- 最后登录
- 2011-3-12
- 在线时间
- 801 小时
- 寄托币
- 1534
- 声望
- 60
- 注册时间
- 2010-8-18
- 阅读权限
- 25
- 帖子
- 30
- 精华
- 1
- 积分
- 1510
- UID
- 2883188
- 声望
- 60
- 寄托币
- 1534
- 注册时间
- 2010-8-18
- 精华
- 1
- 帖子
- 30
|
本帖最后由 S酱 于 2010-10-7 10:16 编辑
8.23 小组二 TPO 12
蓝色 写作可以用到的词
棕红 文章分析相关
红色 重要考点
＃1 Which Hand Did They Use? 他们用哪只手？
We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? （提出问题：古代人是不是也右利手多？）Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils模型 and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed,考点
and vice versa. Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.考点（例证1，由于大多数模型都是左手的，因此说明这些都是右手做的，于是右利手人多）
Cave art furnishes提供 other types of evidence of this phenomenon为这一现象提供了其他种类的证据. Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush.
（例证2，左边光源说明画家用右手画画防止阴影遮住笔）考点 In the few cases 某些少数情况下 where an Ice Age figure is depicted holding something考点, it is mostly, though not always,总是，但并非全是 in the right hand.（例证3，岩洞壁画上的人右手总拿着东西）
Clues to right-handedness can also be found by other methods. Right-handers tend to have longer, stronger, and more muscular bones on the right side, （例证4，古代人右手骨头强壮 》后面举例）and Marcellin Boule as long ago as 1911 noted the La Chapel le-aux-Saints Neanderthal skeleton had a right upper arm bone that was noticeably stronger than the left. 考点
Similar observations have been made on other Neanderthal skeletons such as La Ferrassie I and Neanderthal itself.
Fractures and other cut marks are another source of evidence.（例证5，古代人伤痕 》后面举例） Right-handed soldiers tend to be wounded on the left. 考点
The skeleton of a 40- or 50-year-old Nabatean warrior, buried 2,000 years ago in the Negev Desert, Israel, had multiple healed fractures to the skull, the left arm, and the ribs.
Tools themselves can be revealing.（例证6，古代人用的勺子上的刮痕&古代人编的绳子的纤维方向 》后面举例） Long-handed Neolithic spoons of yew wood preserved in Alpine villages dating to 3000 B.C. have survived; the signs of rubbing on their left side考点
indicate that their users were right-handed. The late Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux consists of fibers spiraling to the right考点
, and was therefore tressed by a righthander.
Occasionally one can determine whether stone tools were used in the right hand or the left, and it is even possible to assess甚至可以得出 how far back this feature can be traced. （例证7，古代人敲石头做工具，敲下来的碎屑的方向 》后面举例）In stone toolmaking experiments, Nick Toth, a right-hander, held the core (the stone that would become the tool) in his left hand and the hammer stone in his right. As the tool was made, the core was rotated clockwise, and the flakes, removed in sequence, had a little crescent of cortex (the core's outer surface) on the side. Toth's knapping produced 56 percent flakes with the cortex on the right, and 44 percent left-oriented flakes. A left-handed toolmaker would produce the opposite pattern Toth has applied these criteria标准考点
to the similarly made pebble tools from a number of early sites (before 1.5 million years) at Koobi For a, Kenya, probably made by Homo habilis. At seven sites he found that 57 percent of the flakes were right-oriented, and 43 percent left, a pattern almost identical to that produced today.
About 90 percent of modern humans are right-handed: we are the only mammal with a preferential use of one hand. The part of the brain responsible for fine control and movement is located in the left cerebral大脑的hemisphere, and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already asymmetrical不匀称的 in its structure and function not long after 2 million years ago. Among Neanderthalers of 70,000 – 35,000 years ago, （例证8，古代人左右脑和现代人左右脑 》后面举例）Marcellin Boule noted that the La Chapelle-aux-Saints individual had a left hemisphere slightly bigger than the right, and the same was found for brains of specimens from Neanderthal, Gibraltar, and La Quina.
本篇结构 》提出问题 》观点 》8个例证
其实没啥生词，但是不知道为啥第一遍没读明白，我有第一篇阅读恐惧症吧。。。每次做第一篇都紧张的不行
用时： 25 错：6 可以避免的错误3，嗯要加快速度，要仔细看文章！
1、2 > 3 assist in = help with
2、2 文中可以看出 1很错，3那个反了，4文中没提
3、3 depict = picture
4、2 > 3 2的主语是tips，因此2是错的
5、3 > 2 这题我有点问题，3哪里提到了呢？
6、2 文中说了骨头的问题
7、3 因为打仗右手拿刀么一般没办法受伤，这选项比较绕但是其他都选项明显错，排除法都行
8、2 > 4 文中说了rubs，我悲剧的理解为是勺子把在碗边弄的rubs，其实是勺子了，而且wear的其他意思不清楚于是选错了，不过对比2和4其实4看着更靠谱，蒙也应该蒙4
9、4 因为编绳子的方向
10、2 >1 词汇 criteria＝standard 标准
11、4 往句子两边找定位句
12、4 最后一句
13、4 > 2 shelters and caves 定位
14、2 3 4
stencil 模具
Wear 磨损
versus ＝ vs
criteria 准则
prevalence 流行的 盛行的
问题：其实我没大懂第5题，3那个选项哪里提到了啊？手的轮廓什么的
－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－我是悲剧的分割线－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－
＃2 Transition to Sound in Film 电影中声音的发展 用时：20分 错误2The shift from silent to sound film at the end of the 1920s marks, so far, the most important transformation in motion picture history. 主题句Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has come close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed好句，被看做是分水岭～. In nearly every language, however the words are phrased, the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak.
