【0706G MYTH小组】提纲大贴

最後の使徒UID: 2257608

第九次提纲写作作业：

ISSUE类：
39，68，143，1，16，44，107，19，53，60，98，140，178，2，52
ARGUMENT类：
209，21，88，89，98，127，166，178，201，213，154，191，208，212，227

第七次提纲写作作业：

ISSUE类：

114，174，73，113，165，209，85，104，116，123，76，169，187，225，233

ARGUE类：

20，56，100，129，133，151，228，150，156，186，115，116，118，123，125


第六次提纲写作作业：

ISSUE类： 164，170，186，210，28，176，110，112，173，195，64，171，175，241，243
ARGUE类：217，239，4，120，161，202，61，185，192，210，234，126，128，132，136，138


第五次提纲写作作业：

ISSUE类：
61，72，95，183，63，235，25，46，94，80，108，161，197，203，119
ARUGE类：
39，76，159，230，36，111，160，238，11，162，146，148，155，181，184


第四次提纲写作作业：

ISSUE类：
130，185，38，50，83，17，103，208，47，147，214，180，196，142，190，10

ARUGE类：
67，163，174，216，220，167，203，168，169，242，189，196，197，198，199

选题标准
这次把机井里漏的高频全都放上了,为了保证所有的高频大家都至少列过提纲,以后全文写作还是从这些题里面抽取不同类型的主题来写, 反复的写也便于大家联系从提纲到全文的拓展.

由于普遍反应提纲量太大,本次的提纲作业不硬性要求提交,大家视自己情况调整,这样第五次左右的时候可以再补些

第三次提纲写作作业：
ISSUE：8,207,226,93,13,109,5,218,40,131,168,151,153,167,29
ARGUE：71,232,235,46,97,99,165,25,9,34,206,215,219,223,229

选题标准
同上次


第二次提纲写作作业：
ISSUE：154,7,11,152,120,87,141,150,26,69,99,127,184,54,138
ARGUE：47,117,38,65,177,53,143,45,145,131,170,102,103,104,10

选题标准
这次的ISSUE选用了高频排行榜第17位以后的题目
ARGUE听取了PAUL的建议,加入了4道零频题目

第一次提纲写作作业：
ISSUE：31 43 56 59 70 74 88 121 136 157 159 160 177 212 221
ARGUE：26 42 48 141 237 57 97 109 142 153 179 180 190 214 205

选题标准
根据机井选取次高频题目，按从高到低的顺序进行选择，当全文写作内容已经覆盖所有计划内高频题后，将选取本范围内的高频题进行练习。

请大家把作业连接回复在本贴内，并积极参与讨论

[ 本帖最后由 lastangel 于 2006-11-14 18:32 编辑 ]

最後の使徒UID: 2257608

【第九次提纲写作作业】请于11月17日晚23点以前回复在本贴内，第二天为相应讨论时间，届时将选取部分难题进行讨论。



ISSUE类：

39 "The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree." [05/8; 06/1]
大学学习的好处被过高估计：大多数人如果通过研究和阅读的方式自学四年，会比追求一个大学学位学到的更多。
68 "People make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust, no matter how valuable their contributions might be."
人们总是错误地对待专家，怀疑、不信任他们，不管专家们的贡献有多大。
143 "Artists should pay little attention to their critics. *Criticism tends to undermine and constrain the artist's creativity." *those who evaluate works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc.
艺术家应该对给予他们的批评毫不理会。批评家总是削弱和限制艺术家的创造力 。
1 "We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning."
我们通常从与我们意见一致的人那里学到的东西比从与我们意见相悖的人那里学到的东西多；意见分歧产生压力并阻碍了学习。
16 "Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."
尽管很多人认为现在奢侈安逸的生活是完全无害的，但实际上这样的生活阻止了人们培养真正坚强独立的性格。
44"Government should not fund any scientific research whose consequences, either medical or ethical, are unclear."
107 "Instant communication systems encourage people to form hasty opinions and give quick replies rather than take the time to develop thoughtful, well-reasoned points of view."
实时通信系统促使人们匆忙决定并快速作出回应，而不是花时间得出一个仔细思考过、合情合理的观点。
19"If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens."
53 "College and university education should be free for all students, fully financed by the government."
大学教育应该对所有学生免费，全部由政府来承担。
60 "The media -- and society in general -- mistakenly expect an individual to speak for a particular group, whether or not that individual truly represents the views of the entire group."
通常情况下，媒体和社会都希望某个个人能代表一特定群体，无论此个人能否真正地表达整个群体的观点。
98 "Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film, advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past."
大学和学院应该在流行音乐、电影、广告和电视上开设更多的课程，因为现代文化比过去文艺和学生更密切。
140"What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent."
178 "It is possible to pass laws that control or place limits on people's behavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts and minds."
控制、限制人们行为的法律可能建立，但是立法不能改变人们的本性，法律无法改变人们的所思所想。
2 "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."
对社会而言，竞争最终利大于弊。
52 "Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony."
教育鼓励学生们提问和批评，这样不利于社会的和谐。

