1006G 备考日记 by ieyangj08——行胜于言

ieyangj08UID：2743219

原日记附言为“请用最严格的标准要求我”，已改为“行胜于言”。

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Reborn from the ashes 小组作业

作业一    文法 3-9 11 12 14 17-22 24-27

            语法 33 34 38-40 44 45 47 52-54 108-119 123-129 131-138

作业二    Issue 36 37     Argument 42 43

作业三    AWintro翻译 57 60 62 65 66 68 70 71

作业四    30篇Argument批阅 72 73 75 77-93 95-101 104-107

作业八    140 142

Comment  144 146 149 153 161 166 168 176 224 225

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笔记说明：

紫色 非常重要   红色 重要   橙色 留意   蓝色 不要   绿色 笔记   下划线 强调

ieyangj08UID：2743219

空层

ieyangj08UID：2743219

认真读了20个问题。阅读过笑来老师的找例子玩，感觉思路和这个有些类似。重新体会了一句老话，“文章不是不会写，而是不会想。”

20个问题，我觉得可以将其归为以下几类：

基本认识
1. What does X mean? (Definition)
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)

对象分析
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)

个人观点
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)

ieyangj08UID：2743219

writing anxiety

考前焦虑主要原因在于对自己没有底气。但文中的方法也值得记忆，保留了一些有用的Tips。


Coping Strategies:
-Follow a protocol you may have for organizing your time.  
-Spend a few minutes doing some relaxation exercises.  
-physically walk away from the situation for a few minutes.  


Relaxation Strategies:
-Stretch!  
-Try tensing and releasing various muscle groups.  
-Breathe deeply.  
-Use a calming word or mental image to focus on while relaxing.

ieyangj08UID：2743219

Writer's Block

这个的确是目前遇到的最大问题，有大致思路，却无从下手。将有用的信息摘录如下：

Symptom：You have chosen or been assigned a topic which bores you....

Possible Cures：
Choose a particular aspect of the topic you are interested in.
Talk to a tutor about how you can personalize a topic to make it more interesting.

Symptom:You're self-conscious about your writing, you may have trouble getting started.  

Possible Cures:
-Talk over the subject with a friend or tutor.
-assure yourself that the first draft doesn't have to be a work of genius, it is something to work with.
-Force yourself to write down something, however poorly worded, that approximates your thought (you can revise this later) and go on with the next idea.
-Break the task up into steps. Meet the general purpose first, and then flesh out the more specific aspects later.

-Begin in the MiddleStart

-Talk Out the Paper

-Tape the Paper

-Play a Role

ieyangj08UID：2743219

Start to write

很好的一篇构建写作思路的文章

Ask yourself what your purpose is for writing about the subject.

Start the ideas flowing
-Brainstorm.  
-Talk to your audience, or pretend that you are being interviewed by someone  
-See if you can find a fresh analogy that opens up a new set of ideas.

Take a rest and let it all percolate.

Nutshell your whole idea.

Diagram your major points somehow.

Write a first draft.

ieyangj08UID：2743219

Writing With Computers

很细致的一篇关于电脑写作的文章

Planning

freewriting

writing an e-mail message
Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas.

making an outline
Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters.

planning visually
Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). Use lines to connect these ideas to the main idea or to other sub-ideas. To try branching, another visual planning strategy, put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas underneath the main idea with related points for each sub-idea branching off.

Drafting

creating a scrapfile

splitting screens

adding notes

Organizing

mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences

checking your outline

staying on topic in every paragraph

Revising

Editing and Proofreading

ieyangj08UID：2743219

Thesis

一、什么是主题句？

A thesis statement declares what you believe and what you intend to prove. A good thesis statement makes the difference between a thoughtful research project and a simple retelling of facts.

The thesis statement is typically located at the end of your opening paragraph.

Remember, your reader will be looking for your thesis. Make it clear, strong, and easy to find.

二、什么是好的主题句的属性？

It should be contestable, proposing an arguable point with which people could reasonably disagree. A strong thesis is provocative; it takes a stand and justifies the discussion you will present.

It tackles a subject that could be adequately covered in the format of the project assigned.

It is specific and focused. A strong thesis proves a point without discussing “everything about …” Instead of music, think "American jazz in the 1930s" and your argument about it. （忌假，大，空，要具体针对问题！）

It clearly asserts your own conclusion based on evidence. Note: Be flexible. The evidence may lead you to a conclusion you didn't think you'd reach. It is perfectly okay to change your thesis!

