1006G 备考日记 by ieyangj08——行胜于言

ieyangj08UID：2743219

1.22 comment

好句
Follow the crowd and you will never be followed by a crowd.
Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
Nietzsche quote, "You have your way. I have my way. As for the right way, the correct way, and the only way, it does not exist."
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 ~ 1900): "The surest way to corrupt a youth is to instruct him to hold in higher esteem those who think alike than those who think differently."

Comment
Conformity or individuality, which one will you choose? It belongs to a class classic problem whose two answers are each side of a coin, and each one has both good and bad. Choosing conformity could make you stand in a safe place and be easy to get along with your future work. However, you might lose the opportunity of becoming outstanding. Yes, if there is a gain, there is also a lost. On the other side, choosing individuality, you might be successful through arduous effort, but at the same time you will undertake more pressures and meet more challenges in the foreseeable future. After all, no gambling, no win.

ieyangj08UID：2743219

1.22
      今天情况特殊，早些上来写日志。
      早上第一次做了comments，起初只知道100字英文即可，不知道具体是写文章摘要还是自己对这个话题的观点，阅读了之前几次comments中大家的评论，终于顺利完成了。下午两个会，晚上收拾东西，明天回家：）抽空还得复习今天的单词16-18，复习13-15，7-9。

ieyangj08UID：2743219

1.23

Sentence

IT IS bonus season again.
The pact between society and banks has changed dramatically over the years. Once, banks got liquidity support from a lender of last resort. In the 20th century they got state-backed deposit-guarantee schemes. And now they enjoy an implicit blanket guarantee of all their liabilities, allowing them to borrow cheaply.
The Basel club is making a decent fist of rewriting its rules on capital and liquidity, forcing the banks to operate with larger safety buffers.

Comment

After last year’s Sub-prime Crisis caused by the real estate bubble, the U.S. government issued a series of related economic policies. Recently, the Obama government plans to charge banks an annual insurance fee to prevent banks bailed out. However, this might cann’t solve the problem, for the crux is the pact between society and banks are changed dramatically in recent years. Loan guarantees needed are getting lower and lower in the past few years, which reduced safety buffer and also do harm for both banker's customers and their staff. The Basel club will modify rules on capital and liquidity, and the new buffer might work out, yet it still have to resolve some issues in implement.

ieyangj08UID：2743219

1.23
      今天回家了。晚上复习了单词19-21，16-18，10-12，做了今天的Comment。
      这是一篇关于经济和政策的文章，整个Comment花了不少时间，但熟悉和积累了一些经济方面词汇和表达。另外，文章中的比喻非常生动，很值得学习。文章的逻辑结构也很值得学习：提出事件，对其否定，提出解决，可能困难。

ieyangj08UID：2743219

1.24
      洗具，昨天大风，Comment做到一半断网了。
    今早网络恢复，上来把昨天的日志和Comment补上。单词22-24，复习19-21，13-15，1-3。开始看题库了。

ieyangj08UID：2743219

1.24

Sentence

This brings us to the nub of the debate: do women have a better opportunity today to realize their potential than they did in the past? I think the answer must be a resounding "yes".

And in trying to do both things many women are bearing a burden that their mothers were spared.

Tomorrow there will be more work and women should embark on the rest of their journey, wherever they believe they should be heading, in the knowledge that they are second to no man.

Men need to be part of that struggle, directing some of their own ambitions in the direction of good parenting, so that the raising of families is accepted as something that demands equal input and that is valued in society, particularly by governments and employers.

Comment

The topics with regard to women’s status are always controversial ones, and this is no exception. The original point of view is women in the developed world have never had it so good, however, the opposition party hold the idea that whether the contemporary women are happier than their mothers is still a topic to be deliberated, let alone “have never had it so good”.

In Richard Donkin’s argument, who is a supporter of the original standpoint, he says that except for competing economy and wage with men, women will view the caring roles, such as looking after children or the elderly, as good opportunities for self-realization, for these roles are very important for our mankind as a whole and women are naturally suitable for these jobs than men.