ARGUMENT类：
209.The following recommendation was made by the Human Resources Manager
to the board of directors of the Fancy Toy Company.
"In the last three quarters of this year, under the leadership of our
president, Pat Salvo, our profits have fallen considerably. Thus, we
should ask for her resignation in return for a generous severance package.
In Pat's place, we should appoint Rosa Winnings. Rosa is currently
president of Starlight Jewelry, a company whose profits have increased
dramatically over the past several years. Although we will have to pay
Rosa twice the salary that Pat has been receiving, it will be well worth
it because we can soon expect our profits to increase considerably."
在今年的过去三个季度里，在我们总裁Pat Salvo的领导下，利润显著下降。因此，我们应该给予她优厚的补偿并要求她辞职。我们应该任命Rosa
Winnings来代替她的职位。Rosa当前是Starlight
Jewelry的总裁，这家公司的利润在过去几年中显著增长。尽管我们要付给Rosa两倍于我们付给Pat的工资，但这将是值得的因为我们马上可以看到利润的显著增长。
21.The following appeared in a memo from the new vice president of
Sartorian, a company that manufactures men's clothing.
"Five years ago, at a time when we had difficulties in obtaining reliable
supplies of high-quality wool fabric, we discontinued production of our
deluxe alpaca overcoats. Now that we have a new fabric supplier, we should
resume production. This coat should sell very well: since we have not
offered an alpaca overcoat for five years and since our major competitor
no longer makes an alpaca overcoat, there will be pent-up customer demand.
Also, since the price of most types of clothing has risen in each of the
past five years, customers should be willing to pay significantly higher
prices for alpaca overcoats than they did five years ago, and our company
profits will increase."
五年前，当我们在获取可靠的高质量羊毛毛料的渠道方面存在困难的时候，我们停止了高档羊毛外衣的生产。现在有了新的毛料供应商，我们应该重新开始生产。这种外衣应该卖得很好：因为我们已经五年没有供应羊毛外衣了，而且由于我们的主要竞争对手已不再生产羊毛外衣，消费者将有很迫切的需求。而且，由于过去五年中多数种类的服装价格每年都在上涨，消费者应该愿意花比五年前高的多的价格购买羊毛外衣，从而我们公司的利润将会上升。
88.The following appeared in a newsletter about health published in the
country of Sauria.
"According to Sauria's leading nutritional experts, a diet high in complex
carbohydrates, and low in fat is optimal for good health and longevity.
Because this was the diet of the people who lived in ancient Sauria, one
would expect them to have had long and healthy lives. Yet the mummified
remains of Sauria's ruling classes from two to three thousand years ago
show the existence of many medical problems among the ancient Saurians,
including dental problems, elevated blood pressure, obesity, heart
disease, and early mortality. Clearly, the diet of the ancient Saurians
was responsible for these problems. The high incidence of high blood
pressure, obesity, and heart disease in Sauria today even among those who
have tried low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets further proves that Sauria's
leading nutritional experts are wrong."
根据Sauria的权威营养专家的看法，碳水化合物含量高而脂肪含量低的饮食对于健康和长寿是最为有利的。由于古代Sauria的居民所吃的就是这类饮食，我们可以推测他们应该健康而且长寿。然而一两千年前Sauria统治阶级的木乃伊残骸显示古代Sauria人存在很多疾病，包括牙齿疾患，高血压，肥胖，心脏病和早夭。显然，古代Sauria人的饮食是这些疾患的原因。今天Sauria那些既便尝试了低脂肪高碳水化合物饮食的人中也存在的高血压，肥胖和心脏病的较高发病率进一步证明了Sauria权威营养学家是错误的。
89.The following appeared in a newspaper published in the state of Celera.
"Speed limits on our state's highways should be eliminated in order to
increase our state's prosperity. Because greater speed means more
efficient travel, commercial deliveries will be faster, increasing
business profits. Elimination of speed limits will also make driving more
attractive to motorists, so that more people will use the highways,
providing more highway toll revenues for the state. At the same time,
safety on our highways will not be affected: daytime speed limits were
eliminated last year in the western states of our country, and no
significant increase in the number of accidents in these states has been
reported."
本州高速公路的限速应该被取消以促进本州的繁荣。由于更高的速度意味着更高效的交通，商业物流将会更快捷，从而增加商业利润。限速的取消同样也会使驾驶对于司机更有吸引力，因而更多的人将会使用高速公路，为本州带来更多的路费收入。同时，高速路的安全并不会受到影响：本国西部州去年取消了白天的限速，那些州上报的事故数量并没有显著增加。
98.The following appeared in a memo from the director of a large group of
hospitals.
"In a laboratory study of liquid antibacterial hand soaps, a concentrated
solution of Nadasept killed 40 percent more bacteria than the liquid hand
soaps currently used in our hospitals. During a subsequent test of
Nadasept at our hospital in Saluda, that hospital reported significantly
fewer cases of patient infection than did any of the other hospitals in
our group. Therefore, to prevent serious patient infections, we should
supply Nadasept at all hand washing stations throughout our hospital
system."
在一次对于抗菌洗手液的实验研究中，Nadasept浓缩液比我们医院现在使用的洗手液多杀灭40％的细菌。在我们Saluda的医院随后所作的对Nadasept的测试中，该医院上报的患者感染数量显著少于我们集团的其他医院。因此，为防止严重的患者感染，我们应该在我们的医院系统所有的洗手站提供Nadasept。
127.The vice president for human resources at Climpson Industries sent the
following recommendation to the company's president.
"In an effort to improve our employees' productivity, we should implement
electronic monitoring of employees' Internet use from their workstations.
Employees who use the Internet from their workstations need to be
identified and punished if we are to reduce the number of work hours spent
on personal or recreational activities, such as shopping or playing games.
By installing software to detect employees' Internet use on company
computers, we can prevent employees from wasting time, foster a better
work ethic at Climpson, and improve our overall profits."
为提高我们的员工的生产效率，我们应该在员工的终端上加装电子监控来监视员工对互联网的使用。如果我们要减少用于私人以及娱乐活动，比如购物或玩游戏的工作时间，在终端上使用互联网的员工必须要被确认并且受到惩罚。通过在公司电脑上安装检测员工使用互联网的软件，我们可以防止员工浪费时间，并培养Climpson更好的工作氛围，以及提高我们的整体利润。
166.The following appeared in a local newspaper.
"People should not be misled by the advertising competition between Coldex
and Cold-Away, both popular over-the-counter cold medications that anyone
can purchase without a doctor's prescription. Each brand is accusing the
other of causing some well-known, unwanted side effect: Coldex is known to
contribute to existing high blood pressure and Cold-Away is known to cause
drowsiness. But the choice should be clear for most health-conscious
people: Cold-Away has been on the market for much longer and is used by
more hospitals than is Coldex. Clearly, Cold-Away is more effective."
人们不应该被任何人不用医生处方就可以买到的OTC药品Coldex和Cold-Away之间的广告战所误导。每个牌子都指责另一种药会导致某种众所周知的不良副作用：Coldex导致血压升高而Cold-Away导致嗜睡。但对于多数关心健康的人来说选择是明显的：Cold-Away比Coldex上市时间更长而且被更多的医院所使用。显然，Cold-Away效果更好。
178.The following appeared in the annual report from the president of the
National Brush Company.
"In order to save money, we at the National Brush Company have decided to
pay our employees for each brush they produce instead of for the time they
spend producing brushes. We believe that this policy will lead to the
production of more and better brushes, will allow us to reduce our staff
size, and will enable the company factories to operate for fewer
hours-resulting in savings on electricity and security costs. These
changes will ensure that the best workers keep their jobs and that the
company will earn a profit in the coming year."
为节省开支，我们National
Brush公司决定不再按员工生产刷子的工时支付工资，而是按他们生产刷子的数量来支付。我们相信这一政策将会导致刷子产量和质量的提高，将会减少我们的员工数量，并将会使工厂能够减少运营时间从而导致电费和保安费用的节省。这些改革将保证那些最好的工人留在这里工作，公司将会在来年有更多的盈利。
201.The citizens of Forsythe have adopted healthier lifestyles. Their
responses to a recent survey show that in their eating habits they conform
more closely to government nutritional recommendations than they did ten
years ago. Furthermore, there has been a fourfold increase in sales of
food products containing kiran, a substance that a scientific study has
shown reduces cholesterol. This trend is also evident in reduced sales of
sulia, a food that few of the healthiest citizens regularly eat.
Forsythe的居民选择了更健康的生活方式。他们对于最近一项调查的回答显示，他们的饮食习惯比十年前更加贴近政府的营养建议。而且，含有kiran的食品销量增长了四倍，在一次科学研究中发现kiran是一种能够降低胆固醇水平的物质。这种趋势同样也被sulia的销量下降所证实，sulia是那些最健康的居民极少经常食用的食品。
213.The following appeared in a memorandum from the owner of Armchair
Video, a chain of video rental stores
"Because of declining profits, we must reduce operating expenses at
Armchair Video's ten video rental stores. Raising prices is not a good
option, since we are famous for our special bargains. Instead, we should
reduce our operating hours. Last month our store in downtown Marston
reduced its hours by closing at 6:00 P.M. rather than 9:00 P.M. and
reduced its overall inventory by no longer stocking any film released more
than two years ago. Since we have received very few customer complaints
about these new policies, we should now adopt them at all other Armchair
Video stores as our best strategies for improving profits."
由于利润下降，我们必须压缩Armchair
Video十家录像租赁店的营业开支。涨价并不是一个好选择，因为我们就是因特价销售而知名的。因此我们应该缩短营业时间。上个月我们位于闹市区Marston的店营业时间从以前的9点缩减到下午6点，并通过不再保留发行两年以上的电影来减少总库存量。由于我们所收到的客户关于这些新政策的投诉很少，我们应该在所有Armchair
Video的商店实施这些政策作为增加利润的最好策略。
154.The following appeared in the editorial section of a health and
fitness magazine.
"In a study of the effects of exercise on longevity, medical researchers
tracked 500 middle-aged men over a 20-year period. The subjects
represented a variety of occupations in several different parts of the
country and responded to an annual survey in which they were asked: How
often and how strenuously do you exercise? Of those who responded, the men
who reported that they engaged in vigorous outdoor exercise nearly every
day lived longer than the men who reported that they exercised mildly only
once or twice a week. Given the clear link that this study establishes
between longevity and exercise, doctors should not recommend moderate
exercise to their patients but should instead encourage vigorous outdoor
exercise on a daily basis."
在一次关于锻炼对寿命的影响的调查中，医务人员在20年的期间跟踪了500名中年男子。调查对象覆盖了全国若干不同地区的多种职业，他们每年回答一次问卷，在问卷中他们被问道：你锻炼的频率和强度如何？在那些回答了问卷的人中，那些报告说自己几乎每天都参加激烈的户外运动的人比那些报告说自己每周仅仅温和地锻炼一两次的人活的长。鉴于这一调查所建立的长寿与锻炼之间的明显联系，医生不应该建议患者进行温和的运动而应该鼓励他们每天都参加激烈的户外运动。
191.The following is a letter from a professor at Xanadu College to the
college's president.
"The development of an extensive computer-based long-distance learning
program will enhance the reputation of Xanadu College. This program would
allow more students to enroll in our courses, thereby increasing our
income from student tuition. Traditional courses could easily be adapted
for distance learners, as was shown by the adaptation of two traditional
courses for our distance learning trial project last year. Also, by using
computer programs and taped lectures, faculty will have fewer classroom
obligations and more time to engage in extensive research, thereby
enhancing the reputation of Xanadu."
发展一套大型计算机远程教学系统将会提高Xanadu学院的声誉。这一系统将使更多学生报名参加我们的课程，从而提高我们的学费收入。传统教学可以很容易地改编成远程教学内容，这已经被去年我们远程教学实验系统的两个传统课程的改编所证实。而且，通过使用计算机程序和录音教学，员工可以减少去教室的次数并有更多的时间从事大规模的科研活动，从而提高Xanadu的声誉。
208.The following appeared in a memorandum from the planning department of
an electric power company.
"Several recent surveys indicate that homeowners are increasingly eager to
conserve energy and manufacturers are now marketing many home appliances,
such as refrigerators and air conditioners, that are almost twice as
energy-efficient as those sold a decade ago. Also, new technologies for
better home insulation and passive solar heating are readily available to
reduce the energy needed for home heating. Therefore, we anticipate that
the total demand for electricity in our area will not increase, and may
decline slightly. Since our three electric generating plants in operation
for the past 20 years have always met our needs, construction of new
generating plants should not be necessary."
一些最近的调查表明，房主越来越强烈地希望节省能源，并且生产商现在正在推出很多比十年前的电器几乎节能两倍的家用电器，比如冰箱和空调。而且，更好的房屋隔热和被动式太阳能采暖的新技术已经可以用于减少家庭采暖所需的能源。因此，我们预计我们地区的用电需求总量不会增加，而可能有轻微下降。由于我们的已经运作了20年的三座发电站总能够满足需求，我们无需建造新的发电厂。
212.The following appeared in a memorandum from the new president of the
Patriot car manufacturing company.
"In the past, the body styles of Patriot cars have been old-fashioned, and
our cars have not sold as well as have our competitors' cars. But now,
since many regions in this country report rapid increases in the numbers
of newly licensed drivers, we should be able to increase our share of the
market by selling cars to this growing population. Thus, we should
discontinue our oldest models and concentrate instead on manufacturing
sporty cars. We can also improve the success of our marketing campaigns by
switching our advertising to the Youth Advertising agency, which has
successfully promoted the country's leading soft drink."
在过去，Patriot汽车的车型已经过时了，我们的汽车没有竞争对手的车卖的好。但现在，由于我国很多地区的新驾驶员数量飞速增加，我们可以通过向这一日渐增长的人群出售车辆来增加我们的市场份额。因此，我们应该停止生产最老的型号而集中力量生产新颖的汽车。我们也可以通过把我们的广告交给Youth广告公司来促进市场推广的成功，这家公司曾经为本国销量最大的软饮料进行过成功的促销。
227.The following appeared as an editorial in a local newspaper.
"In order to attract visitors to Central Plaza downtown and to return the
plaza to its former glory, the city should prohibit skateboarding there
and instead allow skateboarders to use an area in Monroe Park. At Central
Plaza, skateboard users are about the only people one sees now, and litter
and defaced property have made the plaza unattractive. In a recent survey
of downtown merchants, the majority supported a prohibition on
skateboarding in the plaza. Clearly, banning skateboarding in Central
Plaza will make the area a place where people can congregate for fun or
for relaxation."
为使闹市区中央广场吸引更多的观光者并回复该广场以前的繁荣，我们市应该禁止在那里玩滑板，让滑板爱好者使用Monroe公园地区活动。在中央广场，人们唯一可以看到的就是玩滑板的人，废弃物和损毁的公物使广场失去了往日的吸引力。在最近一次对闹市区商户的调查中，大多数人都支持禁止在广场玩滑板。显然，在中央广场禁止滑板将会使该地区成为人们可以聚集起来娱乐和休闲的场所。

[ 本帖最后由 lastangel 于 2006-11-14 18:33 编辑 ]

paul_zhang007UID: 2192981

下面的连接是我的Argument的提纲作业。


http://edu.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=540667&extra=page%3D2

请多多指教！:p

[ 本帖最后由 paul_zhang007 于 2006-10-16 20:08 编辑 ]

airbotsUID: 2225434

26:
1, No evidence shows that the success of winning three regional band competitions is Mr.Schade's effort.

