进军美利坚tpo阅读疑难解答帖

lihannikiUID：2849719

楼主请看 111-115

caoxuemeiUID：2629828

111# lihan96163
这道题建议同学用排除法，因为这个正确选项实在是很绕。先来看同学的迷惑部分：出题点
Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance( u( x4 X. n  u3 F, v4
有的时候，这意味着共同工作而不是竞争对手。但大部分，我们仅仅是和别人合作，去得到一种结果，而不不赋予这种关系更重要的意义（也就是说，谈不上是合作还是竞争，根本就没有什么意义的一种关系）
同学在看这两个意义的定义部分的时候要看完全，不能仅凭哪句话还评定本题。因为这道题是个态度题，所以，把起承转合的连接词都要看清楚，总结作者的真正意图。
其余三个选项就要清楚的多，是错误的。
同学如果还有什么疑问，请跟帖子。

caoxuemeiUID：2629828

112# lihan96163

同样是TPO13的：
Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from us behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.

11. According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?.
○ To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group
○ To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group
○ To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the members of the group9 |& q'
○ To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation?
这道题选第一个!

这是怎麽从上下文推断出来的呢

这道题不用推断的，应该是细节信息题，只要把定位句找对，然后理解正确就可以了。
定位句：
Some social groups employ shunning as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group.
这句话可以看出，shunning的功能就是把个人一致化。
再看其他选项：2，让不受欢迎的个人离开群体，从括弧里这半句a person can remain in the community可以看出，这些个人是留在群体里的。所以，这个选项是错误的。
3，用这个来奖励和惩罚成员。从这句话：Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance,----也就是说，一旦奖励制度不起作用了，就用shuning了，所以，这个选项也是错误的。
4，这个很明显了，就不多说了。


同学可明白？有疑问，请跟帖

caoxuemeiUID：2629828

113# lihan96163

Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.

8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○ Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.
○ Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups."
○ Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns
○ Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.

这道题选第三个 我就很纳闷了
我觉得social solidarity 和society's cultural pattern 在原话中是并列关系，用and连接 可选项中都改成因果关系了，怎么还选第三个呢
谢谢！！

同学对句子的结构和理解有问题，建议听新东方杜老师的阅读讲座的录音。（没有留言，我给你）
我们来看看这个句子的结构吧:society's cultural pattern是社会学家认为Primary groups所具有的特性的一个分支,完整的是They transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns。第二个分支是provide the sense of oneness.

Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society( because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness) so critical for social solidarity

同学按照我标出的句子结构来读一次吧。
so critical for social solidarity是总体的结果，因为社会学家认为primary groups 是这么这么---的重要（细节部分），所以（so),是critical的，对于社会稳定来说。

如还有疑问，请跟帖。

caoxuemeiUID：2629828

137# lihanniki 呵呵！好大一篇！爱学习的孩子！我会陆续来解答的。同学耐心哦！加油！如果还有疑问，可以继续跟帖的。

caoxuemeiUID：2629828

114# lihanniki

TPO12 .
Paragraph 7：Water does not remain immobile in an aquifer but can seep out at springs or leak into other aquifers. The rate of movement may be very slow: in the Indus plain, the movement of saline (salty) ground waters has still not reached equilibrium after 70 years of being tapped. The mineral content of groundwater normally increases with the depth, but even quite shallow aquifers can be highly saline
11. The passage supports which of the following statements about water in the desert?
○ The most visible forms of water are not the most widespread forms of water in the desert.
○ Groundwater in the desert cannot become a source of drinking water but can be used for irrigation.
○ Most of the water in the desert is contained in shallow aquifers that are being rapidly recharged.
○ Desert areas that lack endogenous or exogenous rivers and streams cannot support life

这道题选第一个 我很纳闷
从这段里读不出这样的信息啊？？？ 托福的阅读除了最后一道，不是不会垮段吗
谢谢

这个段落包含两个信息点：1,水渗出速率缓慢 2, 矿物质含量随着水在地下的深度而增加
说第一点的句子是：Water does not remain immobile in an aquifer but can seep out at springs or leak into other aquifers. The rate of movement may be very slow: in the Indus plain, the movement of saline (salty) ground waters has still not reached equilibrium after 70 years of being tapped.
水在沙漠里不是不动的，在春天会渗出或者渗入到另外一个蓄水层里去，这个速率是很慢的，比如——。
我们再看第一个选项：可见水的形式经常不是widespread的。这里的widespread不要理解为普遍的，而是流的很散的，流的很开的，流的很广泛的。
别的选项没有疑问吧？我把其余选项的重点词都标出来了，同学可以再琢磨下。还要都翻译出来吗？