In my view, his perspective potentially conveys the idea that men are not naturally suitable for the caring roles, thus they can care little on these and occupy the management and economy positions deservedly. Whereas, the nub is that positions of management and economy have more rights and voice than the caring roles in our present world.

ieyangj08UID：2743219

噼里啪啦看Issue之第一期之Issue 209  

No.9——Issue 209 "Progress is best made through discussion among people who have contrasting points of view."
KEY WORD: best，discuss，among contrasting
可用于与合作，竞争，进步相关的题材
属于行为类和综合类

1. What does X mean? (Definition)
X=progress
Please look up in dictionary yourselves，in order to keep it in your minds
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
progress可以分为两类，一类物质，一类精神
physically and mentally
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
physically and mentally
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
题目中是说from discussion
我们自己思考的话，需要想想平时还有除了discuss的哪些
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
题目中是说discuss among people who have contrasting points of view.
我们自己思考的话，可以从多方面出发考虑。
第一．是否是有争端的人所做的讨论才是最好的（有争端/没有争端）
第二．Discussion是否一定是best （discussion/competition/learning）
第三．have contrasting view的people是否能够sit around to discuss
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
Progress can ameliorate level of people’s life.
这里，life同样分mentally 和 physically
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis)
Discussion
这个问题和四五两个问题很像
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
Mentally 和 physically
相互组合，一共四组
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
行为类，综合类
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
无相关
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
Gradually moving on
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
No progress，ends comes
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
无相关
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
同4.5.7
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
无相关
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
正反中立
It depends on you
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
无相关。其实这就是观点的立场。
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
Vital
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
4.5.
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
无相关。
或者说，这是这道题的反面论证。

REASONING
没有正反方，这取决于每个人自己，我只是分析一下。而这题的重点在于2.4.5.6四个问题
我们采用倒推法。
1)切入点：best made
不同观点讨论的人之间进行讨论真的是产生进步的最好方法吗？（yes）
è 为什么这是最好的方法？（阐述该方法所拥有的无可能比的好处）è其他方法哪里不好了（对比该方法）è这个方法是对现在来说最好的，还是以后都是最好的？è如果这不是普遍适用的真理，那么我们应该如何改进，以适用于未来呢？è采取哪些具体措施呢？è这些措施可行吗？
不同观点讨论的人之间进行讨论真的是产生进步的最好方法吗？（no）
è 为什么这不是最好的方法？（阐述该方法所拥有的缺陷）è其他方法有哪些方法è哪一种最为突出è为什么呢？è它有缺陷吗è如果有缺陷，我们应该如何改进，以使进步更加出色è具体有哪些措施呢？è还有更好的产生进步的方法吗？è这些措施可行吗？
2)切入点：progress
什么是progressè物质和精神è物质上的progress和精神上的progress相关吗（无关）è为什么无关？è那么如何分立地来make progress？（这就回到了best made中的一些问题中去了）
什么是progressè物质和精神è物质上的progress和精神上的progress相关吗（相关）è为什么相关？è如何相关（分四种情况），然后根据自己观点一一展开论述
3)切入点：discussion
什么是Discussion？ècontrasting opinion的人能够有discussion吗？（能）è为什么能？都contrasting了耶ècontrasting的discussion有哪些优点？è在哪些场合需要通过discussion来make progress？哪些场合不行？
什么是Discussion？ècontrasting opinion的人能够有discussion吗？（不能）è为什么呢？è不和谐的话会产生争吵è那要怎样才能make progress呢？（又回到如何make best progress）

每个思考还能延伸出更多的黑色箭头，每个思考点也许可能只是文章中的一两句话，但是，这是一种分析方法，当你无处下手的时候，一个有一个问号接连下去，然后在众多线索中选取相关的思考点入手，把握逻辑，那么长期积累，一定会有所成效。

