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本帖最后由 七七夕夕 于 2010-2-12 22:59 编辑
续上
第五期:倒装
让步状语从句中又是也有倒装的情况,(主要把标语或部分谓语提前):
Clever though he was, he couldn’t conceal his eagerness for praise.
Try as I would, I couldn’t make her change her mind.
Talented as he is, he is not yet ready to turn professional.
Search as they would, they could find no one in the wood
一些有否定意义的副词,若放在句首,句子常用倒装。
Never would he know what she had suffered.
Never before has such a high standard been achieved.
Scarcely was she out of sight when he came
有个别其他副词放在句首时,又是也会有这个现象:
Often would she(she would) weep when alone.
Bitterly did he repent that decision. 他深深地悔恨那个决定。
Gladly would I give my life to save the child.
有些短语,(特别是介词短语)移到句首时也可能引导倒装语序:
On no account must we give up this attempt.
Under no circumstances could we agree to such a principle.
一般这类的都是一些否定含义的短语,类似的还有:In vain, not until, at no point
还有表示唯一的,如:only in this way
So…that结构: So bright was the moon that the flowers were bright as by day.
<状语前置>有些句子没有宾语且主语又比较长。又是可把状语提前,而把主语放在谓语后面去。
In the distance could be seen the purple mountains. 远处可以看见紫色的群山。
为了描绘更生动,有些与介词同行的副词可以移到句首,把主语放在谓语后面。
Up went the arrow into the air. 嗖的一声箭射上了天。
进行时态中的分词有时可移到句首,来对这个动作加以强调。
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about seventeen.
过去分词做表语的句子,过去分词有时也可以提前,把主语放到后面去。
Seated on the ground are a group of young people.
作表语的介词短语有时也可以提前。
Around the lake are a huge number of farms
其他表语也可提前
Worst of all is the humiliations he suffered. 最不堪的是他经受的许多屈辱。
有时修辞上的考虑,表语也可以提前
A very reliable person he is, to be sure. 他是个很可靠的人,没问题。
第六期:从句
也就是“文章信息密度如何压缩”的答案——通过深度词汇 or 通过从句嵌套
英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。
介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是)已构成固定搭配,其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。
All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship.
This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.
宾语从句后如有宾补,要用形式宾语it来代替,而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。
He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.
表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that, what, when, why, whether, how等引导外,还可由because, as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。
It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明,一般用连词that引导,由于先行名词的意义不同,也可用whether, who, when, where, what, why, how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短,将同位语从句位于谓语之后。
The news came that their team had won the championship.
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系:
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 从所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
定语从句:
当先行词是all, anything, everything, something, nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first, last, any, few, much, some, no, only以及形容词最高级修饰时,只能用关系代词that引导从句。
That is all that I've heard from him.
He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.
非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词,也可修饰整个主句,起补充说明作用,与主句之间有逗号隔开,若省去,原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。
Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.
as引导非限制性定语从句时,代替整个主句,从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语)
状语从句:
原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的从属连词有:because, as, since, now(that),seeing that, considering that, in that等。
Considering that he is a freshman, we must say he is doing well.
比较:because, since, as和for
1) because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或 since。
由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for
目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的连词有:so that, in order that, for fear that, lest等,从句常使用may, might, can, could, would等情态动词
条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述
让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though, although, whether, even though, even if, no matter what(when, how...),whatever(whenever, wherever, however....)等。though, even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构,具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词(副词、动词、名词)+as+主语+谓语”。
Child as he is,he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child)
当有though, although时,后面的从句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了
as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意: a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
b. 句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems…
虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意:no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
(错)No matter what you say is of no use now.
(对)Whatever you say is of no use now
第七期:名词
以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:
the Henrys
monkey---monkeys
an Englishman, two Englishmen.但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。
people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说 a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。
a. maths, politics, physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。
b. news 是不可数名词。
单复同形 如:
deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese
另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼
当物质名词转化为个体名词时。Two teas, please.
