travel quite a lot, often because circumstances, usually financial circumstances forced him to.

He was born in Florican Missouri in 1835 and moved to Hannibal Missouri with his family when he was about four years old.

Most people think he was born at Hannibal, but that(the fact) isn't true.

After his father died when he was about twelve, Twain worked in Hnanibal for a while and then left, so he could(can) earn more money.

He work for a while as a typesetter on various newspapers and then got a job as a rivier pilot(peddler) on the Mississsippi.

Twain loved this job and many of(then y) his books show it.

The river job didn't last, however, because the outbreak of the Civil War.

Twain was in the federate(then confedery the) army for just two weeks, and then he and his(the) whole company went west to get away from the war and the army(in Mamy).

In Nevada in California, Twain prosperted for silver and gold without much luck, but did succeed as a(insist it is) writer.

Once(When) that happened, Twain travelled around the country giving lectures and earning enough money to go to Europe.

Twain didn't travel much the last ten years of his life, and he didn't publish much either.

Somehow his travel, ever when forced(given one forst), inspired(and fired) his writting.

Like(By r) many other popular writters, Twain derived much of the materials for his writting from the wealth and diverstiy(wel and the vosity) of his own personal experences.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

3月14号日志：

1993-01-p2：

Listen to a lecture in a music appreciation class.

To place their music well, Jazz musicians don't really need to know a lot about the rules of harmony and(Rolls and H) rhythm.

Of course, they might have a knowledge of both harmony and rhythm, but that kind of knowledge isn't what(work that) makes them good Jazz musicians.

What does make them good is having an intuitive feeling for how to music works.

For artists in the(and) medium of Jazz, the music comes naturally.

It flows almost spontaneously through them.

Their music performance is not planned in advanced.

As they play, they don't monitor themselves in term of a formal theory(forming series) of performance.

As a result, Jazz is a naturally expression of (the) moods and feelings of the artist, a moment by moment expression of itself.

Now you are in for a treat(infer print).

I brought some recordings of my favorite Jazz artists.

We'll spend some time listening to some examples of really good Jazz.

1993-10-p2：（这篇文章听的很不好，听写王里的原文不完整，没法对答案:mad:  ）

Listen to a lecture about the history of(in) higher education in the United States.

Three developments in the United States higher education that you are benefiting(will benefit) from today started more than a century ago following the Civil War.

The first of these was the rapid growth of technological and professional education, to l urban s of complex industry and urban society, new school of technology, engineering, architecture, law and medicine.

Second was the provision for graduate study, such as what had long existed in France and Germany.

Harward and John Hopkins Universities quickly took the lead in this field, but the state universities did not lag far behind.

Third was the increased provision for the education of women.

This included the establishment of(establish L) new women's colleges, such as Vasa, Welisly and Smith, and the adoption of co-education in the all the new state universities outside the s
, as well as in many private institutions.

This development, the growth of technological and professional education, the provison for graduate study and the increased education opportunities for women begun over a century ago, continue to this day, well
over ten decades since the end of the Civil War.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

3月16号日志：

1995-08-p5:

Listen to part of a lecture given in a marine biology class.

To us, the environment in which fish dwell often seems cold, dark and mysterious.

But there are advantages(reventages) to live in water.

And they played an important role in making fish what they are.

One is that water isn't subject to sudden temperature changes.

Therefore it makes an(them) excellent habitat for a(the) cold-blooded animal.

Another advantages(inventage) is water's(what is) the ability to easily support the body weight(wade).

Protoplasm has approximately the same density as(is) water.

So a fish in water(fishing water) is almost weightless.

This weightless in turn(in term of) meaning two things.

1), a fish can get along with a light weight and simple bone structure.

And 2), limitations to a fish style are practically removed.

Yet there(it) is one basic difficulty to live in water, the fact that it is incompressible.

For a fish to move through water, it must actually shove it aside( the sight).

Most can do this by wiggling back and forth in snakelike(neglect) motion.

The fish pushes the water aside by the forward motion of its(the) head and with a curve of its body and its flexible(lecsble) tail.

Next, the water flows back along the fish's narrowing size, closeing in at the tail and helping the fish to propel itself(them) forward.

1995-12-p5:

Listen to a lecture given in a dance history class.

So why did what is now called "modern dance" begin in the United States?

To begin to answer this question, I'll need to back track a little bit and talk about classical ballet.

But in(By) the late 1800s, ballet had lost a lot(lots) of its popularity.

Most of the ballet dancers who performed in the Unites States were brought(broad) over from Europe.