It provides the reader with a map to guide him/her through your work.

It anticipates and refutes the counter-arguments

It avoids vague language (like "it seems").

It avoids the first person. ("I believe," "In my opinion") （强烈注意，不要使用第一人称！）

It should pass the So what? or Who cares? test (Would your most honest friend ask why he should care or respond with "but everyone knows that"?) For instance, "people should avoid driving under the influence of alcohol," would be unlikely to evoke any opposition. Tell me something new about something I care about.


Specific topic + Attitude/Angle/Argument = Thesis
What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it = Thesis

三、如何检验自己写好的主题句是否合格？

Does the thesis inspire a reasonable reader to ask, "How?" or “Why?”

Would a reasonable reader NOT respond with "Duh!" or "So what?" or "Gee, no kidding!" or "Who cares?"  

Does the thesis avoid general phrasing and/or sweeping words such as "all" or "none" or "every"?  

Does the thesis lead the reader toward the topic sentences (the subtopics needed to prove the thesis)?  

Can the thesis be adequately developed in the required length of the paper or project?  

下面是一些好的主题句的例子：

E-coli contamination should not happen.  忍不住想问为什么

The causes of the Civil War were economic, social, and political. 简明、概括、知道全文要写什么

The Simpsons represents the greatest animated show in the history of television. 很想让人往下听故事

The Simpsons treats the issues of ethnicity, family dynamics, and social issues effectively. 简明、概括、知道全文要写什么

Often dismissed because it is animated, The Simpsons treats the issue of ethnicity more powerfully than did the critically praised All In The Family.

Although many parents of teens struggling with body image may blame television models and other such stars, these body issues and their disorders stem back to their daughters' younger days of pigtails and Barbies. 详细具体

Despite their high-tech special effects, today's graphically violent horror movies do not convey the creative use of cinematography or the emotional impact that we saw in the classic horror films of the 1940s and 50s. 详细具体，40，50年代的恐怖电影

ieyangj08UID：2743219

四、如何写出好的主题句

１．Rank with justification 按照合适的理由排序
　
Most important to least important
Least important to most important

2.Contrasts  考虑大众和反对的观点  

Although newspapers at the time claimed ……, the most significant cause/explanation/reason, etc. is ……
While Sb. and Sb. maintains that  ................, more accurately/importantly, etc, # 2's position is the stronger one.  

3.Perception versus reality

Although Turner himself may have believed X, the real causes were Y and Z.

4.Good versus bad reasons

Historians generally list six reasons as the cause for X, but among these are four that are valid and two that are not.

５.Cause and Effect

Certainly, X was the cause and Y was its effect, but between the two are two other factors of equal importance.

Separately the causes would have not necessarily led to a rampage; however, together their effect was inevitably murderous.

Although the effects of the rampage were . . ., the causes were understandable/justifiable/inevitable.

The more important effects of Nat Turner's rebellion went beyond those of  the local rampage.

６．Challenge 质疑、否定

Nat Turner's rebellion not a righteous response to the injustice of slavery; it was motivated purely by disturbing psychological issues.   

７．提出系列问题
What should the audience/reader do/feel/believe?  
Who are the major players on both/each side and how did they contribute to?  
Which are the most important?
What was the impact of?  
Can I compare? How is X like or unlike Y?  
What if?  Can I predict?  
How could we solve/improve/design/deal with?
Is there a better solution to?
How can you defend?
What changes would you recommend to?  
Was it effective, justified, defensible, warranted?
Why did this happen?   Why did it succeed?  Why did it fail?
What should be? What are/would be the possible outcomes of?  
What are the problems related to?
What were the motives behind?  
Why are the opponents protesting?  
What is my personal response to?
What case can I make for?  
What is the significance of?
Where will the next move(s) occur?  
How is this debate likely to affect?
What is the value or, what is/are the potential benefit(s) of?
What are three/four/five reasons for us to believe?

ieyangj08UID：2743219

今天是我加入作文小组的第一天，开始写作业了，呵呵。自上学期专业课结束之后，这是第一次写作业，这种充实的感觉很不错。尤其是一天工作完后，看看前面自己的帖子很有成就感，觉得这一天是在进步的，没有虚度。

今天的主要收获是：作文的构思和准备问题，主体句的书写。这些基础的准备知识是要在后续写作中反复体会和思考的。

离草木版主第一次布置作业已有52天，我得加油，争取早日赶上大家：）

ieyangj08UID：2743219

五、Thesis Brainstorming

As you read look for:

Interesting contrasts or comparisons or patterns emerging in the information

Is there something about the topic that surprises you?