请来两杯茶。
抽象名词有时也可数。
four freedoms 四大自由
the four modernizations四个现代化
a five-year plan. 一个五年计划
个别的有用复数作定语的,如: a seven-years child
这些名词一般不能用作复数,谓语动词用单数
advice 建议,忠告 living 生活,生计
equipment 装备,设备 progress 前进,发展
furniture 家具,设备 scenery 风景,景色
information 通知;信息 machinery 机器,机械
knowledge 知识,学问 traffic 交通流量
baggage / luggage 行李,皮箱 trouble 烦恼,麻烦
cash 现金 thunder 雷声,轰隆声
apparatus 仪器 weather 天气,处境
clothing 衣服 work 工作,劳动
paper 纸,钞票 luck 运气,幸运
technology 工艺,技术 jewelry 珠宝
复数形式的名词用于单数概念,其谓语动词用单数。(这些名词一般为表示学科或疾病的名词)
economics 经济学 measles 麻疹
physics 物理学 mumps 腮腺炎
mathematics 数学 rickets 软骨病,佝偻病
dynamics 动力学 news 新闻
The United States 美国 The New York Times 纽约时报
名词的主谓一致
就近原则: 由 either … or … ; neither … nor …; not only…but also…; …or …; there be …等引导的主语, 谓语动词的单复数取决于最靠近动词的名词的单复数。
Not only the students but also their teacher is invited to attend the party.
就远原则:主语,+ as well as +另一个主语,谓语动词的单复数取决于第一个主语的名词的单复数。
My mother, as well as my two brothers, has a key to the office.
我母亲,还有我的两个哥哥都有一把办公室的钥匙。
同例:with…; together with…; along with…; including…; in addition to…; besides …; except…; as much as…; accompanied by …; rather than…等等
and连接两个名词表示一个概念做主语时,谓语用单数; 若表示的是多个不同的概念时,谓语动词用复数。
War and peace is a constant theme in literature.
战争与和平是文学中永恒的主题。(War and peace是一对概念,看作一个主题)
the + adj / v-ed 表示一类人时, 用复数谓语动词; 表示抽象概念时, 谓语动词用单数。
the poor / dumb / innocent / guilty / unemployed / aged / oppressed / exploited…
当主语被one ( a ) and a half 修饰时,谓语动词用数。
One and a half apples is left on the plate.
当主语由 a series of…, a portion of …, a species of …, a kind of …, a sequence of …, a chain of…, a piece of … 加名词(单数或复数)构成时, 谓语用单数。
以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:
a. 加s,如: photo---photos,piano---pianos,radio---radios zoo---zoos;
b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes
加es的少,先记下来,我知道到有这四个,可以这么记“黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿”,里面的黑人(negro)英雄(hero)土豆(potato)西红柿(tomato)复数都加es。
第八期:代词
不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one,及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用 he, his, him代替。
Nobody came, did he?谁也没来,是吗?
单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:
第二人称 -> 第三人称 -> 第一人称
复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:
第一人称 -> 第二人称 -> 第三人称
we->you ->They
注意: 在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。
a. 在承认错误,承担责任时,It was I and John that made her angry.
b. 在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称, 如:I and you try to finish it.
c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时,
d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。
公式为:
a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如:
a friend of mine.
each brother of his.
a. 有些动词需有反身代词
absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
注:有些动词后不跟反身代词, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up 等。
Please sit down.请坐。
传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other, 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多,
all 都,指三者以上。
all 的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
All goes well.一切进展得很好
some
当做"某一"解时,也可与单数名词连用。(= a certain)
You will be sorry for this some day.
总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。
A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.
某些人不同意你的看法。
one, ones 为复数形式
ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some, any,而不
用 ones。
one/another/the other
1) 泛指另一个用 another。
2) 一定范围内两人(物),一个用one,另一个用the other。
3) 一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one (another),第三个可用the other,a third。
4) 一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others。
5) 泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others。
“the”的妙用
He is one of the students who help me.
He is the one of the students who helps me.
他是帮我的学生之一。
第一句定语从句与the students 一致。
第二句定语从句与the one 一致。
every 强调全体的概念, each强调个体概念
every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。
every 与not 连用,表示部分否定; each 和not连用表示全部否定。
Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。
few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点
few / little为否定含义,没有多少了。
He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。
He has few friends.他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。
only a few (=few)not a few (=many)quite a few (=many)
many a (=many) |
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