They performed using the rigid techniques that had been(then) passed down through(for) the centuries.

Audiences and dancers in the United States were eager for their own contemperary (every) dance form.

And so around 1900, dancers created one.

So how was this modern dance so different from classical ballet?

Almost( were most) notably, it wasn't carefully choreographed.

Instead, the dance depended on the improvisation and free personal expression of the dancers.

Music and scenery were of little important to the modern dance.

And lightness(likeness) of movement wasn't important either.

In fact, modern dancers make no attempt(may know t) at all to conceal(consume) the effort involved in the dance step.

But even if improvisation appealed to audiences, many dance critics(creatics) were lest enthusiastic(less b do the asthtic) about the
performances.

They questioned(The question) the artistic integrity(they are tistics in t) of dancers who were not professionally trained and the artistic(they are tistically) value of works that(and) had no formal structure.

Loi Fore, after performing fire dance, was discribed as(his) doing little more than turning round and round(long and long) like an eggbeater(i bitter).

Yet the free personal expression of pioneer dancers is the basis of the controlled freedom of modern dance today.

1996-01-p3:

Listen to part of a lecture in an architectural design course.

In 1871, the first passenger elevators were(was) used in office buildings and allowed(a lot of) architects build higher than people could(can) comfortably walk.

Another innovation was in building technique.

In 1885, the steel skeleton was introduced and allowed for the construction of tall building that could withstand(stand) high winds.

We take for granted some of the other inventions that enable people to live and work in skyscrapers.

For example, few people realized that telephone was necessary for vertical conmmunication and that flush toliet and vacuum incinerator made waste diposal possible.

Now as we enter the age of super skyscraper, some with(was) more than 200 floors, we see the need for even more technological innovation.

In the(The) area of heating and cooling system for example.

For all their benefits, these super tall building do course problems though.

For one thing, they place enormous(a normous) train on parking and traffic rows in urban areas.

But(So) let's leave behind these(this) technical concerns and move onto consider some of the design element that have come to(complete) characterize the age of skyscraper.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

3月17号日志：

1996-01-p5：

Listen to a lecture in a geology class.

If you flew(flow) over certain parts of Nebraska and Texas by plane, you might notice some large areas appearing as bright green(a write grain) circles many hundreds of feet across.

This green is unually in the high(heart) plains area where the climate is very dry.

These green patches are the result of a new technique from mining the underground water.

In this technique, miners bore deep hole in the ground until they reach a special geological formation called aquifer.

The water which is collected in thses aquifers for(that were) hundreds of years is called fossil water or ground water.

It pumped up(It's t) through the bored hole and spray(free) over the land to(do) irrigate the crops.

Raising crops such as cutton and wheat, water in this way creates the fertile(photo) green areas that contrast vividly(livedly) with the natural brown of(ground in) the plain.

Crop yields have increased dramatically.(C you having an increased medically.)

However, they've created a serious envrionmental(series of bio) problems.

The problem is that the water is being removed from many aquifers faster than it(they) can be replenished naturally.

Ground(While the) water level has droped rapidly, and it is becoming more difficult and expensive to get this water.

In some parts of Texas, water levels in some of the aquifers have declined by more than 400 feet in 25 years, this process of using water faster than it(they) can be replaced is wide-spread and serious.

1996-05-p3：

Listen to part of lecture about the railroad(railway) industry.

As the beginning of the century, the railroads were used to haul(for) everything.

Powerful railroad barons made fortunes without having to be accountable to(happening to accout for) the public or(all) considerate to the customers.

But cars and trucks changed all of that(the b).

And by 1970, the rail industry was beset with problems.

Trucks were taking all the new business.

And even so the rail industry(balance dis) remained(were named) indifferent to customers.

Also many regulations kept the rail industry from the adjusting to shifting markets.

But in 1980, the rail industry entered(under) the modern era, when a(the) deregulation bill(there) was passed that a lot railroad companies to make quick adjustments to fees and(fit) practices.

Companies reduced their lines by one third and used fewer(usual) employees.

They(may) also took steps to minimize damage to product.

And to increase their shipping capacity(conpensating) by stacking freight(free) containers on railroad cars.

To accommodate these taller loads, underpasses and tunnels were enlarged.(To a co these t lows under pas in tunels very larged.)

The image of the rail industry has changed dramatically.

Today, companies are very responsive to customers, and are(a) gaining increasing market shares in the shipping industry.

The railraod safety record is also strong.

Freight train have an accident rate(accidently,) that(there) is only one third that of the truck(be tracking) industry.