2, Grantedly, the success of regional band competitions is just because the direction of Mr.Schade, it is paradoxical that the school band won three band competitions, but the music rehearsal facilities and music instruments at SC High has improved markedly. A great band who want to win the competition must has enough exercises to ensure that the performance in competition has no mistake or flaw, so the instruments and facilities must be used frequently.

3, Even assuming that the successes are all belong to Mr.Schade, the arguer still can not convince me it is fairly to hire Mr.Schade to plan and direct the general music education programs for the entire Saluda school system. There is no information about the ability of Mr.Schade's teaching, and management.

42:
1, The campaign to promote ecologically sound tourism is not necessary lead to the number of foreign visitors arriving at Bellegea's main airport doubled.
   
2, There is no causal connection between the campaign to promote ecologically sound tourism and the increasing of per capita income in B.

3, It is not compatible that the Pareterra economic minister want to preserve the environment of P country by promoting ecotourism.

4, No evidence indicates that inviting the director of B's National Tourism Office as a consultant will ensure the P's advertising campaign is successful.

48:
1, There is no necessary connection between level of computer ownership and physical fitness level.

2, The arguer falls to constitute a causal relationship between the recent decline in the economy and low expenditures on fitness-related products and services.

3, Even assuming that the decline in the economy leads to the low expenditures on fitness-related products and services, the reporter of the newspaper article confuses the expenditure on the fitness-related aspects and the fitness level.

57:
1, In the study of Zorba preventing ulcers, the arguer commits a fallacy of false analogy between the percent that patients who take Zorba under doctor direction develop new ulcers and the recurrence rate of patients who do not take Zorba, are these two numbers comparable?

2, Also, without the information about patients' age, gender, and physical conditions in the experimental group and the control group of the study in the newsletter, it is difficult to conclude that Zorba is really effecitve.

3, The reporter of the newsletter confuses the concepts of the first-time ulcer patient and the first-time ulcer.  

4, Even assuming the Zorba is highly effective, It is unwarranted to inform the general public of the fact.Because the patients who take Zorba are under doctor's direction, there is no evidence shows that without doctor's direction, it is still useful or even no harmful to anyone who takes this pill.

97:
1, The manager fails to convince me that the national survey is credible/persuasive: it contains nothing about the total amount of the survey, the percentage of men who like sports programs, and the sample's classification.

2, There is no causal relationship between the more sports broadcasts provided by WACK television station and the increasing of television audience. Maybe the increasing of TV audience is due to the decline of advertisement on WACK's broadcasts-in order to give the additional sports programs enough time.

3, Granted that the additional sports programs can cause the increasing of TV audience, no evidence indicates that those means can lead to the enhancing of KICK's profits.

4, Even assuming that the revision of KICK's broadcast schedule may increase the company profits, there is no evidence indicates that the WACK's measures can be generalized to KICK. The manager does not offer information about KICK's scale. If the reward of the changing program will take so long that KICK Company may bankrupt during this period.

109
1, The arguer make a partial conclusion that the laws limiting new construction have no effect on average housing prices, only by comparing the measures of PC and CC.

2, Even if the laws have no effect on the average housing prices, the writer can not convince us that this measure is still available after 20 years.

3, The editor of the newspaper commits a fallacy of hashy generalization. No evidence shows that the laws limiting new construction have no effect on average housing prices in Maple City.

141:
1, Mining copper on West Fredonia does not necessarily lead to pollution and the environment disaster.

2, There is no further information about the location of copper mine and the area which endangered animal species live. Do the two area lie in same place?

3, The reporter does not give us the reliable way to inform all the consumers resist the ccc's products, and how to distinguish the products which are maked by the CCC's copper.

4, Even assuming that the CCC company is stopped by consumer's boycott, the arguer does not inform us that there is no other mining company which exploits the copper on WF.

142:
1, The arguer does not ensure which kind of link between the red meat and the heart disease is, enhancing or weakening.

2, Even if the red meat may enhance the risk of heart disease, The fact that red feat is high in iron is not convincing reason. It is possible that the red meat contains other dangerous material, resulting in heart disease directly.

3, The reporter of this issue confuses the causality between the correlation of high iron causing heart disease and the correlation of red meat leading to heart disease. The red meat is just one kind of all high iron food

153:
1, The increasing of rate of crimes has no necessary relationship with the violence in TV, it is possible because the social background of 1950's, or the absence of moral instructions.

2, The arguer confused the concepts of violent behavior and crime. The children who display more violent behavior do not commit crime undoubtedly.

3, The result of the survey in this argument is not persuasive, because the writer does not provide the total amount of the samples and maybe the respondents are all the parents of teenage crime.

4, Even assuming that reduce the amount of violence show is effective to lower the rate of teenage crime, only reduce this kind of show in prime time is not enough. How about non-prime time programs?

179:
1, The GTC is the second most expensive caterer in the city, how many company int this city?

2, It is not representative that only three employee are unsatisfied with the GTC.

3, This argument offer no comparison about the price, and sanitary conditions for the preparation of food provided by the two caterers.
   
4, Only tasting one sample lunch, it is irrational for the director to conclude that all the food supported by D is delicious.

5, The taste of director dose not represent all the employee's.


180:
1, The reading ability of the first graduate may not result from the Acme's course.  

2, There is no evidence indicates that taking the Acme's course can definitely lead to improving in working position.

3, The argument dose not include all the graduates of the Acme's course, it is impossible to evaluate the effectiveness of the course.

4, Whether the price of course is small price, it is open to doubt.

5, Even assuming that Acme's services are benefit to some employee, there is no evidence indicates that it is not necessary to let all the employees to take the course.

190:
1, The decline of advance tickets dose not incicates the decrease of audience number.Maybe the audiences come to buy other tickets of the GS concert.

2, There is no evidence in this argument indicates that modern music will be accepted by the audiences.  

3, The article does not include all the recordings selling condition, it is impossible to conclude that people in G like the Richerts music.

4, Although the Richerts recording sells good, the arguer fails to convince us that people in Glenville, will attend the concert including the Richerts music.

5, Even assuming that all the measures are effective to increase advance tickets purchases, the reporter can not confirm that those measures will increase the attendance at the concerts.  

205:
1, The president confuses the concepts of vandalism and rate of vandalism in comparing the effectiveness of the measures, taken by two cities.   

2, Even assuming that intensity lighting can cause the decline of the vandalism, there is no evidence indicates that installing intensity lighting throughout A city will be effective way to combat crime.

3, The solution that mentioned in this article to install intensity lighting throughout A city, does not necessary lead to the revitalization of the declining neighborhoods in A city.


214:   
1, The arguer does not offer the amount of tax income of the two city governments, it is hard to conclude that PC places more attention on public school education, maybe the total income of B city is smaller that PC's, but the percent of the Blue city's public school education budget, comparing with PC's, is larger than twice.

2,There is no causal connection between the amount of the government budget placing on public education and the care of residents about public school. It is possible that the residents in Blue city contribute enough money to public school that the city government has no necessary to place more budget on it.   


237:
1, There is no causal relationship between the D city's new deal and the relocation of the two company.

2, In absence of comparing with other ways, it is hard to confirm that reducing the tax rate and offering additonal money to relocating company is the fastest way to stimulate economic development and reduce unemployment.  

3, The arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization, are the two city comparable? Maybe the Beauville city has many strong points such as, natural environment, better geographical location, and skillful workers, and so on-without reducing the tax rate, the private companies still want to relocate to B city.

[ 本帖最后由 airbots 于 2006-10-17 00:38 编辑 ]

最後の使徒UID: 2257608

ISSUE类：

31"Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."

TS: I confess that quit a large number of advances in science are due to research of controversial results, nevertheless, subjects with obvious dangers to squander resource or break social ethos should be constrained.
ISSUE1: Advances in science are sometimes unpredictable and controversial.
Evidence: Alchemy
ISSUE2: The obvious squander on research should be constrained.
Evidence: Suviet Union's research against USA's Star Wars Project.
ISSUE3: Research which may break the social ethos should be constrained.
Evidence: Clone tech.

43"To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards."

TS: It is true an effective leader should maintain high ethical and moral standards, nevetheless, other characters such as adamancy and caculation are also necessary.
ISSUE1: A leader without ethical and moral standards may bring public to the abyss erring from society, so as to destroy what he leads in the end.
Evidence: Adolf Hitler
ISSUE2: Adamancy is as important as ethical and moral standards since it's what make a leader to hang on his position.
Evidence:
ISSUE3: Caculation makes the leader truely effective.
Evidence: Franklin D. Roosevelt

56"Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."

TS: The statements is too extreme since it will certainly serves many governments' aims to focus on solving the immediate problems of today, however, anticipated problems can't be neglected since they also decide our world's destiny.
ISSUE1: Hunger, natural calamity, and so forth are starving for governments' attention because they will impact the nation.
Evidence: Ancient China, Yuan Dynasty.
ISSUE2: Anticipated problems will come to be faced in time. Dealing with it before it deteriorates pays less.
Evidence: Environmental problems.
ISSUE3: Some problems don't seem immediate but when they break out, they are impossible to control.
Evidence: Ancient Rome.

59"Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."

TS: It is important of think and act independently and thus make the choice since our world develops on the power of creation, however, to most people, role models can direct them to creative in right way and such emphasis in our society is not too much.
ISSUE1: Creation and independent choice empower the development of our world.
Evidence: Thomas Edison
ISSUE2: Role models may make our way to success more direct and copying can be the best choice in many issues, espacially for children.
Evidence: Educational role models.
ISSUE3: No matter copying or thinking and acting independently, the aim is to make the best choice.
Evidence: Frank Loyd Wright


70"In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."
TS: It will surve many entreprises' interests for them to change some of those in power after fives years, as to revitalize its managing personel and thoughts. Nevertheless, such changes should be careful since it could break the enterprises' stablilization and some positions ask for a long experience working in the enterprise, in which people need to stay longer.
ISSUE1: Enterprise needs new blood or it may suffer from lack of creation, five years is a long time for those devote their power to the positions.
Evidence: Suviet Union, Khrushchev
ISSUE2: Revitalization should be careful and stable, espacially when large numbers of leaders are changing.
Evidence: Ancient China, revolutions
ISSUE3: Some people have become the embles of enterprises and they are undispensbale for the enterprises in only 5 years.
Evidence: Billgates, Microsoft
ISSUE4: A company may not develop maturely in 5 years, making their leaders unchangable in such a short perioud.
Evidence: John D.Rockefeller  

74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."
TS: Images certainly come as an important method to communicate an idea, however, language is also undispensable. The statement is too extreme to stress images and neglect language.
ISSUE1: Images are more and more used in public propagandizing because of their direct and impressible information.
Evidence: Posters
ISSUE2: Language can provide more detailed information and preciser express.
Evidence: Newspapers
DEVELOPMENT: Both the image and language are required in communicating, especially when they interact together, the information could be communicated more strikingly.
Evidence: TV, Movies

88"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."