ieyangj08UID：2743219

噼里啪啦看Issue之第一期之Issue 209——2

以关键词作为切入点的破题方式很好很强大，学习了。

我的思路

切入点：discussion

1）什么是Discussion？
两个或多个人围绕一个共同的话题阐述自己的观点。群体成员对话题的观点可能一致或相反，从而形成两派或一派。一派时，大家共同探讨对该话题细节的思考，从而更深刻地认识该话题。两派时，双方各自说明自己的理由，并反驳对方的观点，一般通过反驳例证，逻辑推理中的错误等方式。同时，被反驳方要回击对方的否定，并重新证明自己的观点。
举例 昨天Comment里的women话题
2）contrasting opinion的人能够有discussion吗？为什么？
这个是有条件的。双方的矛盾应该在彼此可以接受的范围内，有时双方矛盾形势太激烈，根本不能通过讨论解决，只能战争武力等方式。宗教矛盾、政治矛盾等。与持有不同观点的人辩论一般有两个目的：想为此观点赢得更多的支持者。例：政治大选时拉选票时的辩论。想知道持否定观点的人是如何思考的。例：师生间的学术辩论。
3）contrasting的discussion有哪些优点？
讨论双方更加深刻全面认识自己的立场。通过说服对方并回答对方问题而找到更合适的例证和更精确的逻辑推理，从而更好地梳理自己的认识。同时了解了对方的观点和理由。最终了解了双方的限制和有说服力的一面，从而可以更深刻全面地看待一个问题。因此也就作出了进步。
举例 women话题

我的文章

为了整体逻辑，将上面思路的2和3进行了对换。

Issue 209 "Progress is best made through discussion among people who have contrasting points of view."

Can discussing with people held different points of view bring best progress to us? The answer is definitely yes.

To answer this question we shall explain what discussion is concretely. A discussion is two or more people getting together to explain their viewpoints of a common topic. And their standpoints might be in the same state or be contrasting totally. While they hold the similar standpoints, they talk the details of the topic more deeply. Whereas, while there are two contrasting statuses, the two groups both illustrate their positions, refute the other side, generally through attacking their examples and finding errors in the logical reasoning, and defend their own statuses.

A case in point is a recent discussion in newspapers about women’s status. There are clearly two parties who hold different viewpoints. The original party points out that women in the developed world have never had it so good, however, the opposition party holds the idea that whether the contemporary women are happier than their mothers is still a topic to be deliberated, let alone “have never had it so good”. Both the two sides attack the other’s viewpoints and guard their own position drastically.

Also discussing with people held different point of view has various advantages and can bring great progress which can’t be brought by other means. At least, you will recognize your perspective more deeply and precisely. Through convincing the other side and guard your positions, you would find more suitable examples and more precise reasoning of your viewpoints, thus form the firmer system of your status. At the same time, you shall know the other party’s standpoints and reasons sufficiently by hotly discussion. All above cause you finally have a comprehensive and deep understanding of the topic, which is really a great progress and only can be achieved through this way.

Let’s return back to our above example of women’s status. After violently discussion, the original party realizes that the caring roles, such as looking after children or elderly, are not sufficient for women’s self-realization, for only the management and economy positions have rights and voice in present world. And the other party realizes that except competing economy and wage with men, women would view the caring roles more valuably, thus to feel more self-realization, for these jobs are vital for our whole mankind. Both sides have fully understood the topic, and thus make great progress which can’t be brought by discussion with people held the same standpoint.

Although discussion among people having contrasting standpoint have many advantages, they can’t be enforced under all conditions. And these discussions can only be carried out when the contradiction between the two sides can be accepted by both. If the both sides are too intense conflict, other means might be taken, such as violence or war. History is replete with examples of these. The Iran-Iraq War, took place in 1980-1988, is caused by contrasting viewpoints on ethnic and religious issues, which is too fierce and can’t be solved by just discussion together.

If the conditions allow, discussing with people having the opposite view, and you would make great progress than other means.

ieyangj08UID：2743219

1.25
      今天比较充实，早上写完了昨天剩下一半的Comment，下午单词25-27，复习22-24，16-18，4-6，晚上写了一篇issue。
      近期打算，劈里啪啦看Issue，同主题写作，题库复习，Comment，单词。

ieyangj08UID：2743219

1.26

Sentence

1) They grab food when they can, skipping many meals and gorging at unorthodox times.
2) They often have an imperfect grasp of nutritional science.
3) At 33.8%, America’s obesity rate is ten times higher than Japan’s.
4) Americans are more likely to be overweight than to pay federal income tax.
5) Could it be that the American obesity epidemic has reached a plateau?
6) Add to that the indirect costs of obesity, such as lost productivity due to sickness or premature death.
7) The latest numbers remind us how little is known about public health.
8) But politicians are reluctant to attack voters’ favourite vices too vigorously.
9) So if Americans have stopped getting fatter, their children have a better shot at staying trim.