同学有疑问的话就发帖上来。

反衬UID：2328867

给楼主一个建议。阅读理解最好不要翻译成中文

caoxuemeiUID：2629828

115# lihanniki

Biological Clocks

Survival and successful reproduction usually require the activities of animals to be coordinated with predictable events around them. Consequently, the timing and rhythms of biological functions must closely match periodic events like the solar day, the tides, the lunar cycle, and the seasons. The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged. Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity—sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example—are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms. Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks. By isolating organisms completely from external periodic cues, biologists learned that organisms have internal clocks. For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biological activity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle. The continuation of biological rhythms in an organism without external cues attests to its having an internal clock.

When crayfish are kept continuously in the dark, even for four to five months, their compound eyes continue to adjust on a daily schedule for daytime and nighttime vision. Horseshoe crabs kept in the dark continuously for a year were found to maintain a persistent rhythm of brain activity that similarly adapts their eyes on a daily schedule for bright or for weak light. Like almost all daily cycles of animals deprived of environmental cues, those measured for the horseshoe crabs in these conditions were not exactly 24 hours. Such a rhythm whose period is approximately—but not exactly—a day is called circadian. For different individual horseshoe crabs, the circadian period ranged from 22.2 to 25.5 hours. A particular animal typically maintains its own characteristic cycle duration with great precision for many days. Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly. Further evidence for persistent internal rhythms appears when the usual external cycles are shifted—either experimentally or by rapid east-west travel over great distances. Typically, the animal's daily internally generated cycle of activity continues without change. As a result, its activities are shifted relative to the external cycle of the new environment. The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.
Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation. Yet despite this synchronization of the period of the internal cycle, the animal's timer itself continues to have its own genetically built-in period close to, but different from, 24 hours. Without the external cue, the difference accumulates and so the internally regulated activities of the biological day drift continuously, like the tides, in relation to the solar day. This drift has been studied extensively in many animals and in biological activities ranging from the hatching of fruit fly eggs to wheel running by squirrels. Light has a predominating influence in setting the clock. Even a fifteen-minute burst of light in otherwise sustained darkness can reset an animal's circadian rhythm. Normally, internal rhythms are kept in step by regular environmental cycles. For instance, if a homing pigeon is to navigate with its Sun compass, its clock must be properly set by cues provided by the daylight/darkness cycle

14 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The activity of animals is usually coordinated with periodically recurring events in the environment.

Answer Choices
○ Most animals survive and reproduce successfully without coordinating their activities to external environmental rhythms.
○ The circadian period of an animal's internal clock is genetically determined and basically unchangeable
○ Environmental cues such as a change in temperature are enough to reset an animal's clock.
○ Animals have internal clocks that influence their activities even when environmental cues are absent.:
○ Animals are less affected by large differences between their internal rhythms and the local solar day than are humans'
○ Because an animal's internal clock does not operate on a 24-hour cycle, environmental stimuli are needed to keep the biological day aligned with the solar day.
哎 我极其怀疑这道题啊 怎麽答案是1 2 6？为什莫啊？？尤其对第四个疑问很大

呵呵，我们先来提取段落大意吧：1（红色重点句子）动物有内部生物钟，并且会在一定时间内在没有外界影响下保持内部生物钟。
2 即使外部环境有什么变动，内部生物钟也也会保持一段时间，然后适应外部环境。
3动物的内部生物钟用外部信号来做什么。（与地球转动或者日出日落保持一致性）

我们来看第4选项的关键词：动物内部生物钟影响activities，即使没有外部影响。

其实，文中并没有一段说动物的内部生物钟和activities的关系的，即使第一段，也说的是在没有外部影响下，动物会保持自己生物钟的特性，但并没有说动物自身的活动。

这个选项的迷惑性在于，同学们容易被表面迷惑，而忽略了通篇的重点。重点是内部生物钟和外部影响的关系。建议再做这样的题目的时候，一定从整篇出发。前面有一个帖子是论述这个题型的，关于如何判断重点和细节的，同学可以找来看看。

caoxuemeiUID：2629828

143# 反衬
那要如何让同学明白呢？你可以给我回答帖子啊，我来学习一下。:)

反衬UID：2328867

145# caoxuemei

点明抽象关系比知道文章的所有细节更重要。

caoxuemeiUID：2629828

146# 反衬 呵呵。请给个例子吧。用我回复的一个帖子来做例子吧。就同学的问题请给分析一下吧。谢谢。

反衬UID：2328867

147# caoxuemei
So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. ■The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass. ■However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. ■As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. ■Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery.
# f- o8 j. C* O9 z7 I/ a+ n

/ J  ]3 y# ]2 e! @1 q

13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

He arranged the feed boxes at various positions on a compass.