TS: I agree with the assertion that technologies not only influence social customs and ethics, in some ways, it ultimately determine social customs and ethics, since they establish the material basis of human society.
ISSUE1: Technology can influence the social customs when it creat new way to enhance social productivity.
Evidence: Industrial Revolution
ISSUE2: With the enhanced social productivity, the social customs and ethics can be changed basically.
Evidence: Medical technology which change the way we live.
DEVOLOPMENT: Some controversial techonologies may do harm or even destory the social customs and ethics, which must be constrained by social ethics.
Evidence: Clone, Nuclear weapon

121"At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species."

TS: Although many species extincted because of natural causes, with the human society's unpredictable development, many species which can still be adapted to natural environment are dying out. Saving those endangered species are the human's responsibility.
ISSUE1: Because of human's unrestrited invading the natural, environment changes too faster than it was for the wild species to evolve and adapt.
Evidence: Every several years a specy extinted in 19th century, compared with five species every day today.
Dodo, ferret, Indian tiger, African elefants
ISSUE2: Each specy contain a unique gene information and plays an import role in the ecological environment. Once they distinct, there is no substitute, and with the decreasing amount of species, ecological balance will be threatened.
Evidence: Loulan Ancient city, ancient Babylon
DEVELOPMENT: It will be costing for human to compensate the decimated ecological environment, or even impossible.

136"The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."

TS: I agree with the statement that the circumstance that we don't have choice is very rare, since the human mind can be changed and never extreme. Nevertheless, considering about the situations and conditions while making choice, there is always a best choice, in other words, this made our circumstance absent of choice, in a sense.
ISSUE1: No matter what is the situation, choices always exist, at least two--chose or not to chose.
Evidence: To be or not to be, it's always a question.
ISSUE2: The history and reality is unique, with no assumption existed, which made our world absent of choice.
Evidence: World War II
DEVELOPMENT: Choice is subjective, the possibility of choice is also subjective. What we care is not to make a choice, but to make the best choice.

157"There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires."

TS: I confess that observer's expectations or desires may guide the observation in many ways, however, the statement is too extreme to say there is no such thing as purely objective observation, since the science developed always on base of objective and exactive observations.
ISSUE1: The observations can be guided subjectively, especially when it comes to social investigation.
Evidence: Different people will have different conclusion and data based on the same survey.
ISSUE2: Sientific research needs objective observation.
Evidence: Astronomy, Physical research
ISSUE3: Expectations and desires can do harm to our development of science in many ways.
Evidence: Suviet Union

159"The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds."

TS: I agree that human can dominate the machines since mechines are tools and extensions of human minds and abilies. Nevertheless, machines should be not neglect in such concerns and human mind can be inspired by machines.
ISSUE1: Humanbeings are the operators and they can chose the way to use machines.
Evidence:
Digital Architecture experimented by Neil Leach, Architecture Association School
Industrial Revolution
Laws to restrict abandoning using or machines
DEVELOPMENT1: Machines can inspire human's creation
Evidence: Frank Yang, using digital and physical data to present arts
DEVELOPMENT2: Depending on machines too much may cause problems
Evidence:
Airconditionor Syndrome
Matrix

160"The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little."

TS: It is true that leaders should have their own principles and objectives so as to direct his enterprise into a consistent and effective development, however, popular opinion is also important to consider for the leaders which can pretend them from being autocrats and remain level-headed.
ISSUE1: Since the success requires a long way to insist, leaders who change their mind easily may drop their enterprises into confusion and pell-mell.
Evidence:
Billgates, Microsoft
Franklin Roosvelt
ISSUE2: Leaders are public individuals whose actions may have big influences on their enterprises, demanding them to be calculating and care about the popular opinions. Meanwhile, individuals have many weakpoints which may take them toward thinking partially.
Evidence:
Adolf Hitler
DEVELOPMENT: There are many essential quality of an effective leader, including consistency, level-head, affection, credit and so forth. It's too extreme to say which one is the most essential since none of them can be neglected.

177"The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes."

TS: According to the statement, we will perceive the world with a different perspecitve after study of an academic discipline. In my view it is true, nevertheless, certain risks may exist if we took the academic discipline too seriously and neglect our original effective persepectives.
ISSUE1: The world is complex, with the method learned from academic discipline, we can analyze it more effectively and exactly.
Evidence: Statistics
ISSUE2: We need many background knowledges to understand an issue, which can be learned from academic disciplines.
Evidence: Architecture, history
DEVELOPMENT: Any anticipating individuals should be careful to remember their own ways and keep level-headed not to be confused by learned knowledges, which can constrain creation and may be fause.
Evidence: Galileo Galilei, Aristotle, the gravity experiment

212"If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable."

TS: According to the statement, we may take any means as justifiable if the goal is worthy. In my views, however, it is too extreme, since whether the goal is worthy or not depends on different personal values and interests. Moreover, such consideration may result in an opposite outcome, when the means are so controversial as to bring unanticipating consequence.
ISSUE1: Whether a goal is worthy depends on personal values, and could be distorted by frantic individuals.
Evidence: Criminals
ISSUE2: A goal might be worthy to take certain measures for somebody, however, individuals with different interests could be harmed by those measures.
Evidence: Japan, World War II
ISSUE3: It is possible that taking any means as justifiable for the goal can result in a slipshod trend into abandoning crime.
Evidence: Return to criminals

221"The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history."

TS: It is true we can compare the people in one period time with people from other periods objectively by studying history. However, learning this is just an ostensible issue, we must know the profundity of consistent people life. Moreover, history can tell us more then this, and the benefit depends on how we use history to anlyze our own society.
ISSUE1: By learning the living situation of ancient people, we can build a consistent theory of humanbeings' life style, which can tell us the basical rules of social development.
Evidence: The ancient Europe compared with ancient Greek
ISSUE2: Learning about the basical rules, using it as a perspective to solve our problems and analyze our society is more important.
Evidence: Experience of Franklin Roosvelt
DEVELOPMENT: History can tell us more then this, aesthetic rules, ethos and customs kept on changing in past thousands of years, which can all be our cultural treasure.




ARGUE类：

26The following appeared in a memo from the chairperson of the school board in the town of Saluda.

"...

Weakpoint 1: Same time does not mean the realities are surely relevant. No evidence has provided Mr. Schade had done anything good for the success. A. For the competitions, maybe there were other reasons, good constituion and good members. B. For the improvements, the school but not a music director can improve facilities, except Mr Schade paid by himself, which is not stated in the statement.
Weakpoint 2: School band's success and music rehearsal facilities and instruments improving can not prove the level of general music education programs. The students' music knowledge, school's music cultural evironment play more important roles.



42The following appeared in a proposal from the economic minister of the country of Paraterra.

...."

Weakpoint 1: It's a wrong analogy to use different country's experience so directly. No evidence is provided to illustrate that Paraterra has a same evironmental condition to develop ecotourism. Tiny doesn't mean ecological and appealing.
Weakpoint 2: Foreign vistiors increase does surely boost the econony. The per captia income increase may be due to other reasons. No data of tourism incoming is provided.
Weakpoint 3: Whether the advertising of Bellegea is not known. Maybe others direct the National Tourism Office can come to a better result. Bellegea's director may even do harm to Paraterra since he is currently hired by a rival.


48The following appeared in a newspaper article published in the country of Corpora.

....."

Weakpoint 1: Owning computer doesn't mean using computer too much, high computer ownership may be due to a high incoming, which can also be the reason of high overall fitness levels.
Weakpoint 2: Fintness-related products and services are not the only facilities to improve physical fitness levels. Two things happen in the same time are not certainly relevant. No data of survey is given to prove their relevance. Maybe other reasons, high working pression, and so forth, can cause the decrease of physical fitness levels.
Weakpoint 3: Economy level depends on not only consuming. The low expenditures on fitness-related products and services can not be concluded simply due to the economy decline. Maybe people's interests change or the companies which provide fitness-related products and services are not managed well enough.


141The following appeared in a newsletter distributed at a recent political rally.

...."
Weakpoint 1: The consumers simply refuse to purchas products made with CCC's copper won't solve the enrivonmental problems, then if the company abandons its mining plans, since other copper company's copper will come as substitute, which can also cause problems in other distincts.
Weakpoint 2: No evidence is given to illustrate that pollution and environmental disaster will come because of CCC's mining plans. Especially what CCC's may pollutes will do harm to the endangered animals is not illustrated.
Weakpoint 3:
这里有些疑问：环境灾难就算了，地区是濒危动物栖息地能成为污染的原因么？那里有没有动物一样会有污染。但二者放一块能把中间一个揪出来批么？

237The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper.

...."
Weakpoint 1: The Dillton's lesson can't be copied simply, since the conditions are different.
Weakpoint 2: There is no evidence to prove that Beauville need to reduce unemployment and there are many unemployees.
Weakpoint 3: Two manufacturing companies moving in is not certainly a success, considering they may origianlly planned to move into Dillton, not apealed by the tax, and they may bring pollution and environmental problems.


57The following appeared in a newsletter on nutrition and health.

....."

Weakpoint 1: First-time ulcers preventing by Zorba is not supported, since only recurrent ulcers are stated in the experiment.
Weakpoint 2: The samples are all first-time ulcer patients, no evidence is provided that recurrent ulcer can be cured.
Weakpoint 3: The side-effect of Zorba as a cure for ulcer is not known, more clinic experiments are needed.


97The following appeared in a memo from the manager of television station KICK.

...."
Weakpoint 1: nationwide survey's result is not persuading in that area, since the residents may have different interests. More surveys are needed.
Weakpoint 2: The condition of WACK and KICK is different. WACK may do not revise enough sports broadcasts in past while KICK did. Or KICK may not has the resource and audience suitable for sports programs.
Weakpoint 3: The increase of WACK's audience is not surely due to its sports broadcasts. WACk may provide other program at the same time of increasing sports broadcasts.
Weakpoint 4: No evidence is given to state that WACK's profits are increased.



