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[追星剑特训] [追星剑特训]Chapter1.1 Terminology 关键字眼 [复制链接]

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发表于 2004-6-21 17:16:38 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览
追星剑特训之一 Terminology 关键字眼

先看这样一道题:
issue144. "It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value."

既然讨论的话题在于Lasting value是谁给出的,那么展开之前自然要先明了一下:什么是lasting value?这一问不要紧,不同的人恐怕就给出不同的答案了。以我个人的理解:如果说,以艺术作品的美学价值和其深远影响本身作为lasting value,毫无疑问自然是artist创造的;而如果把这个value着眼于对艺术作品的批判分析从而指导新的艺术风格流派的创造与表达上,critic的位置恐怕当仁不让。当然,不同的人给出不同的答案,想来肯定会有人给出和我的看法完全相左的意见的。

但至少明确一点:如果对lasting value的解释不一样了,这个题目再往下写肯定就迥异的。这也就引出了今天要分析的问题:题目中的关键字。而之所以把Terminology这一专题放在整个特训的最前面,则是因为,每道题都有自己的关键字,对关键字的把握是最universal,也是最需要掌握的。

上面的issue144里面涉及了对lasting value这一关键词的不同解释。再举一个例子:

issue15. "The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior."

不妨看看这里的depends。如果说社会稳定依赖于、取决于其对极端行为的反应的话,窃以为这里的动词未免有些夸张。诡辩一点的说,如果在absence of the extremes的情况下,是不是就没法判断the stability of a society了呢?与其说depends,倒不如说reflect比较合适。我破题的思路,也即从depends这个关键词入手,通过分析找到并建立新的关键词予以取代,从而建立自己的论点。这和issue144例有所不同,但核心都在于:抓住关键词。

实际上,对考查逻辑的分析性写作考试而言,识别题目的关键字至少有两点基本作用:其一,阐明和确立所进行讨论的前提,不仅是为了在文章中明确体现自己的认识,更同时是给自己明确自己的认识——免得因为对关键词的认识从一开始就模糊摇摆然后写到后半背叛前半;其二,明确了关键字,也就抓住题目的核心问题和关系所在,从关键字入手进行思考,自然是打开思路源泉的首选。

再看两个:
issue17. "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."

issue176. "The function of science is to reassure; the purpose of art is to upset. Therein lies the value of each."
  
显然,这两个题目就同时涉及到对两个方面的关键词的辨认和分析。Issue17的关键词在于just law和unjust law,obey与disobey;而issue176则更为复杂,science与reassure,art与upset。可以尝试用上面144和15里面提到的基本方法,先识别一下关键字,然后再结合着整个的题目观点,根据自己的认识来重新选择和建立关键字,从而建立自己的论点,再进行写作。

今天的任务就是练习识别和分析关键字。不妨从题库随便挑上十几道题,自己去identify一下试试,看看自己能够把题目把握到怎样的层次。而为了充分体现典型性,今天的同主题写作题目就是issue17或者issue176. 请各位在文章前面把自己对题目中关键字的辨析也加以说明,更欢迎提出自己对Terminology的看法,并希望这种辨析在文章中得到充分的体现。

[实例点评]
yellowbean的issue176
综合参考区有优秀范文


下期预告:追星剑特训Chapter1.2 More 比较级

另外说明一下,这个特训就是我计划的“同主题写作”了。由于是第一次进行,外加我自己添加了一定的我自己的经验和试验的元素,如果出现些问题的话还请各位务必多指正。时间方面,我不打算按照严格的每天一帖的速度发布,一方面我正在考试只是抽空一边写
,而且到了暑假我也没多少空闲时间的说,所以我就是写出来一个新的就发一个,我会尽量控制好时间频和发布速度方面的。整个特训暂时估计有30个主题帖左右。大纲我自己已经确立了一个概要,然后就是一边写一边发了。:)

大型实验,恳请各位支持。//bow
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luusa + 1 学习了!
archaeology + 1 谢谢,我-作文新手,一头雾水,看了你的文章 ...
cicialice + 1 好帖!感觉像是一个课堂一样~我会好好练习的 ...