第一段：说有声电影是电影史上的里程碑
Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of 许多大量paradoxes内在矛盾. 首句提出问题Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies' visual images,例子1，日本人的演奏 from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States. 例子2，德国人的演奏In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.
第二段：说有声电影出现之前人们都如何给电影配乐的，就是现场演奏
Beyond that, the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the 1920s. （到了1920年，录制音轨的成功其风头盖过了画面技术的进步）
New color processes, larger or differently shaped screen sizes, multiple-screen projections, even television, were among the developments invented or tried out during the period, sometimes with startling success. The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed阻碍 innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas.（变革的原因）The introduction of new screen formats was put off for a quarter century, and color, though utilized over the next two decades for special productions, also did not become a norm until the 1950s.
第三段：说有声电影出现时的大背景
Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective从后来的视角无法想象, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920 s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound. 说明前人试过但是由于技术原因失败了These critics were making a common assumption—that the technological inadequacies of earlier efforts (poor synchronization, weak sound amplification, fragile sound recordings) would invariably occur again. To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920 s sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.
第四段：说有声电影出现时的舆论背景，表明了电影制作人和评论家的不同立场
These forces were the rapidly expanding electronics and telecommunications companies that were developing and linking telephone and wireless technologies in the 1920s. In the United States, they included such firms as American Telephone and Telegraph. General Electric, and Westinghouse They were interested in all forms of sound technology and all potential avenues for commercial exploitation. （目的是钱）
第五段：说有声电影出现的促进因素，电报电话业和电子产业的介入主要为了新商机
Their competition and collaboration were creating the broadcasting industry in the United States, beginning with the introduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s. ■With financial assets considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures. ■In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300 sound films—a rough figure, since a number were silent films with music tracks, or films prepared in dual双重 versions, to take account of考虑 the many cinemas not yet wired for sound. ■At the production level, in the United States the conversion was virtually complete by 1930. ■In Europe it took a little longer, mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films). The triumph of sound cinema was swift, complete, and enormously popular.
第六段：说有声电影出现后的影响 美国和欧洲国家的接受度和普及速度什么的
1. 2 regarded＝considered
2. 1 第一段第一句话
3. 2 > 4 paradoxes＝contradictions 都不认识于是错了…
4. 3 都是对现场伴奏的无声电影的举例
5. 4 > 1选项理解错误了，1说的是在演出之前没合奏，意思是说合奏是现场的，4文中并无给出
6. 1 词汇题 overshadow＝distracted from 这个纯属蒙，大致感觉是声音比较落后，在1和3之间选，因为1有个from代表“差距”的意思于是选了
7. 1 文中说这种伴奏价格高
8. 2 这题4是混淆项，但是4里面的时间都是错的于是选2
9. 1 单词题
10.4 这题2是混淆项，但是2里面时间都是错的于是选4
11.2 文中说他们想要all potential avenues方法 for commercial exploitation.
12.2 文中说 small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive
13.2 接着找research这词就可以
14.1 2 3 ；4 里面日本人没发明有声的电影；5里面通过批评家的话可以推断2战之前就有人试过有声电影了但是技术太烂才搁浅；6这个是对欧洲的有鸭梨；
paradoxe a self-contradiction
contradiction opposition between two conflicting forces or ideas
overshadow 使(某物)被遮暗;使阴暗
conduct 传导 指挥 管理
prohibitive (费用、价格等)过高的
triumph 凯旋 胜利
suppress 抑制 镇压
－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－我是悲剧的分割线－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－
＃3 water in desert 沙漠中的水 用时：19分 错误0
Rainfall is not completely absent in desert areas, but it is highly variable. An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert.考点 The impact of rainfall upon the surface water and groundwater resources of the desert is greatly influenced by landforms. Flats and depressions where water can collect are common features, but they make up only a small part of the landscape.