Comment

Health problems are a matter of universal concern. Obesity is such a problem.

The increase on national girth in recent years can be due to various reasons. Besides desk work consuming less energy than traditional spade work and labor-saving devices, the lack of nutritional knowledge is also a main reason to blame. Excess fat and sugar intake are one main reason led to a national obesity which can’t be ignored.

The Government’s related policy seems to be no effect on this issue, for no politicians will attack their supporters’ favorite vices too vigorously.

However, recently there are good reasons to believe that the national trend of growth in body weight will not continue. Many survey data can support this view. Also eating is social, that is people’s food intake is related to the weigh of their friends and relatives. If some people begin to control their weight, the whole nation’s girth can be expected to fall within a normal range.

ieyangj08UID：2743219

哇，来了好多新同学，大家好啊，一起加油：）

ieyangj08UID：2743219

1.26
      今天完成了Comment和12个list的单词任务，劈里啪啦看Issue系列遇到了一个不太感兴趣的话题------非主流科学，完成了一半儿，明天继续。

ieyangj08UID：2743219

1.27

Sentence

1) In modern times medicine has been transformed by waves of discovery that have brought marvels like antibiotics, vaccines and heart stents.
2) Clever technology can help solve two big problems in health care: overspending in the rich world and under-provisioning in the poor world.
3) And given soaring health-care costs, insurers and health systems may not want to adopt new technologies unless inventors can show conclusively that they will produce better outcomes and offer value for money.
4) In the past medicine has taken a paternalistic stance, with the all-knowing physician dispensing wisdom from on high, but that is becoming increasingly untenable.

Comment

Health care is a topic closely related to our daily lives. This article gives us some interesting information on new technologies and transformation in these areas.

The convergence of biology and engineering might become the third revolution of the biotechnology industry, after the description of DNA structure and the sequencing of the human genome. Numerous new clinical advancements, such as antibiotics, vaccines and heart stents, provide powerful persuasive for this prediction. Many experts also give an optimistic outlook.

This revolution would bring transformations and new technologies in health care area. But only if the inventors could show conclusively that these new technologies would bring benefits, they would be widely used. However, this will be most beneficial to patients, for they can involve in their curing process directly through digitization. After all a treatment program will soon bear fruit, only when the patient actively cooperate.

ieyangj08UID：2743219

噼里啪啦看ISSUE之第一期之ISSUE41 BY pluka

"Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."

这期的issue对我来说是非常难下手的，考试二选一时基本会不去考虑的那一类。但昨天不知怎么拗上了，非是要挑战一下，准备自己列个思路，写一篇文章。昨晚和今天下午细细阅读pluka帖子里的内容，把有启发的思想点摘抄整理如下。

来看下科学的本质：
最初 第一点是 科学孕育人的形而上的冲动
这个有点点抽象，可以参考柏拉图的善=知识的这一个想法
用这个概念来套nonmainstream areas 的话应该是符合的 （我们想知道更多 只要是能带来善的就可以归结为知识）
接下来 第二点是 科学是实现人的创造性的活动
这一点也是符合的 nonmainstream areas 中，许多都是在追求一种力量，其存在方式便是创造
如今 第三点是 科学本质还在于把客观性定位一种价值
在这一点上nonmainstream areas可能就略显不足了，nonmainstream areas显然是主观性占主导
这三点可以看做是人类发展过程中对科学的思考步伐 也是科学的一种进化
但是不变的是 这三点都是追求 1追求向上2追求力量3追求真理