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沙发
发表于 2004-6-21 17:25:21 |只看该作者
对关键词不进行解释,是不是就一定写不出来好文章来?(纯属疑问?)

比如那个lasting value 如果我不解释,直接按照自己理解进行论述,潜移默化中是读者接受自己的观点可不可以呢?

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Capricorn摩羯座 荣誉版主

板凳
发表于 2004-6-21 17:30:00 |只看该作者
传说中的同主题写作计划终于出炉了
Life is full of drama.

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地板
发表于 2004-6-21 19:26:43 |只看该作者
个人对于关键字的理解的具体操作:

1.对关键字的理解是行文的前提,所以拿到题目先来分析关键字。利用MW来查含义。
2.思考对这个关键字的一般理解,也就是普通人是如何理解的,为什么这么说呢?有人会认为独辟蹊径会写出耳目一新的文章。其实不然。独特的理解就意味着有偏题的可能,如果大家没有很好的把握能力最好不要去尝试。
3.即使是一个关键字会有2种以上的理解,像imong举例的144中的lasting value, 那么只要任选一种解释然后展开讨论就可以,结果只不过是侧重点不同罢了。

关于issue17里面说的just law 和unjust law, 是出自Martin Luther King 之口;issue 176也是一句名言,等我下去找到出处贴过来,这样大家可以更好的理解这几个看似模糊的概念了

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发表于 2004-6-21 23:18:13 |只看该作者
深有感触
对关键词的理解不准确真是很难把文章写好了,好像很多题目里面的关键词都是很晦涩的说.不知道自己理解正确没有,写起来都很汗的说,看来应该像楼下的pooh说的把那些题目的关键词找出来,MW好好查了先

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Libra天秤座 荣誉版主

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发表于 2004-6-22 17:57:04 |只看该作者
  对关键字的理解确实很关键。比如写那篇关于Sensorship的文章时,如果不知Sensorship是何物的话,文章根本无法动笔。在那篇文章里用下定义的方法解释一下这个词也不错。
  另外,选择哪个词作为关键词是仁者见仁,智者见智。比如Imong对Issue15的分析,我觉得已经算是独辟蹊径了。如果是我,我不会这么写,因为我的思维深度达不到。
  最后有一个问题:对于有两个对等关键词的题目,如果只写一个,或者侧重写一个,而稍带提一下另一个,这应该算是跑题吗?
I believe I can fly, I believe I can touch the sky!

坚强 是无论面前是高山还是海洋
都能始终执着的去追求心中的梦想~~~~~~

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发表于 2004-6-22 22:27:04 |只看该作者
占位置
考完一起补上功课~
Life is like a box of chocolate. You never know what you are gonna get.
But you have to do your best with what God gave you. Then you enjoy it and love it.

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发表于 2004-6-23 14:56:48 |只看该作者
各位提的问题相当关键
我已经记下了(方便的时候我一定补上.....楼下的要是有兴趣回答自然更好哈:D)
希望以后都能这样子尽可能critical啊:D
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发表于 2004-6-23 17:07:41 |只看该作者
从LSAT中找出来的一篇关于Martin Luther King的阅读,其中提到了just law 与unjust law, 贴出来给大家参考