Trains also come out ahead of the trucks on the environmental grounds, because they give off only one ten to one third polution that is emitted(needed) by trucks.

And railroading does not wear out highways as(that) trucks do.

1996-N01-p5：

Listen to part of a lecture from an American civilization course.

In the late 1400s, when Christopher Columbus returned to Spain from the western hemisphere, he brought with him a sample of what the(a) native Americans called maize or as we call it(called) more often today corn.

The corn that Columbus introduced to Europe was the distant descendent of a grass native to Mexico.

The people of the Americans probably started to domesticate this grass as early as 5000 B.C.

After about a thousand(thousands of) years, they developed a highly productive strands of corns, which later became the basis for(of) the great pre-Columbian civilization.

Figuratively(The figure i) speaking, both the city of Incas(cities and in) and temples of the Mayas were(was) built on corn.

Domesticated(To masticate the) corn, and people who cultivated(call to vi) it developed together.

Without humans to care for it, domesticated corn could not survive.

The kernels are crowded together beneath the strong, protective husk and silk.

And the young corn shoot is not strong enough to break through the husk on(by) its own.

If people did not strip away the husk and plant individual kernels, the corn would die out.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

3月18号日志：

1997-08-p5：

Listen to part of a talk in an art history class.

You may remeber that a few weeks ago, we discussed the(a) question of what photography is.

Is it art, or is it a(the) method of reproducing images?

Do(To) photographs belong museums or just in our homes?

Today, I want to talk about a person who try to make his(its) professional life(like) an(and) answer to such questions.

Alfred Stieglitz went from the United States to Germany to study engineering.

While he was there, he became interested in photography and began to experiment with his camera.

He took pictures under conditions that most photographers considered too difficult.

He took them at night, in the rain and people and objects reflected(who flighted) in windows.

When he returned to the United States, he continued these(this) revolutionary efforts.

Stieglitz was the first person to photograph skyscrapers, clouds and views from an(the) airplane.

What Stieglitz was trying to do in his(these) photographs was what he tried(trying) to do throughout his life: make photography an art.

He thought(felt) that photography could be just as a good formal self-expression as painting and drawing.

For Stieglitz, his camera was his brush.

While(From) many photographers of(in) the late 1800s and early 1900s, thought(sorts) of their works as a(are)
reproductions of identical(by demical) images, Stieglitz saw his as a creative art form.

He understood the power of the camera to capture(catch) the moment.

In fact, he never retouched his prints or made copies of them.

If he(you) were in this classroom today, I'm sure he'd say(you'll see), "Well, painters don't normally make extra copies of their paintings, do they(still today.)?"

1997-10-p5：

Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.

I'm glad you brought up the question of(over) our investigations into the makeup of the earth's interior.

In fact, since this is the topic of your reading assignment for next time, let me spend these(this) last few minutes of class talking about it.

There were several important discoveries in the early(year) part of this cenruty that help geologists develop a more accurate picture of the earth's interior.

The first key discovery had to do with seismic(science make) waves.

Remember, they are the vibrations casued by earthquakes.

Well, scientists found that they travel thousands of miles through the earth's interior.

This finding(found) enable geologists to study the inner parts of the earth.

You see, these(the) studies revealed(reviewed) that these vibrations were of two types: compression or P-waves and shear or S-waves.

And researches found that P-waves travel through both (of) liquids and solids, and S-waves travel only through solid matter.

In 1906, a British geologist discovered that P-waves slowed down at a certain depth and kept travelling deeper.

On the other hands, S-waves either(even) disappeared or were(over and over) reflected back.

So he (can) concluded that the depth maked the boundary between the solid mantle and liquid core.

Three years later, (an) another boundary was discovered, that between the mantle and the earth's crust.

there are(is) still a lot to be learned about the earth.

For instance(Prinstons), geologists know that the core is hot.

Evidence of this is the molten lava that flows out of( flows and) volcanoes.

But we are still not sure what the source of the heat is.

1998-01-p3：

Listen to part of a lecture in a composition class.

By the end of the term, I hope you will be(you've been) convinced as I am that fomal writing always requires revision.

Sometimes it requires a fairly major rewriting of the(a) paper.

Some students have the(a) mistaken idea that revision means(of revisioning,) simply making corrections in spelling and grammer.

I call that proofreading.

What I expect you to do with your revise is to evaluate and improve the overall effectiveness(of factness) of your paper.

But how can you tell if(that) your paper is effective?

Well, for example, start by(stop) asking yourself these questions:

Is the topic restricted enough to be fully discussed within the given length(lank)?