109The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Maple City newspaper.

....."

Weakpoint 1: Whether PC and CC's conditions are similar and comarable with Maple is not stated, so the experience can't be simple anticipation for Maple city.
Weakpoint 2: After 20 years, the market and condition can change a lot, so the situation in PC can not be simply considered.
Weakpoint 3: Altought size of PC and CC is same, their geographic and resident conditions are not stated. Maybe in PC the tranportational condition is good and it appeal many immigrants, while CC is not so attracting. So CC does not needlaws to limit new building construction.



142The article entitled 'Eating Iron' in l....

Weakpoint 1: The detail of correlation between high levels of iron and heart disease is not stated, especailly whether iron does harm or good to heart disease.
Weakpoint 2: The link between large amounts of red meat in the diet and heart disease is not detailed, either.
Weakpoint 3: Although red meat is high in iron, whether such iron can be absorbed is not known.  Even if the red meat may enhance the risk of heart disease, The fact that red feat is high in iron is not convincing reason. It is possible that the red meat contains other dangerous material, resulting in heart disease directly.

153The following is from an editorial in the Midvale Observer, a local newspaper.
....."

Weakpoint 1: There is no evidence to prove reducing the amount of violence shown during prime time can lower the rate of teenage crime in Alta, since teenagers can watch the programs in other time.
Weakpoint 2: The relevance between violent program and crime is not well established.
Weakpoint 3: Whether the survey is persuading is not known. The amount of sample and whether it is random is not stated.
Weakpoint 4(?): The television programmers may not reduce the amount of violence shown during prime time, as to earn more audience rating.


179The following is a memorandum written by the director of personnel to the president of the Cedar Corporation.

.....

Weakpoint(WHOLE): The suggestion is based on an unfair comparasion, which states different aspects of two companies.
Weakpoint(DETAIL1): Expensive caterer may provide a high qualitied service, and how many ceterer are there in the city is not stated. Maybe there are only two, the Discount comes as the highest.
Weakpoint(DETAIL2): The risen price in past three years might be reasonable, and its rate is not stated.
Weakpoint(DETAIL3): Three people a month who complain may be a small amount, most of the employees may be satified.
Weakpoint(DETAIL4): There is no evidence to prove the hired company should provide special idiets.
Weakpoint(DETAIL5): Whether Discount's menu is more varied than Good-Taste is not stated.
Weakpoint(DETAIL6): The author's personal taste can't stand for the whole personel.



180The following is a recommendation from the personnel director to the president of Acme Publishing Company.
.....

Weakpoint1: The benefit from the course is not proved strongly.
A. How the information read could be help for Acme is not known.
B.The former one could be a unique one who obtain the ability to read fast, while others don't. Also how much he could read before he took the course is not stated.
C. The latter one who is promoted is not persuading, since he can do other facilities to enhance his ability and whether he has learned from the course is not stated, either. Moreover, the campany does not need so many vie president.
D. Although the speed of reading is rised, the tire could make the people still read no more than what he did before the course.
Weakpoint2: Whether the $500 is worthy is not analyzed strikingly. Only two of the graduators are stated and no more information is given. And how such investment can be repaid is not illustrated.
Weakpoint3: There is no evidence to persuade Acme to require their all employees to ake the Easy Read course, since in the company many people may not need to read at all.


190The following is a letter to the editor of the Glenville Gazette, a local newspaper.
.....

Weakpoint1: The amount of people who attendded the concerts in bad weather and the amount of those in good weather are not compared to illustrate bad weather was not a reason.
Weakpoint2: There is no evidence to prove people in Glenville Gazette would like to go to the concerts for modern music.
Weakpoint3: Although Richerts' recordings are popular, whether his songs will be popular in the concerts are lack of survey. Moreover, whether his music can be presented by the concert well enough is also doubtable.
Weakpoint4: Even if the above reasons can make concerts more popular, no evidence can prove advance ticket purchases can be increased, since people may prefer buying tickets at the concert hall.
Weakpoint5: Whether the decline is due to lack of community support is not well stated, the audiences may not be residents in community before.



214In each city in the region of Treehaven, ....

Weakpoint1: Only the number of residents are stated, how many students and which kind of education is not compared to conclude such an unfair statement.
Weakpoint2: The economic dimensions of two cities are not stated, since P may have less incomings to collect taxes of its tax rates are lower.
Weakpoint3: The budgets can not stand for everything, maybe the high budget of B is just a result of bad management and corruption.



205The following appeared in a recommendation from the president of Amburg's Chamber of Commerce.

.....

Weakpoint1: Vandalism does not contain all kinds of crime, maybe murder and rape rised.
Weakpoint2: Whether the decline of vandalism is due to the lighting is not detailed, Belleville may have other measures.
Weakpoint3: Police patrols may reduce other crimes.
Weakpoint4: The experience of B can't be copied simply. Two citys' conditions may diverse a lot. Maybe in Amburg vandalism does not exist much originally.
Weakpoint5: Even this measure can reduce crime, revitalizing the declining neighborhoods in the city still requires other conditions. And crime may not be a reason for that.

最後の使徒UID: 2257608

我看了下PAUL同学的ARGUE142,昨天跟AIRBOTS也在讨论这个问题
其中它引述的那个STUDY, 讨论它可信不可信有点强词夺理的感觉,就象我们讨论个什么问题然后从哪个学术文章引用个结论是挺经常性的事情, 这么段一篇ARGUE没理由把整个原文的论证过程全都搬进来.关键还是那个二者关系的表述不清.

PAUL说的第二个错误也有点奇怪,因为它是建立在第一个错误成立的基础之上(即铁和心脏病的关系不明确不足以说肉跟心脏病也有关系), 但一般我们论证第二层结论的时候是应该让步第一层的前提成立的,也就是最不利原则.
第三个他因没什么问题...我觉得也是...

总之感觉这道题挺麻烦的,它的问题不是在一堆明确的论据上建立了错误的逻辑关系,而是提供了一堆不明确的论据,这样的话反驳的层次就很不好掌握

我个人的分析如下:
铁和病,肉和病的LINK都没有详细说明,是导致还是抑制都没讲
根据三段论的话如果铁能导致病, 肉也能导致病, 那么唯一让铁不在肉导致病中起作用的可能就是肉中的铁不能被吸收, 然后把肉去了铁以后的临床实验才能说明问题, 这个说法我也觉得有些强词夺理了
另外还一个问题就是食谱里肉多的人生病是不是因为食谱里的其它什么东西, 一个让人除了肉不吃其它东西的实验control才能论证这个问题

大概就这样,希望各位牛人都来指点一下

sarningUID: 2215285

ISSUE类：

31 PS: NOT completely agree with
a, In fact, many kinds of researches which would bring about controversial results are fundamental harmful to make progress in human civilization. Such as research in advanced weapon, chemical drugs used for agriculture, human clone technology...
b, There still are a great deal of enduring social problems which have such bad nature that it should be emergent to be addressed and limited fund and human resource should not be spent only on various researches. Such national conflict, poverty, district violence...
c, Admittedly, it is worth of spending money on research, even when the results of that research are controversial, because human always have obtained useful knowledge and constituted new technology which could facilitate our lives.

43 PS: It is not essential whether a public official maintains the highest ethical and moral standards.
a, As for a public leader, the most important thing he shoud do is effectively lead his member towards common aim with his eminent ability of coordination and management. US president Kennedy who had marital problem is undoubtedly a excellent leader.
b, Sometimes under some critical circumstance, a leader have to challenge traditional ethical and moral standards for the interests of his group.
c, Undoubtedly, Maintainning higher ethcial and moral standards is a positive advantage for a public leader and would be helpful to enrich his personal leadship.

56 PS: Both immediate problems and future's possible problems should be focused on by governments.
a, Sustainable development requires governments have to think about the influence made by dealing with current affairs on the future.
b, Better long-term plan is vital precondition for achieve any success.
c, Shortlighted governments seem much more likely to fail to lead the nations to prosperity.

59 PS: can not agree more with speaker's assertion
a, Always conformance with public models rather than developing own ability to think and act independently may result that individuals have no creativity and are lack of enterprise.
b, In fact, personality plays important role in the process of a individual achieving his success.
c, It is essential to realize that role models can not be fitted for evertybody and everyone in society simply copying others thought and behavior pattern may change into mediocrity.

70 PS: Not all fields shoud depend on altering its leader to make progress. Speaker oversimplifies the relation between success and changing leader.
a, Many enterprise in certain field still make great achievement by remaining its leader for above ten years such as MS, HUAWEI.
b, Some enterprises which have to engage in long-term work are not appropriate to change its leader group frequently. Such as research in fundamental science, government...
c, Admittedly, revitalization through new leadership may bring about new idea and new method of management which would benefit a lot to developing enterprise.

74 PS: Images and language both should be concerned while an idea or value would be spread to large groups of people.
a, Images as a way to communicate with others surly have obvious characteristic such as vivid, illustrative and understandable. cartoon...
b, However, language is traditional communication manner and its effect and influence in our lives have been appearing everywhere.
c, What language can do and images can not is to impulse people's imagination.

88 PS: Technologies surly influence social customs and ethics but it has comparatively weaker effect than cultures, traditions, religions and other social factor.
a, Although technologies' function is to facilitate our lives and to help us explore the universe, it do change our spirit world to some extent without intention.
b, In fact, with the rapid development of technologies, social customs and ethics have not drasticaly been changed. For instance, There are still many people who convert to various religions and share the common social values and inherit their national traditions.
c, Nowadays, true powerful factors which determine social customs and ethics still are traditional things such as values commonly hold by majority of social members, religions, and treasure of spirit from predecessors.

121 PS: Beacuse endangered species is rare biological resource and a part of nature in which we live, we must save them with great effort.
a, As for many species facing to be extinct, as one of the outcomes of human blindly exploiting nature, human have responsibility to save these species.
b, Endangered species have much values in biological research.
c, Saving these species could ensure food chain and biological sphere integrated and the nature we live in appears more harmonious.