Nearly every writer on the philosophy of civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr., makes a connection between King and Henry David Thoreau, usually via Thoreau’s famous essay, “Civil Disobedience” (1849). In his book Stride Toward Freedom (1958), King himself stated that Thoreau’s essay was his first intellectual contact with the theory of passive resistance to governmental laws that are perceived as morally unjust. However, this emphasis on Thoreau’s influence on King is unfortunate: first, King would not have agreed with many other aspects of Thoreau’s philosophy, including Thoreau’s ultimate acceptance of violence as a form of protest; second, an overemphasis on the influence of one essay has kept historians from noting other correspondences between King’s philosophy and transcendentalism. “Civil Disobedience” was the only example of transcendentalist writing with which King was familiar, and in many other transcendentalist writings, including works by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, King would have found ideas more nearly akin to his own.
The kind of civil disobedience King had in mind was, in fact, quite different from Thoreau’s view of civil disobedience. Thoreau, like most other transcendentalists, was primarily interested in reform of the individual, whereas King was primarily interested in reform of society. As a protest against the Mexican War, Thoreau refused to pay taxes, but he did not hope by his action to force a change in national policy. While he encouraged others to adopt similar protests, he did not attempt to mount any mass protest action against unjust laws. In contrast to Thoreau, King began to advocate the use of mass civil disobedience to effect revolutionary changes within the social system.
However, King’s writings suggest that, without realizing it, he was an incipient transcendentalist. Most transcendentalists subscribed to the concept of “higher law” and included civil disobedience to unjust laws as part of their strategy. They often invoked the concept of higher law to justify their opposition to slavery and to advocate disobedience to the strengthened Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. In his second major book, King’s discussion of   [B]just and unjust laws [/B]  and the responsibility of the individual is very similar to the transcendentalists’ discussion of higher law. In reference to how one can advocate breaking some laws and obeying others, King notes that there are two types of laws, just and unjust; he describes a just law as a “code that squares with the moral law” and an unjust law as a “code that is out of harmony with the moral law.” Thus, King’s opposition to the injustice of legalized segregation in the twentieth century is philosophically akin to the transcendentalists’ opposition to the Fugitive Slave Law in the nineteenth century.

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发表于 2004-6-25 18:29:16 |只看该作者

转自song123456的issue176

Issue176 the function of science is to reassure; the purpose of art is to upset. Therein lies the value of each.

Some contend that the purpose of science and art is difference: that of the former is to reassure, the other to upset. Although science and art belong to different ranges, they both, I think, have the function of reassurance and upset as well.

It is indisputable that science owns the function to reassure since the primary purpose of science is to relieve man from the strong sense that unease and dissatisfaction going with lack of comprehension. The leader of chemical department in our university once pointed out (and I paraphrase):" it is not the knowledge itself that we gain from scientific research that man is actually trying to attain, but the satisfaction of knowing that something is known, equivalent of the relief that a child's fear of dark is dispelled by kindling light." In this sense, science can assure people no matter they are experts in science or not.

However, development of science also brings man numerous puzzles, problems and troubles that confuse people. As we know, while modern science has brought about great advancement in scientific knowledge and discoveries, many tough problems and upsets have been begot at the same time such as nuclear crisis, irreversible environmental destruction, obscurity of things, and the secret recesses of truth. Nevertheless, all the complication and confinement science arouses are not necessarily negative. Looking into, examining and then solving these problems, we would find new directions of research, needs of our society, solutions of many social and scientific problems as well as experience to avoid mistakes.

Similarly, art has both of function to reassure and upset too. It is always said that great art works can stir up impulsions in human sense, emotion and heart. Music, for example, has sometimes been used as a stimulus to encourage soldiers to be brave and to desire fight and killing. However, music can also peace and calm people down. As well known, music is always applied in some mental therapy, and almost everybody has memories how many times that the lullaby that our parents sung calmed us down and got us into dreams. It is clear that art is bi-functional.

In sum, although science and art are seemingly totally different disciplines with different function and purpose, taking all the dimensions discussed above assures us that they both have the function of reassurance as well as upset.

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发表于 2004-6-26 19:42:33 |只看该作者
最初由 九月爱上乒乓球 发布
[B]对关键词不进行解释,是不是就一定写不出来好文章来?(纯属疑问?)
[/B]


恩,偶觉得还有类似的可能。比如我觉得这个词应该就是所谓的关键词了。可以偶不认识。。。

这个时候也只有大概了解题目的意思了。尤其是如果不认识的又是个有感情色彩的词,都不好说是否agree。

就此来看如果关键词都认识。到是可以增加逻辑上的阐述。比如所举的观点同意,程度有问题等等。

偶觉得关键词解释的最大好处就是使得逻辑更加清晰了。
汝不可因惰而随心所睡!汝不可移志而半途而废!汝不可因苦而哭天抹泪!汝不可求闲而叫苦喊累!汝不可因难而节节后退!汝不可因败而万念俱灰!坚持到底!