Do you encounter ideas that make you wonder why?

Does something an "expert" says make you respond, "no way! That can be right!" or "Yes, absolutely. I agree!"

Example of brainstorming a thesis:

Select a topic: television violence and children

Ask an interesting question: What are the effects of television violence on children?

Revise the question into a thesis: Violence on television increases aggressive behavior in preschool children. 学龄前儿童，主题很具体

Remember this argument is your “preliminary” or “working” thesis. As you read you may discover evidence that may affect your stance. It is okay to revise your thesis!

Create a list of sample questions to guide your research:

How many hours of television does the average young child watch per week?

How do we identify a "violent" program? 定义暴力节目

Which types of programs are most violent? 什么类型的节目最暴力，定义与主题的联系

Are there scientific research studies that have observed children before and after watching violent programs? 论据，现有科学

Are there experts you might contact? 论据，专家的观点

Which major groups are involved in investigating this question? 利益群体

六、How to Tell a Strong Thesis Sentence from a Weak One.

1. A strong thesis takes some sort of stand. 立场明确

There are some negative and positive aspects to the Banana Herb Tea Supplement.

This is a weak thesis. First, it fails to take a stand. Second, the phrase “negative and positive aspects” is vague.

Because Banana Herb Tea Supplement promotes rapid weight loss that results in the loss of muscle and lean body mass, it poses a potential danger to customers.

This is a strong thesis because it takes a stand.

2. A strong thesis justifies discussion.

My family is an extended family.

This is a weak thesis because it states an observation. Your reader won’t be able to tell the point of the statement, and will probably stop reading.

While most American families would view consanguineal marriage as a threat to the nuclear family structure, many Iranian families, like my own, believe that these marriages help reinforce kinship ties in an extended family.

This is a strong thesis because it shows how your experience contradicts a widely-accepted view. A good strategy for creating a strong thesis is to show that the topic is controversial. Readers will be interested in reading the rest of the essay to see how you support your point.

3. A strong thesis expresses one main idea.

Companies need to exploit the marketing potential of the Internet, and web pages can provide both advertising and customer support.

This is a weak thesis statement because the reader can’t decide whether the paper is about marketing on the Internet or web pages. To revise the thesis, the relationship between the two ideas needs to become more clear. One way to revise the thesis would be to write:

Because the Internet is filled with tremendous marketing potential, companies should exploit this potential by using web pages that offer both advertising and customer support.

This is a strong thesis because it shows that the two ideas are related. Hint: a great many clear and engaging thesis statements contain words like “because,” “since,” “so,” “although,” “unless,” and “however.”

4. A strong thesis statement is specific.

World hunger has many causes and effects.

This is a weak thesis statement for two major reasons. First, “world hunger” can’t be discussed thoroughly in five or ten pages.Second, "many causes and effects" is vague. You should be able to identify specific causes and effects.

Hunger persists in Appalachia because jobs are scarce and farming in the infertile soil is rarely profitable.

This is a strong thesis because it narrows the subject to a more specific and manageable topic and it also identifies the specific causes for the existence of hunger.

其他例子：

I would like to become a chef when I finish school

Although both chefs and cooks can prepare fine meals, chefs differ from cooks in education, professional commitment, and artistry. 主题有层次，有对比，有详细原因
________________________________________

I enjoy white water rafting.

A first water rafting experience can challenge the body and spirit and transform an adolescent into an adult  讨论对象具体，讨论内容具体
________________________________________

Men are chauvinists.

Our American family structure encourages men to repress their true feelings, leaving them open to physical, psychological, and relationship difficulties.讨论大男子主义的主要原因（家庭结构），及其在具体三方面对男人的影响
________________________________________

Steroid abuse

Steroids, even those legally available, are addictive and should be banned from sports. 与立法不同，新颖，立场明确
________________________________________

Hip hop is the best thing that has happened to music in twenty years

Though many people dismiss hip hop as offensive, hip hop music offers urban youth an important opportunity for artistic expression, and allows them to articulate the poetry of the street.
________________________________________

Many people object to today's violent horror movies.