136 PS: In any circumstance people have to make some choices, and so it is true for speaker's statement.
a, As for a individual, he always need to choose his preference and these things widely vary a lot, from food, cloth to career, way to live.
b, As for a community, it mush make its correct choice to enable itself to be prosperity.
c, Majority of things faced by individual or community are commonly complex and need people to carefully thing about and make the best judgement and choice.

157 PS: Certain degree's objective observation do exitst and although subjectiveness sometimes may distort the true face the facts, sooner or later, many times observations which are not completely objective still can reveal the truth.
a, Individual with his own mind inevitably carries subjectiveness and thus his observations must to be affected by his expectations or desires.
b, But some basic truth can not be guided by subjectiveness such as the fact that ice is cold.( discuss quality vs quantity )
c, By accumulating many individuals' many times subjective observations the objective one could be attained and the principle of statistics works in this way.

159 PS: not fully agree. Although human invent and manufacture machines, in some field machines' intellect has obviously superior human mind.
a, In nowadays, with the high level of technological development, computer and artificial intellect can defeat human in rapidity of scientific calculation and accuracy of logic judgement.For example, computer 'deep blue' defeat Russian chess king.
b, Ostensibly human control machines as wish, but in fact machines is can be seen everywhere in  circumstance under which human live and human can not take off dependence on machines.
c, After all, super machines even artificial intellects are made by imitating the human thinking pettern so that machines can not comprehensively exceed human mind.

160 PS: agree and caution one point
a, As a leader, he must have insist some principles and have definite steady goal so that he can establish his credit and effectively lead his members.
b, An man who has no his own idea and always is credulous with others opinion is not suitable to be leader.
c, Sometimes, under particular circumstances, appropriate concession is indispensable to strive for group's interests.

177 PS: agree
a, Human beings always devote themselves to the comprehensive research of the world they live because of curiosity and their well-being of future. from nautics, we know the earth is rounded...
b, Human being is a part of the world and individual always wants to know more about himself. the origin of human , not create by GOD...
c, Undoubtedly, human never stop consciously reconstructing the world from the beginning of emergence of them, so it is not the same world as before after studying the disciplines.

212 PS: I can not agree with speaker's claim.
a, Any means taken to attain a goal must comfly with certain social moral and ethical standards. One should not cheat in examination for better grade...
b, whether means are justifiable does not depend on whether its goal is worthy but the quality of the means itself.
c, Reasonable, logically feasible means are helpful to achieve a worth goal.

221 PS: To study history not only tell us how about people lived in various period of time but also inform us lots of other meaningful things from which we can get much benefit too.
a, History is a record of human race continuously developing itself, and to some extent, we can decide our way to future by studying people in history how to decide their way.
b, By means of contrasting with history figures, some human common particular weaknesses could be realized so that we would be more stronger than ever by avoiding these weaknesses to take effect on us.
c, History also offers a set of thinging and behavior pettern that we can refer in our lives.

ARGUE类：

26 1, The fact that the school band from Steel City High has won three regional may not have any direct relationship with Mr.Schade's instruction in the past five years.
2, The quality of the music rehearsal facilities and musical instruments at Steel City High improved does not mean that the level of City High's music education is higher than others school.
3, It can not be deduced from the two facts mentioned by arguer that Steel City High have made general success in music education.

42 1, The arguer unappropriately make analog with Bellegea which is suitable to carry on ecotourism and Paraterra may be not.
2, The increase of foreign visitors at Bellegea's main airport can not be taken as direct evidence of Belleagea advertising campaign effectively promoting ecotourism.
3, There is no any direct evidence to substantiate the assumption that the director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office would do the same great work in Paraterr as he do in Bellegea.

48 1, The arguer did not provide fully evidence to justify that using computers has not made citizens less physically fit because the citizens in regions of Corpora where levels of computer ownership are highest may spend more money and time on their physical fitness.
2, Low expenditures on fitness-related products and services may not be caused by the decline in the economy.
3, Furthermore, how many expenditures on fitness-related products and services have no essential relation with physical fitness.

141 1, Firstly, the arguer provided no evidence to show that CCC's activity had generated pollution and environmental disaster in West Fredonia.
2, Secondly, the CCC still has other ways to deal with his copper such as selling it to oversea market.
3, Finally, even if CCC would bankrupt there is no warranty that other company would not carry on mining copper or other activity which would bring about pollution and environmental disaster in West Fredonia.

237 1, The arguer commited a fallacy of false analogy.
2, It can not be excluded the possibility that two manufacturing companies moving to Dillton was not for purpose of tax incentives and other financial inducements.
3, The arguer fails to rule out the reason why private companies relocating to Beauville would reduce unemployment.

57 1, The arguer has not provide the details on two group of the first-time ulcer patients who have been negotiated such as how many patients in every group.
2, The evidence cited in this argument can not support the conclusion that first-time ulcers can be prevented.

97 1, The nationwide survey show that many men like to see sports program and this survey can not indicate that the majority of viewers (include wormen) like to see sports program.
2, Even if the majority of nationwide viewers like to see sports program, it still can not be deduced that the viewer in KICK area like to see sports program.
3, Simply contrasting with WACK we can not draw the concludsion that KICK could take the same measure to attract more audience.

109  1, The arger draw a false concusion that strict laws have no effect on average housing prices by simply comparing the situations of Pine City and Chestnut City.
2, There is no warranty that Maple City's average housing prices will not increased considerably after establishing strict laws.

142  1, Firstly, the arguer can not exclude the possiblity that there are other elements that would cause heart disease in red meat except iron.
2, Secondly, the arguer mistakenly equals the correlations among red meat, high levels of iron and heart disease with casual relations.

153  1, There is no substantial evidence to show that the increase in teenage crime is caused by the increase in violence shown on TV.
2, Although young children who watch a great number of television shows featuring violent scenes display more violent behavior within their home environment, there is no guarantee that less violence show could less their violent behavior.
3, The arguer fails to establish the link between reducing violence scenes at prime time and reducing the chance that children could see violence secens on TV.

179  1, Firstly, only three employees can not represent all the personnel in Cedar.
2, The arguer does not provide evidece on Discount Foods' prices and maybe this company is the most expensive one in the city.
3, The arguer fails to rule out that Discount Food would provid meals for people on special diets.
4, Offering a various menu of fish and poultry and delicious sample lunch, which are likely  only the director's perference and can not be a justification of hiring Discount.

180  1, The arguer fails to provide enough sample graudate of the Easy Read to illustrate how many effects could be attained from the course.
2, As a example, graduate rose gaining great promotion in short period, other factors except that she can read fast because of Easy Read 's instruction shoud be taken into account.
3, Not all of employees could greatly improved productivity by taking the Easy Read course.

190  1, Aside from weather and the choice of music, the arguer fails to take  into account others factors that may cause the decline of advance tichets purchase. Laser Audio Disc
2, There is no evidence to justify that featuring more modern music and music composed by Richerts would attract more people to puchase advance ticket.
3, Richerts' recordings being popular does not mean that people are favorite to appreciate these music on the Glenville Summer Concert.

214  1, The arguer does not provide more details about two cities education system such as how many public schools and students they have.
2, The amount of budgets for public school can not represent whether a city's residents care about public shcool education.
3, There are some other possibility that Blue City's public school have other way to fund itself or Parson City's economy is better than Blue city so that the government can collect more taxes.

205  1, The arguer does not provide any evidence to show that high intensity lighting is a effective way to prevent vandalism. Belleville, winter, cold...
2, Belleville and Amburg have differnet backgroud so that arguer commits a fallacy of false analogy.
3, Even if installing high intensity lighting in central business district have some effect on preventing crime, it seems to have no same effect on all kinds districts by doing so.

[ 本帖最后由 sarning 于 2006-10-22 16:08 编辑 ]

ppmmssUID: 205288

31"Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."

1. Investing in academic study would likely result in advancing in their special fields.
2. Most of productions, especially science and technology results, would easily lead to rewards not only in academic field but also financial return.
3. The research and study should not challenge the ethical and moral standards.

43"To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards."

1. Officials are required to maintain the highest ethical and moral standards, such as honesty and braveness, thus he can correctly arrange challenge.
2. Only when officials maintain the highest ethical and moral standards, such as benevolence and industriousness, can he receive the respect of the masses
3. If the leader is brutal, greedy, selfish, haughty, he will bring great damage to the populace.
4. The masses now concern more about the leader's moral standards, thus the officials must introvert.

56"Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."

1. To win the favor of the general public, governments throughout the world tend to focus on solving the immediate problems of today.
2. However, a government’s failing to prepare for future challenges will cause disasters to its country in the long run.
3. Furthermore, a government should always take into consideration the possible future effects of the actions it takes today.


59"Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."

1. We can learn quite a lot from the role models.
2. If we followed the models incorrectly, it would lead to many terrible results.
3. What is important is that we should know the different situation, times, and conditions of the models. It is presumptuous to copy not learn.

70"In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."

1.  The continuity of the policy is often beneficial and necessary. the leaders should not be easily overturned.
2. whether the leaders should be changed depends also on the capability and characteristics
3. The leader should not charge for too long a time, as he may lose his inspiration and ,even seriously , misuse his power.

74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."

1. The language has its advantage, especially in the aspects of logical ideas.
2. The other methods, such as pictures, chats, can do well in some abstract fields
3. Comprehensive methods of these two kinds of communication is the most effective and efficient way.

88"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."

1. Technologies, obviously, make an evolutional influence on social customs and ethics. (Enjoy holiday abroad, have telephone meeting, 试管婴儿???，)
2. Science and advanced technique can only determine the condition and possibility to change social customs and ethics, but cannot decide and establish the values and recognize, which are two essential factors to customs and ethics.

121"At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species."

1. No one can deny that dying species are invaluable resources to human beings, not only at present but also in the future for the coming generations.
2. In the past, our human beings make little efforts to the environment, which is necessary and essential to other kinds, but the only time the situation is still is when Industry Revolution not occurred. (world war, green-glass gas)
3. We also can make some constructions to the evolution of all species.

136"The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."

1. The development of nature is the process of choosing.
2. In the social history, we are always doing choices.
3. We have to choose the way we would like to enjoy.

157"There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires."