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挑战ETS奖章 寄托之心勋章 US Advisor 在任资深版主 寄托兑换店纪念章

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发表于 2004-6-26 19:57:02 |只看该作者
大坛子里有8篇176。根据关键字的角度乱分析下他们当练习。

1.However, it is unwarranted to simply category the goals of these two fields into either to reassure or to upset, while neglecting the fully scrutiny of them, as the speaker does. My contention towards this assertion is that both arts and science can perform diverse functions in the society and should not be confined in such simple words, as discussed below.
这是第一种,选定的关键词为assure和upset。然后提出自己的观点为双方都各有利弊。是比较常见的写法。底下分别写S的利弊和A的利弊

As far as I am concerned, the function and purpose of art and science are both reassure and upset.

So far as their functions, or aims, are considered, reassurance and creation are not the chief ones among the variety achievements they have brought us.

2. In my opinion, on balance, this viewpoint reflects the roles they play in the human society correctly.
这是第二种,选定的关键词为lies the value 。根据关键词定出的文章逻辑为。S的ASSUE;A的UPSET;然后让步说这点并不代表SA什么都不同

3.As we know, value is an abstract notion; everything has its value, but no one could easily generalize the value of certain thing comprehensively, for it depends on the situations and how people consider it. So, if we intend to quest for the value of something, it must be more essential and more objective. For this rule, the statement mentioned about the value of science and art seems to be lame and hardly creditable.
这是第三种,选定的关键词为value。文章结构为分别阐述S 和A作者认为实际拥有的价值

4.The speaker contends that the aim of science is to reassure, and the purpose of art is to upset. While the speaker has overlooked other functions of science and art, on the balance, I take the concession with the speaker' view.
这是第四种,选定的关键词为therein。文章结构为先肯定现有观点,再补充自己观点。

5.Although the initial aim of science is to make the world orderly and the original goal of art is to explore the intrinsic nature of human being which would make the people upset. In fact, science often upset people and the art reassure us as well. Both of them in aim at explore our internal and external world.
同样是选assure和upset但是文章结构是完全颠覆原来观点

The speaker claims that the science is to make people reassure and the art make us upset .Although from the first glance the assertion have some merits ,after deeply reflection ,the speaker mistaken the true functions of both science and art .
最后这个贴出来。不是说它是另一种,而是看到这样的开头虽然摆明观点,但没说观点具体是什么,但是让我感觉强烈的像ARGUMENT呵呵。不知道这种写法好么?哪位给评评呢?
汝不可因惰而随心所睡!汝不可移志而半途而废!汝不可因苦而哭天抹泪!汝不可求闲而叫苦喊累!汝不可因难而节节后退!汝不可因败而万念俱灰!坚持到底!

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发表于 2004-6-27 10:44:03 |只看该作者
同九月第一问。再问如何定义关键词。

比如issue144, 西方的艺术界认为critic带来的lasting values根本不存在。真正的艺术家应该完全忽略评论。 It is the nature manifesting itself on the work through the body of artists. 所以如果是我,会把关键词定位在artist上,whether to be the master, or simply for monetay purpose.
因为我有希望,
人有了希望就可以安然而平淡地生活下去,
一千年,
一万年,
笑对时光的亡失和生死的渐变。

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发表于 2004-6-27 11:45:41 |只看该作者
最初由 真生 发布
[B]同九月第一问。再问如何定义关键词。

比如issue144, 西方的艺术界认为critic带来的lasting values根本不存在。真正的艺术家应该完全忽略评论。 It is the nature manife..

以下省略...... [/B]


借用dezhi的回答,正所谓仁者见仁,智者见智

我看了那8篇文章,感觉就是我们写作的时候选择一个我们认为是关键词的词,借此扩展和研究。其实并没有对错或者哪个肯定是关键词的区分
汝不可因惰而随心所睡!汝不可移志而半途而废!汝不可因苦而哭天抹泪!汝不可求闲而叫苦喊累!汝不可因难而节节后退!汝不可因败而万念俱灰!坚持到底!

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RE: [追星剑特训]Chapter1.1 Terminology 关键字眼 [修改]
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[追星剑特训]Chapter1.1 Terminology 关键字眼
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