Despite their high-tech special effects, today's graphically violent horror movies do not convey the creative use of cinematography or the emotional impact that we saw in the classic horror films of the 1940s and 50s.

ieyangj08UID：2743219

Topic Sentences and Signposting

Topic sentences and signposts make an essay's claims clear to a reader. Good essays contain both. Topic sentences reveal the main point of a paragraph. They show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report. Signposts, as their name suggests, prepare the reader for a change in the argument's direction. They show how far the essay's argument has progressed vis-ˆ-vis the claims of the thesis.  

Topic sentences and signposts occupy a middle ground in the writing process. They are neither the first thing a writer needs to address (thesis and the broad strokes of an essay's structure are); nor are they the last (that's when you attend to sentence-level editing and polishing). Topic sentences and signposts deliver an essay's structure and meaning to a reader, so they are useful diagnostic tools to the writer—they let you know if your thesis is arguable—and essential guides to the reader.

Forms of Topic Sentences

Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long. If the first makes a claim, the second might reflect on that claim, explaining it further. Think of these sentences as asking and answering two critical questions: How does the phenomenon you're discussing operate? Why does it operate as it does?

１．Complex sentences.  Topic sentences at the beginning of a paragraph frequently combine with a transition from the previous paragraph. This might be done by writing a sentence that contains both subordinate and independent clauses, as in the example below.利用复合句，联系上下文的作用

     Although Young Woman with a Water Pitcher depicts an unknown, middle-class woman at an ordinary task, the image is more than "realistic"; the painter [Vermeer] has imposed his own order upon it to strengthen it.  

This sentence employs a useful principle of transitions: always move from old to new information.  The subordinate clause (from "although" to "task") recaps information from previous paragraphs; the independent clauses (starting with "the image" and "the painter") introduce the new information—a claim about how the image works ("more than realistic'") and why it works as it does (Vermeer "strengthens" the image by "imposing order").  

２．Questions. 提问 Questions, sometimes in pairs, also make good topic sentences (and signposts).  Consider the following: "Does the promise of stability justify this unchanging hierarchy?" We may fairly assume that the paragraph or section that follows will answer the question. Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.

３．Bridge sentences. 过渡句 Like questions, "bridge sentences" (the term is John Trimble's) make an excellent substitute for more formal topic sentences. Bridge sentences indicate both what came before and what comes next (they "bridge" paragraphs) without the formal trappings of multiple clauses: "But there is a clue to this puzzle."  

４．Pivots.  轴、核心 Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph. When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot." This strategy is particularly useful for dealing with counter-evidence: a paragraph starts out conceding a point or stating a fact ("Psychologist Sharon Hymer uses the term Ônarcissistic friendship' to describe the early stage of a friendship like the one between Celie and Shug"); after following up on this initial statement with evidence, it then reverses direction and establishes a claim ("Yet ... this narcissistic stage of Celie and Shug's relationship is merely a transitory one. Hymer herself concedes . . . "). The pivot always needs a signal, a word like "but," "yet," or "however," or a longer phrase or sentence that indicates an about-face. It often needs more than one sentence to make its point.

Signposts 路标，意群主题句

Signposts operate as topic sentences for whole sections in an essay. (In longer essays, sections often contain more than a single paragraph.) They inform a reader that the essay is taking a turn in its argument: delving into a related topic such as a counter-argument, stepping up its claims with a complication, or pausing to give essential historical or scholarly background. Because they reveal the architecture of the essay itself, signposts remind readers of what the essay's stakes are: what it's about, and why it's being written.  

Signposting can be accomplished in a sentence or two at the beginning of a paragraph or in whole paragraphs that serve as transitions between one part of the argument and the next. The following example comes from an essay examining how a painting by Monet, The Gare Saint-Lazare: Arrival of a Train, challenges Zola's declarations about Impressionist art. The student writer wonders whether Monet's Impressionism is really as devoted to avoiding "ideas" in favor of direct sense impressions as Zola's claims would seem to suggest. This is the start of the essay's third section:

It is evident in this painting that Monet found his Gare Saint-Lazare motif fascinating at the most fundamental level of the play of light as well as the loftiest level of social relevance. Arrival of a Train explores both extremes of expression. At the fundamental extreme, Monet satisfies the Impressionist objective of capturing the full-spectrum effects of light on a scene.