1. The methods and tools that used to observe the objects are man-made. these tools plays essential part in humans' observation. the flaws of such tools easily influenced the credibility of observed results.
2. The observation is always guided by man's expectation, and the theory based on the observation is founded by man's own ideas. From the same observation, man can draw different conclusions. When one want to develop new theories from observations, he must use his own ideas to analyze the observations.
3. The objective observation is inevitably reflected in an subjective methods, and thus the observed results should be treated carefully. Besides, people should try to impede his own subjective judgment to harm the credibility of the observations.

159"The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds."

1. Machines can do better than human beings on some invariable and immutable aspects.
2. Human mind will be always superior to machines for its special creative imagines and personal experience.
3. Machines only would own the possibility of exceeding human mind if they were having creative thinking methods.

160"The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little."

1. In the business realm, effective leadership is generally defined, at least in our corporate culture, as that which achieves the goal of profit maximization for a firm’s shareholders or other owners.
2. In the political realm, stubborn adherence to one’s objective in the short term might serve a political leader’s interest in preserving his or her power, yet in the long term such behavior invariably results in that leader’s downfall.
3. In the science and technology field, the team leader should always change his team goal and target for its inevitable and unavoidable advanced development.

177"The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes."

1. Through the earnest pursuit of knowledge—particularly in history and literature—we reveal to ourselves the flaws and foibles of other humans whose lives we study and read about.
2.        Through education we begin to see flaws not only in people but also in ideologies that we had previously embraced on pure faith.
3. While education helps us see the flawed nature of our previously cherished ideas, paradoxically it also helps us see ideas we previously rejected out of hand in a different light—as having some merit after all.
4.        Education in the arts alters forever the way we perceive the aesthetic world around us.


212"If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable."

1. Even the goal is worthy, any means taken should not come over the ethic standard.
2. In a long period, what is harmful and fatal is that any contemptible means and ruthless ways would depress the credit and confidence, which are imperative and necessary in modern social community.
3. We should be alert to the possibility that individuals, organizations or government tend to plead a worthy goal in excuse of their contemptible means and private interests.


221"The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history."

1. The study of history can break down this illusion and we learn that basic human nature—our desires and motives, as well as our fears and foibles—has remained constant over recorded time.
2. But what is still under controversy is that whether or not this is the chief benefit of study of history.
3. The two chief benefits got from the history research are that treasure our archaic culture and learn experience which is invaluable to present.

airbotsUID: 2225434

31 "Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."

1+ First of all, it is true that spending money on research is a good investment in some field, especially in medicine research.

2+ However, money should be spent on some kind of research which will solve the urgent problems in social or other field, without any paying back.

3- What is more, If result of some kind of research will lead to disaster, it should be stopped whether it is profitable or not. A good example of this aspect can give some light to this assertion. As we all known, biological weapon, a kind of weapon which use the germ as a tool to defeat the enemy soldiers, is abandoned by the United Nation, even some countries offer a great number of money to develop this kind of weapon.

43 "To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards."
1+ In first place, it is correct that public official with maintain the highest ethical and moral standards could be a effective leader. Those virtues can help the leader to make people work and fight for him/her eagerly, and to achieve a great success.  
2- On the other hand, in business realm, the effective leadership is just to make profit maximize to the shareholders or other owners.

56 "Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."
1+ In order to gain the public support, the government will focus on solving the instant problems.   
2- However, it will cause disasters in long term if the government does not consider the anticipated problems of the future.

59"Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."
1+ It is correct that people should learn to think and act independently and make own best decision.
2- However, Learn from others is necessary way to make own independent choice.  
3- Moreover, independent thought sometimes does not lead to best choice.

70"In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."
1+ It is true that if without time restriction in leadership, the leaders have absolute power, they tend to abuse power.
2- Furthermore, Revitalization of leadership can bring new ideas and solutions.
3- However, it is also correct that the leaders need enough time to bring their good objectives and principles into reality.  


74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."
1+ First, the images have to convey information to people more directly and than languages does, especially in statistics.
2+ Moreover, Communication through the languages need some preconditions. For example, the two side of the communication must know the same language, if they want to exchange their information.
3- However, it is backward that if people communicate to each other only by images, a good example can give light to this assertion. Language is a symbol of human civilization, before human uses language to communicate; image is the primary way to convey information from one to another. If some one in contemporary society wants to express the meaning of internet, it is a difficult thing to do only by drawing images.

88"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."1+ Firstly, the technologies have really changed people's family ethics. For instance, in tool age, people need to live in extend family to gain enough food to survive, in that the productivity is low, all the family members must work together. With the development of technologies, people can make more fortune that one can  
2+ Furthermore, many aspects of people's life style changed for the developing of technologies, such as communication, transportation, and automation.
3- However, no mater how the technologies developing, the traditional festivals can not be changed. Family with turkey in Thanksgiving Day, rose and chocolate is still the first choices for lovers in SV Day.  

121"At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species."1+ First of all, it is correct that many species become extinct as a result of natural process. For instance millions of years ago, Dinosaur has become extinct just because the great change of earth climate, when human do not appear.
2- However, some kind of strong animals are extinct just because human's behaviors, such as pollution，deforestation，preying at will cause the number of animals decreases dramatically.
3- Moreover, no matter what reason caused the animal near extinct, human should take measures to save the endangered animals. As we all know, the biosphere is a harmony system, all the animals and vegetables are living interdependently.

136"The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."1+ First of all, one can make a choice under certain condition. For example, students in college can choose their discipline, major, research orient, and association what they like. the citizens can vote the person which they like among the candidates, and select their political beliefs.  
2- However, one can not choose the objective circumstances: born condition.
3- Furthermore, there are also many innate abilities people can not make choice. Such as gender, color, race, and so on.

157"There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires."1+, It is true that observations always have inclination of the observer.
2-, However, it is incorrect that all observation is subjective, especially in scientist.

159"The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds."
1+,First of all, it is correct that as tools of human minds, some kind of machine is interior than its creator's mind. For instance, although vehicles can move quicker than human, but they still under control.
2-,Nevertheless, the speaker underestimates the ability of machines that the machines will never catch up with human minds. The situation has changed in recent years, after the world champion loses the chess game against IBM' supper computer- Deep Blue.


160"The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little."
1+ It is true that perseverance is a pledge to success for effective leader.
2- On the contrary, the leader needs the popular opinion to perfect the principles and objectives.
3- Moreover, It will cause a serious consequence, if the leader insists on the incorrect aims without adopting any other opinion,   

177"The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes."
1+ People need study of academic discipline to enbroad their eyesight.
2+ Partial educations will induce serious consequence, such as bias, discrimination

212"If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable."
1+ It is correct that to achieve one's good goal by any right means.
2+ Furthermore, it is not incorrect that if someone accomplishes a beneficial goal to society or group, by using some means not good.
3- However, It is incorrect that people's goal is harmful to society; even the means taken to attain the goal is justice.


221"The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history."
1+ It is correct that some constant things still remain no matter in contemporary or in past time, such as basic instinct, sense of fear and motivation, love, and so on.
2- On the other hand, with the development of society and passing of time, there are great difference between our ancient and ourselves.
3- Moreover, the writer underestimates other benefits of studying history.

[ 本帖最后由 airbots 于 2006-10-17 23:39 编辑 ]

ppmmssUID: 205288

26The following appeared in a memo from the chairperson of the school board in the town of Saluda.

"For the past five years, Mr. Charles Schade has been the music director at Steel City High School, and during that time the school band from Steel City High has won three regional band competitions. In addition, the quality of the music rehearsal facilities and musical instruments at Steel City High has improved markedly over the past five years. Because of such successes at Steel City High, the Saluda school board should hire Mr. Schade to plan and direct the general music education programs for the entire Saluda school system."

1. The argument simply equates success with three regional band competitions, which is unwarranted.
2. The mere fact that the quality of the music rehearsal facilities and musical instruments at Steel City High has improved markedly over the past five years is insufficient evidence to conclude that Mr. Charles Schade has made large quantity of contribution to this construction.
3. The author fails to take into account  the differences between the responsibility of music director and that of planning and directing the general music education programs.

42The following appeared in a proposal from the economic minister of the country of Paraterra.

"In order to strengthen its lagging economy, last year the government of the nearby country of Bellegea began an advertising campaign to promote ecologically sound tourism (ecotourism). This year the number of foreign visitors arriving at Bellegea's main airport doubled, and per capita income in Bellegea increased by ten percent. To provide more income for the population of Paraterra and also preserve the natural environment of our tiny country, we too should begin to promote ecotourism. To ensure that our advertising campaign is successful, we should hire the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as a consultant for the campaign."

1. The major problem with this argument is that the author does not point out the similarities and differences between Paraterra and its near-by country Bellegea.
2. Another flow that weakens his claim is that he falls to give enough information to lend the support of that having advertising campaigns lends to the consequents that this year the number of foreign visitors arriving at Bellegea’s main airport doubled and per capita income in Bellegea increased by ten percent.
3. What is still under controversy is whether or not the ecotourism can also preserve the natural environment of our tiny country and to ensure that our advertising campaign is successful, they should hire the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as a consultant for the campaign.

48The following appeared in a newspaper article published in the country of Corpora.

"Twenty years ago, one half of all citizens in Corpora met the standards for adequate physical fitness as then defined by the national advisory board on physical fitness. Today, the board says that only one quarter of all citizens are adequately fit and suggests that spending too much time using computers may be the reason. But since overall fitness levels are highest in regions of Corpora where levels of computer ownership are also highest, it is clear that using computers has not made citizens less physically fit. Instead, as shown by this year's unusually low expenditures on fitness-related products and services, the recent decline in the economy is most likely the cause, and fitness levels will improve when the economy does."

1: Owning computer doesn't mean using computer too much, high computer ownership may be due to a high incoming, which can also be the reason of high overall fitness levels.
2: Fitness-related products and services are not the only facilities to improve physical fitness levels. Two things happen in the same time are not certainly relevant. No data of survey is given to prove their relevance. Maybe other reasons, high working press ion, and so forth, can cause the decrease of physical fitness levels.
3: Economy level depends on not only consuming. The low expenditures on fitness-related products and services can not be concluded simply due to the economy decline. Maybe people's interests change or the companies which provide fitness-related products and services are not managed well enough.

141The following appeared in a newsletter distributed at a recent political rally.

"Over the past year, the Consolidated Copper Company (CCC) has purchased over one million square miles of land in the tropical nation of West Fredonia. Mining copper on this land will inevitably result in pollution and environmental disaster, since West Fredonia is home to several endangered animal species. But such disaster can be prevented if consumers simply refuse to purchase products that are made with CCC's copper until the company abandons its mining plans."