思路发散：
题目包含两个关系：非主流学科与人类需求的关系（是否真的满足了）；主流科学与人类需求的关系（是否没能满足）。还可以延伸出第三个：非主流学科与主流科学的关系（contrast or concert）。
非主流学科与主流科学的关系，可以辩证地看。首先二者可以相互转化，如宗教盛极一时，而今轮到科学当道。其次二者可以相互融合，如炼金术是化学的鼻祖。再次二者可以相互补充，许多科学家都信上帝。
1：非主流本身就是人类为了满足自身心理需求而创造的，如算命是出于对未来的好奇or恐惧，根植于人性之中并能满足人性需要。（正，非主流与需求的关系）
2：非主流多半是伪科学，没有价值还带来恶果。（反，非主流与需求的关系，也可进一步在其中穿插主流与需求的关系：科学满足需求）
3：非主流多数集中于科学未能涉足的领域，开风气之先，为后续的可能科学研究做铺垫。（正，非主流与主流的关系）。

天文vs占星，化学vs炼金

亚文化（subculture）:又称小文化、集体文化或副文化，指某一文化群体所属次级群体的成员共有的独特信念、价值观和生活习惯，与主文化相对应的那些非主流的、局部的文化现象，指在主文化或综合文化的背景下，属于某一区域或某个集体所特有的观念和生活方式，一种亚文化不仅包含着与主文化相通的价值与观念，也有属于自己的独特的价值与观念，而这些价值观是散布在种种主导文化之间的。亚文化是一个相对的概念。是总体文化的次属文化。

主流和分主流研究 是科学里的 主流文化和亚文化 基本是艺术里的..

非主流是亚文化的子集

占星术被称为伪科学的原因是：1，声称太模糊，永远无法被驳斥
2，占星术无定义，无特定的测量体系
3，占星术没有对物质世界给出有洞察力的解释

但是占星术里面还是有些真正的科学的不能认为是伪文化

有很多目前科学解决不了的难题，这是伪科学存在的市场

不是科学的东西不一定就是伪科学的，还可以是病态科学的。

行为思路还是科学与伪科学 也就是两者之间的本质差别来承担二者市场的差异性

主流非主流都是为了满足人对未知世界想要了解的渴望，但是主流和非主流的一些性质使得非主流的一些东西至今流行
1. 主流的科学需要谨慎严密的思考，而且需要系统的学习和知识，这样去了解未知世界，对于普通人来说门槛高了点
2. 人们看到，即使主流的科学再发达，还是有很多问题无法解释，反而是非主流那些东西能给出一些玄乎的解释，看起来还是那么回事，暂时缓解了人对未知世界的一些恐惧
3. 这个非主流其实一直都有存在的理由和道理，非主流的那些东西从人类原始社会就存在了，而现代那些主流科学都是很久以后才发展起来的，说明那些非主流确实满足了一些主流满足不了的一些原始欲望, 并且，人们并不是那么的死迷非主流，很多人同时也相信科学，有时候那些非主流是被当成一些娱乐性质的东西，for fun的，比如说horoscope, 就是说，非主流还有一定的娱乐性在里面，这个是主流科学不能给的，主流科学都是很严肃的

从性质上来说，都是对规律的描述；从结果上来说，区别仅仅在于匹配率的高低。能否测量观测什么之类的倒不是最重要的，科学假说不能测量观测，也不能说它就不科学了吧。而且从历史的进程上来说，有很多科学以前都是非主流。也就是说，在一个时期，科学还没发展到去确认这个非主流的学说，但过了一个时期，就确认了，于是非主流就主流了。时间维度是很有必要考虑的。 1.事物是相对的2.世界是发展的。我觉得这两点可以给很多题目提供些思路。

占星内部而言 他的测量体系很可能就是理性与稳定的

对它内部确实如此，不过用科学的眼光来看它对事物的解释还是挺变幻的

ieyangj08UID：2743219

噼里啪啦看ISSUE之第一期之ISSUE41 BY pluka ---2

我的思路

主流科学的定义。非主流领域的定义。

非主流是不是科学？1）并非除了科学就是伪科学，还有无法验证的部分。事物是相对的，世界是发展的。也有两者相互转化的例子，例如炼金术和化学。2）非主流中的内容并不能被完全否认为不是科学。例如血型的某些说法。无特定的测量体系，但占星术内部却有。科学的本质是追求向上、追求力量、追求真理。毕竟，非主流满足其前两点。

主流科学存在局限性。因为人类认识有局限性。由于主流科学的局限性非主流才有市场。因为不能解释现存所有的问题。