The writer signposts this section in the first sentence, reminding readers of the stakes of the essay itself with the simultaneous references to sense impression ("play of light") and intellectual content ("social relevance"). The second sentence follows up on this idea, while the third serves as a topic sentence for the paragraph. The paragraph after that starts off with a topic sentence about the "cultural message" of the painting, something that the signposting sentence predicts by not only reminding readers of the essay's stakes but also, and quite clearly, indicating what the section itself will contain.

ieyangj08UID：2743219

Thesis,TS和意群主题句（逻辑顺序标志词）等句子的的学习到此为止。

后面是段落的学习。

这个主题的学习（作业）还是很有意思的，期待后面的内容：）

ieyangj08UID：2743219

段落间的关系

一、一些常见的逻辑顺序 ——关于权重排序的资料

        支持论据１  Climactic Order (Order of Importance)

In this pattern, items are arranged from least important to most important. Typical transitions would include more important, most difficult, still harder, by far the most expensive, even more damaging, worse yet, and so on. This is a flexible principle of organization, and may guide the organization of all or part of example, comparison & contrast, cause & effect, and description.

A variation of climactic order is called psychological order. This pattern or organization grows from our learning that readers or listeners usually give most attention to what comes at the beginning and the end, and least attention to what is in the middle. In this pattern, then, you decide what is most important and put it at the beginning or the end; next you choose what is second most important and put it at the end or the beginning (whichever remains); the less important or powerful items are then arranged in the middle. If the order of importance followed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, with 5 being most important, psychological order might follow the order 4, 3, 1, 2, 5.

Still other principles of organization based on emphasis include

general-to-specific order,
specific-to-general order,
most familiar-to-least familiar,
simplest-to-most complex,  复杂性
order of frequency, 频率
order of familiarity, and so on.  熟悉性

对应连接词

more importantly; best of all; still worse; a more effective approach; even more expensive; even more painful than passing a kidney stone; the least wasteful; occasionally,偶尔 frequently, 频繁 regularly 经常地、有规律地

        支持论据２

If you are comparing or contrasting two or more viewpoints, there are basically two ways to go about it.

If the two views you are discussing are relatively simple to explain and analyze, try a longitudinal method by which you discuss all aspects of view A and then moved on to discuss all aspects of view B. Suppose, for example, you were dealing with two views on the issue of cloning  
  
Your outline might look like this:

Introduction
The Go Ahead Position
All Science is Legitimate.
We Can Trust Scientists Not To Put Us At Risk.
The Benefits Outweigh The Risks.
The Wait A Minute Position
Is all Science Legitimate?
Can We Trust Scientists Not To Put Us At Risk?
Do The Benefits Outweigh The Risks?
Conclusion

You can see that we are presenting one position, then using the other position to deal with the arguments of the dissenting position. Thus the Go Ahead Position will be described as objectively as possible. The analysis will come with The Wait A Minute Position.

But suppose that the arguments are getting complicated, and you’re afraid your reader will have forgotten what the first position said about the legitimacy of science   before you have time to discuss it in the second position. In a complex situation,   you’ll need a cross-sectional approach, which deals with both sides of each sub-topic in turn:

Introduction
Is All Science Legitimate?
Yes
Maybe not
Can We Trust The Scientists?
Yes
Not always
Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?
Yes
Maybe not
Conclusion

Now you have the chance to deal with both sides of each issue in turn. By the time you get to your conclusion, your reader should have a cumulative understanding of the issues and of the reasons for your position.

Avoid stringing out a list of 7 or more headings without subheadings, because this tends to damage the unity and coherence of your paper (just like leading someone down a winding path creates more confusion than leading the same person down a short city block with sights to see on all sides).  How do you cover the ground without multiplying your outline headings?  You do it by using fewer main headings and adding subheadings to them.  Thus you group your points, arguments, etc. under 3 or 4 main categories and let subheadings pick up the detail.  This makes a tighter structure that has more of a chance of achieving unity in the paper.  See the outlines above for examples of useful ways to do this.

        支持论据３

After you have formed your dominant impression into a thesis, make a plan to organize the relevant supporting details into three basic parts. Each part will comprise one Roman numeral of your outline and one paragraph of the body of your paper. For the dingy cafe, you might use the walls, the booths, and the counter as the three parts in climactic order, which is ascending from least to most important. You will not outline your introductory paragraph since the thesis sentence that appears in this first paragraph also appears on the outline page, nor will you outline your concluding paragraph since it summarizes or re-emphasizes the material that you have already discussed.