7 y  p* h9 A8 D

答案是A，请问这个插入句子题是根据句意来进行选择的么

这道题表面上是根据句义，但其实是根据文章内部的“抽象”“具体”的关系来看

在解释这道题目之前，我更希望大家比较一下其他同类题目

Paragraph 4: The differences in feeding preferences lead, in turn, to differences in migratory habits.■
The wildebeests follow, in their migration, the pattern of local rainfall. ■
The other species do likewise. ■
But when a new area is fueled by rain, the mammals migrate toward it in a set order to exploit it. ■
The larger, less fastidious feeders, the zebras, move in first; the choosier, smaller wildebeests come later; and the smallest species of all, Thomson’s gazelle, arrives last. The later species all depend on the preparations of the earlier one, for the actions of the zebra alter the vegetation to suit the stomachs of the wildebeest, topi, and gazelle.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
The sequence in which they migrate correlates with their body size.
Where would the sentence best fit?

Paragraph 5: As her technological expertise grew more sophisticated, so did the other aspects of her dances. ■
Although she gave little thought to music in her earliest dances, she later used scores by Gluck, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, and Wagner, eventually graduating to Stravinsky, Fauré, Debussy, and Mussorgsky, composers who were then considered progressive. ■
She began to address more ambitious themes in her dances such as The Sea, in which her dancers invisibly agitated a huge expanse of silk, played upon by colored lights. ■
Always open to scientific and technological innovations, she befriended the scientists Marie and Pierre Curie upon their discovery of radium and created a Radium Dance, which simulated the phosphorescence of that element. ■
She both appeared in films—then in an early stage of development—and made them herself; the hero of her fairy-tale film Le Lys de la Vie (1919) was played by René Clair, later a leading French film director.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
For all her originality in dance, her interests expanded beyond it into newly emerging artistic media.
Where would the sentence best fit?


Paragraph5: Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyper accumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. ■ A survey of known hyper accumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. ■Hyper accumulators run the entire range of the plant world. ■ They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. ■ Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyper accumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.

2. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others.

我把这四句话都放在一起，不知道大家读完以后有什么感觉。

He arranged the feed boxes at various positions on a compass.
The sequence in which they migrate correlates with their body size.
For all her originality in dance, her interests expanded beyond it into newly emerging artistic media.
Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others.

没感觉？ 我highlight当中的某些字眼，再看看。


He arranged the feed boxes at various positions on a compass.
The sequence in which they migrate correlates with their body size.
For all her originality in dance, her interests expanded beyond it into newly emerging artistic media.
Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others.

这些词汇在句中都是主要的名词概念，要么是复数名词，要么是没有具体内容的单数名词。
复数名词意味着什么？意味着这是一个“母概念”，下属有可以细化的“子概念”
没有具体内容的单数名词意味着什么？意味着它需要被具体化，否则读者不懂。

所以这四道题的答案都是一样的，就是找到这些单词在文中的具体对应点即可。

如何提高？
1.提高对文字的抽象理解能力，阅读完一句话以后，懂得判断，这句话到底是抽象概括还是具体细节。
2.学会横向对比同类题目。这四道题目在我看来并不是四道，而只是同一类。

反衬UID：2328867

给楼主一个建议。阅读理解最好不要翻译成中文
反衬 发表于 2010-7-22 16:03

为什么不建议翻译成中文？

1.翻译是一个语言转换过程，当中必定牵涉翻译者的主观理解和加工。所以翻译的结果不会100%与原文一样，甚至可能由于中国词汇书的荼毒而错误理解某些词导致翻译错误。
2.翻译耗费时间。尤其在考试中。
3.答案是英文，不是中文。
4.阅读理解本身就是一个抽象思维的过程。翻译却是一个把具体文字从一种语言转换为另外一种语言的过程，背离了阅读理解的本义

caoxuemeiUID：2629828

149# 反衬 谢谢同学参与。也欢迎其他同学给出自己的意见！

caoxuemeiUID：2629828

137# lihanniki 解答完毕，请同学看下。