1. I cannot be convinced that Mining copper on this land will inevitably result in pollution and environmental disaster.
2. The reason that West Fredonia is home to several endangered animal species does not lends strong support to the result that Mining copper on this land will inevitably result in pollution and environmental disaster.
3. The reporter does not give us the reliable way to inform all the consumers resist the ccc's products, and how to distinguish the products which are maked by the CCC's copper.
4, Even assuming that the CCC company is stopped by consumer's boycott, the arguer does not inform us that there is no other mining company which exploits the copper on WF.

142The article entitled 'Eating Iron' in last month's issue of Eating for Health reported that a recent study found a correlation between high levels of iron in the diet and an increased risk of heart disease. Further, it is well established that there is a link between large amounts of red meat in the diet and heart disease, and red meat is high in iron. On the basis of the study and the well-established link between red meat and heart disease, we can conclude that the correlation between high iron levels and heart disease, then, is most probably a function of the correlation between red meat and heart disease.

1. The author assumes a causal relationship between high levels of iron in the diet and an increased risk of heart disease where only a correlation has been indicated.
2. ????
3. ????

97The following appeared in a memo from the manager of television station KICK.

"A nationwide survey reveals that a sizeable majority of men would like to see additional sports programs on television. After television station WACK increased its sports broadcasts, its share of the television audience in its viewing area almost doubled. To gain a larger audience share in our area, and thus increase company profits, KICK should also revise its broadcast schedule to include more sports coverage."

1. The nationwide study showing a sizeable majority of men would like to see additional sports programs does not necessarily apply to the local area.
2. There is no information and evidence available to justify any causal relationship between increase its sports broadcasts and its share of audience doubling.
3. The problem is that the two television stations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction.

57The following appeared in a newsletter on nutrition and health.

"Although the multimineral Zorba pill was designed as a simple dietary supplement, a study of first-time ulcer patients who took Zorba suggests that Zorba actually helps prevent ulcers. The study showed that only 25 percent of those ulcer patients who took Zorba under a doctor's direction developed new ulcers, compared to a 75 percent recurrence rate among ulcer patients who did not take Zorba. Clearly, then, Zorba will be highly effective in preventing recurrent ulcers and if health experts inform the general public of this fact, many first-time ulcers can be prevented as well."

1. For the insufficiently representative sample, the author cannot justifiably rely on the study to draw any conclusion whatsoever.
2. Even assuming the Zorba is highly effective.  It is unwarranted to inform the general public of the fact. Because the patients who take Zorba are under doctor's direction, there is no evidence shows that without doctor's direction, it is still useful or even no harmful to anyone who takes this pill.
3. The reporter of the newsletter confuses the concepts of the first-time ulcer patient and the first-time ulcer.  

109The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Maple City newspaper.

"Twenty years ago Pine City established strict laws designed to limit the number of new buildings that could be constructed in the city. Since that time the average housing prices in Pine City have increased considerably. Chestnut City, which is about the same size as Pine City, has over the past twenty years experienced an increase in average housing prices similar to Pine City, but Chestnut City never established any laws that limit new building construction. So it is clear that laws limiting new construction have no effect on average housing prices. So if Maple City were to establish strict laws that limit new building construction, these laws will have no effect on average housing prices."

1. There is no information and evidence available to justify any causal relationship between strict laws and increasing of average housing prices in Pine city.
2. The arguer draws a false analogy without any comparisons and adequate evidence.

237The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper.

"According to a government report, last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent; at the same time, it began offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton. Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people. Therefore, the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to relocate here."

1. There is no information available to justify any causal relationship between reductions of tax rate, offering relocation grants and manufacturing companies moving to Diliton.
2. In short, lacking evidence that conditions on the two manufacturing companies, I am not convinced that they are private companies.
3. It is presumptuous to judge the economic develop according to the employment of 300 people.
4. In order to prove that provide tax incentives and other financial inducements is the fastest way to stimulate economic, more evidences and facts should provided.

153The following is from an editorial in the Midvale Observer, a local newspaper.

"Ever since the 1950's, when television sets began to appear in the average home, the rate of crimes committed by teenagers in the country of Alta has steadily increased. This increase in teenage crime parallels the increase in violence shown on television. According to several national studies, even very young children who watch a great number of television shows featuring violent scenes display more violent behavior within their home environment than do children who do not watch violent shows. Furthermore, in a survey conducted by the Observer, over 90 percent of the respondents were parents who indicated that prime-time television—programs that are shown between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m.—should show less violence. Therefore, in order to lower the rate of teenage crime in Alta, television viewers should demand that television programmers reduce the amount of violence shown during prime time."

1. There is no evidence and information available to justify any causal relationship between television appearance in the average home and increase of teenagers crimes rate.
2. The arguer assumes that what is true of national wide as a whole is necessarily true of each member of that country.
3. Even if reduction the amount of violence shown during prime time can lower the rate of teenage crime in Alta, television viewers could make little efforts, while what is the responsibility of programmers and governors.

179The following is a memorandum written by the director of personnel to the president of the Cedar Corporation.

"It would be a mistake to rehire the Good-Taste Company to supply the food in our employee cafeteria next year. It is the second most expensive caterer in the city. In addition, its prices have risen in each of the last three years, and it refuses to provide meals for people on special diets. Just last month three employees complained to me that they no longer eat in the cafeteria because they find the experience 'unbearable.' Our company should instead hire Discount Foods. Discount is a family-owned local company and it offers a varied menu of fish and poultry. I recently tasted a sample lunch at one of the many companies that Discount serves and it was delicious—an indication that hiring Discount will lead to improved employee satisfaction."

1. The mere fact that Good Taste Company is the second most expensive career in the city lends no strong support to the conclusion unless the arguer can convince me that it does not provide comparatively food and service.
2. We could not know whether or not other food companies’ prices risen in each of last three years.
3. Special diets and small group of employee is a specific piece of evidence which is insufficient.
4. The argument assumes that what is delicious for himself taken collectively is also satisfied with the companies’ all employee.

180The following is a recommendation from the personnel director to the president of Acme Publishing Company.

"Many other companies have recently stated that having their employees take the Easy Read Speed-Reading Course has greatly improved productivity. One graduate of the course was able to read a five-hundred-page report in only two hours; another graduate rose from an assistant manager to vice president of the company in under a year. Obviously, the faster you can read, the more information you can absorb in a single workday. Moreover, Easy Read costs only $500 per employee—a small price to pay when you consider the benefits to Acme. Included in this fee is a three-week seminar in Spruce City and a lifelong subscription to the Easy Read newsletter. Clearly, Acme would benefit greatly by requiring all of our employees to take the Easy Read course."

1. In short, lacking evidence that conditions and situations in the different companies are relevantly similar, the author cannot convince me on the basis of other companies’ experience.
2. The example cited, while suggestive of these trends, is insufficient to warrant their truth because there is no reason to believe that the only individual from the whole is representative of all graduates.
3. Another flaw which will weaken the article is that the president of Acme Publishing Company would focus more on the benefit to the company after graduation of Easy Read Speed-Reading Course rather than rising for an employee’s in his own career.

190The following is a letter to the editor of the Glenville Gazette, a local newspaper.

"Over the past few years, the number of people who have purchased advance tickets for the Glenville Summer Concert series has declined, indicating lack of community support. Although the weather has been unpredictable in the past few years, this cannot be the reason for the decline in advance ticket purchases, because many people attended the concerts even in bad weather. Clearly, then, the reason for the decline is the choice of music, so the organizers of the concert should feature more modern music in the future and should be sure to include music composed by Richerts, whose recordings Glenville residents purchase more often than any other contemporary recordings. This strategy will undoubtedly increase advance ticket purchases and will increase attendance at the concerts."

1. There is no information available to justify any causal relationship between the number of people who have purchased advance tickets for the Glenville Summer Concert series declining and lacking of community support.
2. The group sample of people attended the concerts even in bad weather cannot represent all of citizens.
3. Common sense and experience tells us this is not the case, and that a variety of other factors, such as popularity of television and internet also play major roles.

205The following appeared in a recommendation from the president of Amburg's Chamber of Commerce.

"Last October the city of Belleville installed high intensity lighting in its central business district, and vandalism there declined almost immediately. The city of Amburg has recently begun police patrols on bicycles in its business district but the rate of vandalism there remains constant. Since high intensity lighting is apparently the most effective way to combat crime, we should install such lighting throughout Amburg. By reducing crime in this way, we can revitalize the declining neighborhoods in our city."

1. The author fails to establish a causal relationship between the installing high intensity lighting and vandalism declining immediately.
2. In short, lacking evidence that conditions in the two cities are relevantly similar, the arguer cannot convince me on the basis of Belleville’s experience.
3. No facts and evidences can draw the conclusion that high intensity lighting is apparently the most effective way to combat crime.

214In each city in the region of Treehaven, the majority of the money spent on government-run public school education comes from taxes that each city government collects. The region's cities differ, however, in the value they place on public education. For example, Parson City typically budgets twice as much money per year as Blue City does for its public schools—even though both cities have about the same number of residents. It seems clear, therefore, that Parson City residents care more about public school education than do Blue City residents.

1. Although two cities own the same number of residents, they may have comparatively different number of students.
2. The fact that Parson City puts twice budgets as much money as Blue City does not necessarily imply that Parson City residents care more about public school education because the funds may used in pursuit of equipments and investments.
3. Common sense and experience tells us this is not the case, and that a variety of other factors, such as the popularity of private school or study in other regions or big cities may also play major roles.
4. Budget is decided only by only a small group of governors, which may not be the residents’ suggestion and willingness.

杏林有情天UID: 2247728

错了,我把提纲新开帖了,马上粘过来.
ARGUEMNT提纲:
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... &extra=page%3D1
ISSUE提纲:
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... &extra=page%3D1

ppmmssUID: 205288

31，56

最後の使徒UID: 2257608

抱歉，题太多出晕头了
已经改过了，去了31和56，补充了54和138

ppmmssUID: 205288

其实出题是很辛苦的事情！

phevos_xxUID: 2258006

我的提纲：
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... &extra=page%3D1

第一次写这么多提纲，由于写英文的不熟练，只好先写中文的了，我保证下回用英文写:)