Are the main ideas clear?

Are they supported by specific details and examples?

Do they move smoothly from one idea to the next?

You need enough time for a possible major overhaul.

That is you may have to make a lot of changes before your paper becomes really clear to the reader.

So I'll expecte a preliminary draft of each paper two weeks before the final due date.

That way I can criticize it and get it back in time for you to revise it.

Then you can submit a final draft for grading.

This process may seem like a great deal of trouble at first, but I think you'll find it valuable.

In fact, after you finish this course, I doubt(debt) you will ever turn in a(the) term paper without first revising it carefully.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

3月19号日志：

1998-05-p4：

Listen to a talk in an American history class.

I'm going to introdue two current points of view about the motivation for writing the United States Constitution back in 1787.

The first one is called the idealist view.

The idealists basically believe that the writers of the Constitution were motivated by ideas(ideals).

Which ideas(ideals)?

The ideas of revolutionary war(revolution of the war), such as liberty and democracy(makets).

The idealists reminded that young country had a lot of problems: an economic(the acdemic) depression, a large war debts, lawlessness, and trade barriers between the states.

They argued that the representatives needed to control these problems in order for the United States to survive.

The other point of view is(was) the economic view.

The economic view is that the writers of the Constitution were concerned about their own financial interests.

According to them, most people were living wealth(well) for(while) the welthest people were afraid of losing(free to lose) their money.

The writers wanted a strong center government that would promote trade, protect private property and perhaps most of all collect taxes to pay off the United States' large war debts.

Because a number of those who wrote the Constitution had loaned(have lent) money to the government during the revolution.

Which view is correct(use crack)?

Well, historians who wrote during the calm and prosperous of 1950s, found(five) reasons to believe the idealist view.

Those who wrote during the trouble of(in) 1960s, found support for the economic view point.

I'd say that neither of the view is incomplete, both idealist and economic perspective contribute a part to the whole picture.

1999-01-p5：

Listen to a lecture being given in a college class.

Ok, in the last class, we talked about the classification of trees and we ended up with a(the) basic description of angiosperm.

You may remember that those are plans with true flowers and seeds developing inside of fruits.

The common broad leaf(broadly) trees we have on campus fall into this catagery.

But our(The) pines don't.

Now I hope you all(would) followed my advice and wore comfortable shoes, because as I(I've) said today we are going to do a little field study.

To get started(start it), let me describe a couple of broad leave trees we have in front of us.

I'm sure you've all noticed that this big tree next to Brett Hall.

It's a black walnut that(they) must be 80 feet tall.

As a matter of fact, there is a plaque identifying it is the tallest black walnut in the state.

And from here we can see the beautiful archway of trees at(of) the commons.

They are American elms.

The ones along(belong) the commons were(was) planted when the college was founded in 120 years ago.

They have (a) distinctive dark green leaves that look lopsided because the two sides of the leave are unequal.

I want you to notice the elm right outside the Jackson Hall(watched it noticed elms right out s j home).

Some of the(its) leaves have(that) withered and turned(in turn to) yellow, maybe due to Duth elm(viewed darch e) disease.

Only a few branches seem infective so far, but if this tree is sick (and) it'll have(has) to be cut down.

Well, let's move on and I'll describe what we see as we go.

1999-05-p4：

Listen to a lecture given in a mass communications class.

It was an Italian inventor who created the first wireless device for sending out radio signals in 1895.

But not until the American inventor Lee De Forest(leave to forest and) build the first amplifying vacuum tube in 1906 did(that) we get(got) the first radio as we know it.

And the first actual radio braodcast was made on Christmas Even of(in) 1906.

That's when someone working from an experimental station in Brand Rock, Massachusetts, arranged the(a) program of two short(to show) musical selections of poem and brief(bring) holiday greeting.

The broadcast was heared by wireless operators on ships with a(the) radio through several hundreds miles.

The following year De Forest began regular radio broadcast in New York.

These programs were similar to much of what we hear(are) on the radio today in that De Forest played only music.

But because there were still no home radio recievers, De Forest's audience consisted only of wireless operators on shipes in New York harbor.

There is no doubt that radio broadcasting was quite a novelty(noble to) in those days.

But it took a while to catch on commercially, why?

Hmm, for the simple fact that only a few people, in fact, only those who tinkered with wireless telegraphs as a hobby owned(or) recievers.

It wasn't until the 1920s that someone envisoned(invision) mass appeal for radio.

This was radio pioneer, David Sarnoff, who predicted that one day there would be a radio reciever in every home.