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[问答] 讨论一道No题阅读! [复制链接]

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发表于 2015-8-2 16:06:43 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览
翻译只是参考,如果有错请纠正
(S1)It is well known that biological changes at the molecular level have morphogenetic consequences, consequences affecting the formation and differentiation of tissues and organs. (S2)It is superfluous to point out that gene mutations and disturbance of the biosynthetic processes in the embryo(胚胎的,初期的) may result in abnormalities in the morphology (structure) of an organism. (S3)However, whereas much is known about causes and consequences at the molecular level, and in spite of an enormous accumulation of chemical and morphological data on embryos of various kinds, out understanding of how genes control morphogenesis is still far from complete. (S4)Perhaps one reason for this is that molecular biologists and morphologists speak different languages. (S5)Whereas the former speak about messenger-RNA and conformational changes of protein molecules, the latter speak of ectoderms, hypoblasts, and neural crests.
S1生物分子的变化会影响形态:比如影响阻止和器官的变化与形成
S2在初期时的基因突变和扰乱生物合成过程可能会让生物形态变得很奇怪。
S3但是, 分子层面我们虽然知道很多,而且无论胚胎初期化学和形态学的资料有多多,我们对基因控制形态的理解还是不足
S4其中一个原因就是分子生物学家和形态学家观点不同
S5生物分子学家: MRna, 蛋白质分子构成
形态学:ectoderms(外层细胞), hypoblasts(内胚层), neural crests(神经网络)
总结:第一段说了生物分子变化会影响形态……我们对形态学了解不多……两种科学家无法好好沟通



(S1)One solution to this predicament is to try to find some phenomena relevant to morphogenesis which both the molecular biologist and the morphologist can understand and discuss. (S2)As morphogenesis must be basically the result of changes in behavior of the individual cells, it seems logical to ask morphologists to describe the morphogenetic events observed in terms of changes in cellular contact, changes in the rate of proliferation of cells, or similar phenomena.(S3) Once this is done, it may be appropriate to ask questions about the molecular background for these changes. (S4)One may, for instance, ask whether variations in cell contact reflect alterations in the populations of molecules at the cell surface, or one may inquire about the molecular basis for the increased cell mobility involved in cell dispersion.
S1解决方式就是找一种现象,这现象和形态学有关,并且可以让形态学家与分子生物学家讨论。
S2形态发生必须是由于单个细胞的改变而形成的,那么去找一个形态学家去用联系细胞的变化,细胞繁殖的速率,或者类似的现象来形容这个形态学现象也是合理的。
S3这步完成了,问起关于这些变化的分子因素的问题也许就会显得很合理
S4比如如果问起这个在细胞里的变化是否反映了细胞表面分子的数量,或者如果问起在分子层面的,跟细胞分散有关系的细胞移动增加
总结:要解决第一段的那个无法沟通的问题,我们要找一个现象然后让两种科学家有共同语言。


(S1)Studies of this kind have been carried out with cells released from tissues in various ways and then allowed to reveal their behavior after being spread out into a thin layer. (S2)In many cases, such cells show the ability to reaggregate, after which different cell types may sort themselves out into different layers and even take part in still more intricate morphogenetic events. (S3)But in most cases, the behavior of cells in the intact embryo is difficult to study because of the thickness and opacity of the cell masses. (S4)The sea urchin embryo, however, has the advantage that it is so transparent that each cell can be easily observed throughout development. (S5)Thus, by recording the development of a sea urchin embryo with time-lapse photography, the research scientist might discover previously unknown features of cellular behavior. (S6)Perhaps the study of the sea urchin in this manner can provide a medium by which the molecular biologist and the morphologist can begin communicating with each other more effectively about the way in which genes control morphogenesis.
S1这类的研究有从组织里以不同形式分离出来的细胞,然后允许他们的行为在那些细层里面显示出来
S2很多情况下,这种细胞会从新剧集,在不同细胞把他们分到不同层之后,或者当他们在一些错综复杂的形态现象里扮演的角色
S3但是更多情况下,细胞在完整的胚胎下是很难被研究的,因为细胞群的厚度和僵化度。
S4但是海胆胚胎有一种优势,就是他们很透明,所以每个细胞都可以在发展过程中被观察
S5所以,在不同时间拍照记录海胆胚胎的发育,科学家们可能会发现之前未知的细胞行为。
S6也学是因为这种方法对于海胆的学习可以给分子生物学家和形态学家提供一个桥梁,这样他们就可以和对方交流关于基因控制形态的东西了

It can be inferred from the passage that some cells that have been isolated from an organism have the ability to
A control morphogenesis
B reform to make higher organisms
C reorganize to form clusters of cells
D regulate the transmission of light through the cell wall
E regulate the rate of tissue formation

这道题我选的是a,因为第二段(S2)As morphogenesis must be basically the result of changes in behavior of the individual cells, it seems logical to ask morphologists to describe the morphogenetic events observed in terms of changes in cellular contact, changes in the rate of proliferation of cells, or similar phenomena.

我觉得Individual cell和isolated是取同的,所以应该是control morphogenesis
但是答案是c
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沙发
发表于 2015-8-3 11:36:06 |只看该作者
= =

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板凳
发表于 2015-8-3 13:11:32 |只看该作者
答案在第三段S2,c 就是paraphrase了一下这句话。

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地板
发表于 2015-8-3 13:30:47 |只看该作者
wsjenglish 发表于 2015-8-3 13:11
答案在第三段S2,c 就是paraphrase了一下这句话。

口不口以解释的具体点- -。我其实找到了那句的定位,但是没有绕出来为啥

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发表于 2015-8-3 13:56:15 |只看该作者

第二句话 ->选项c
reaggregate -> reorganize
sort into different layers -> form clusters of cells

出题人应该就是这么想的

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发表于 2015-8-3 14:00:52 |只看该作者
wsjenglish 发表于 2015-8-3 13:56
第二句话 ->选项c
reaggregate -> reorganize
sort into different layers -> form clusters of cells
...

哦= =我研究研究

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RE: 讨论一道No题阅读! [修改]
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