        支持论据４ Logical Order: The Key to Coherent Paragraphs and Essays

It is very important to present information to readers in a logical order.
Order your examples in a paragraph, for instance, from least to most important. Be sure to use appropriate transitions (first, then, finally) in order to guide your reader.
Another way to organize is by cause and effect: if A caused B, discuss A first, then B.
Still another way is to organize by problem then solution. State the problem first, then give your proposed solution.
Remember: Out of order paragraphs and essays are hard to read and understand.

        反例1

DECREASING ORDER OF IMPORTANCE: when you want to tell your readers that something new has happened and why they should be interested -- then fill them in on the details
INCREASING COMPLEXITY: a sequence that leads your readers gently into a complex subject
STEPS OF A PROCESS: when you want to focus on a process itself, not the end result
A SPATIAL SEQUENCE: when you want your reader to see the way different aspects of your subject are spatially interrelated or lie in contrast
A TEMPORAL SEQUENCE: for emphasizing the time relations among things or events

        反例２ Wtite sentences in a logical order

General to specific
Known to unknown
Temporal movement
Spatial movement
Concept to examples
Problem to solution
Data to conclusions

        反例３

Messages are clear, precise, and free of errors
Correct, complete sentences are used and are varied, smooth, and polished
There are no mechanical, grammatical, or word usage errors
A businesslike, courteous, and professional tone is maintained with language that is highly consistent with standard business English
The writing style flows smoothly
The information is presented in a logical order; for example, the writer may rearrange the information so that the important part comes first

        反例４

you have for each in a logical order and one that most effectively organizes your argument:
Most important to least important
Least important to most important
Compare and Contrast
Cause and Effect

        反例5

A possible outline template for an analytical paper
This is for an essay that happens to have three main answers, again listed in ascending order as in our argumentative paper template. How you order them will entirely depend on which ones you feel, given all the evidence, are the most or least convincing. If we take our research question example from before, perhaps the first answer would be from researchers who believe music has no effect on studying, the second about studies that show how detrimental it is, and the third one pointing out the positive aspects. In your conclusion, you might point out how certain conditions (e.g., absence of lyrics, tempo, volume, type of studying student is engaged in etc.) appear to be incredibly important.
  
Working Title (*optional here. You may want to wait until after your first draft)
Introductory Paragraph
•        What do I need to say to set up my research question? Background?
•        Research Question (stated within a sentence, not as a question. E.g., "In light of à.., it seems worthwhile to consider just what the effects ofà.are onà.")
•   
•        (You may want to outline what's to come below briefly)
Transition (you don't have to write these out now but you should know what they'd roughly be)
• Answer #3 = _________________________
•        one possible answer to the question + explication/summary
•        strengths and weaknesses of the position
Transition
Reason #2 = _________________________
•        another possible answer + explication/summary (especially how it addresses weaknesses of the previous paragraph or completely counters it).
Transition
Reason #1 = _________________________
•        best answer so far ˆ what does it say?
•        why is it a better consideration of the research question? Or is it really?
Transition
Concluding Paragraph
•        sum up what different angles have shown re: research question
•        critically evaluate what is still needed in the field, or if you looked at three equally strong cases, analyze why one is still more convincing
•        look at the implications

总结

１．并不是所有的文章都是要按照ascending orders的，其实别的顺序都可以接受，包括descending的。主要是按照合理的顺序，说清楚意思就好。

２．实际的文章写作，没有这么单纯的顺序，Issue题目中，许多复杂的问题远不能拿这些逻辑顺序概括。实际上，我们把这种复杂的顺序叫做the flow of mind，根据论证的思路排序

３．补充一种顺序：IMRD: Introduction- Materials and Methods - Results– Discussion

ieyangj08UID：2743219

感谢草木版主保留了原版的英文，这系列的学习（作业）基本都是英文阅读，大量的阅读输入是高质量英文输出的关键。

同时，阅读的内容也在不断强化我们对文章结构的意识。先是文章主题Thesis，之后段落主题句TS和意群主题句，随后是段落间的顺序，通过整个系列的认真学习足以帮助我们搭好文章写作的骨架。

做笔记是英文阅读的一个很好方式。