Arid lands, surprisingly, contain some of the world’s largest river systems考点, such as the Murray-Darling in Australia, the Rio Grande in North America, the Indus in Asia, and the Nile in Africa. These rivers and river systems are known as "exogenous" because their sources lie outside the arid zone. 考点（第一组水源：exogenous，来自于干旱区域以外）they are vital for致力于 sustaining life in some of the driest parts of the world. For centuries, the annual floods of the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates, for example, has brought fertile silts and water to the inhabitants of their lower valleys. Today, river discharges are increasingly controlled by human intervention, creating a need for创造了需求 international river-basin agreements. The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastically reduced flows in the Euphrates,考点（人类活动控制水） with potentially serious consequences for 潜在的威胁 Syria and Iraq.
The flow of exogenous rivers varies with the season. The desert sections of long rivers respond several months after rain has fallen outside the desert, so that peak flows may be in the dry season. This is useful for irrigation, but the high temperatures, low humidity, and different day lengths of the dry season, compared to the normal growing season, can present difficulties with令有困难 some crops.
Regularly flowing rivers and streams that originate within arid lands are known as "endogenous." These are generally fed by groundwater springs,考点（第二种沙漠水源：endogenous，来自地下水）and many issue from limestone massifs, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Basaltic rocks also support springs, notably at the Jabal Al-Arab on the Jordan-Syria border. Endogenous Rivers often do not reach the sea but drain into inland basins, where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground. Most desert streambeds are normally dry, but they occasionally receive large flows of water and sediment.考点（不与海洋相接，再某些时候会接受大量水和沉积物）
Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater when compared to the amounts they hold in surface stores such as lakes and rivers. But only a small fraction of groundwater enters the hydrological cycle-feeding the flows of streams, maintaining lake levels, and being recharged (or refilled) through surface flows and rainwater. 考点（沙漠水然地下水比上面的多，但是地下水很少补给地上水）In recent years, groundwater has become an increasingly important source of freshwater for desert dwellers. The United Nations Environment Programme and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques. Such programs are much needed because in many arid lands there is only a vague idea of一个模糊的观念 the extent of groundwater resources. It is known, however, that the distribution of groundwater is uneven, and that much of it lies at great depths.考点（地下水分布不均，而且还隐藏很深）
Groundwater is stored in the pore spaces and joints of rocks and unconsolidated (unsolidified) sediments or in the openings widened through fractures and weathering. The water-saturated rock or sediment is known as an "aquifer". Because they are porous, sedimentary rocks, such as sandstones and conglomerates, are important potential sources of groundwater. Large quantities of water may also be stored in lime stones when joints and cracks have been enlarged to form cavities. Most limestone and sandstone aquifers are deep and extensive but may contain ground waters that are not being recharged. Most shallow aquifers in sand and gravel deposits produce lower yields, but they can be rapidly recharged. Some deep aquifers are known as "fossil waters. The term "fossil" describes water that has been present for several thousand years. These aquifers became saturated more than 10,000 years ago and are no longer being recharged. 考点（石头中的水在1万年前就没开始木变化的叫做化石水）
Water does not remain immobile in an aquifer but can seep out at springs or leak into other aquifers. （水也会流动）The rate of movement may be very slow: in the Indus plain, the movement of saline (salty) ground waters has still not reached equilibrium after 70 years of being tapped. The mineral content of groundwater normally increases with the depth, but even quite shallow aquifers can be highly saline.
1.2 定位题
2.4 drastically＝severely 严重的
3.4 定位 前面一句话
4.3 定位 文中原句
5.4 dwellers＝inhabitants 居民
6.1 文中最后一句说水在很深处
7.2 (后面提到了cracks）
8.2 文中可以找到
9.3 （本段最后一句出题）
10.3 immobile＝motionless 不动的
11.1 （to dandan）根据这句The mineral content of groundwater normally increases with the depth 越深水越多，说明可以用的水是少数；选项3 Most of the water in the desert is contained in shallow aquifers前半句不对，因为大多数沙漠水是在地下的，4段5段都能说明这个问题， that are being rapidly recharged后半句也不对，4段说了，地下水补给地上水很慢
12.3 （to dandan）These sudden floods provide important water supplies but can also be highly destructive. 发洪水的一方面会带来丰富水和沉积物，但是因为会洪水猛兽么，所以是destructive，而且不是句首啊～位置是句尾～呵呵，接着 but they occasionally receive large flows of water and sediment说的～
13.END 1 5 EX 3 4 7
depression 低气压 低迷（经济）
drastically 彻底的
slit a long narrow opening
intervention 干涉
Humidity 湿度 湿热
Evaporate 蒸发
Hydrological 水文学的
gravel 沙砾
|
|
GO
发表于 2010-8-19 14:37:38
回应
1.自我介绍2.你的专业背景和工作经历可以怎么帮助你学习这个项目3.职业规划4.工作中遇到的困难，你是如何应...
bg：211，均分85.7，3段项目，1段实习，cs本，可以申请hpc方向和telecommications下的internet小track可以录...
1.自我介绍2.还申请了什么院校3.介绍一个项目4.有没有最喜欢的IDE项目5.未来研究方向
25fall hkumed phd informal meeting实验室ap和research officer一起问的1.自我介绍，ap介绍了一下实验室2....
转发
