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本帖最后由 李瑞峰 于 2011-2-1 01:11 编辑
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topic asks you to consider whether it is important for government to provide financial support for art museums. If your position is that government should fund art museums, you might support your position by discussing the reasons art is important and explain that museums are public places where art is available to anyone. On the other hand, if your position is that government should not support museums, you might point out that, given limited governmental funds, art museums are not as deserving of governmental funding as are other, more socially important, institutions. Or, if you are in favor of government funding for art museums only under certain conditions, you might focus on the artistic criteria, cultural concerns, or political conditions
that you think should determine how—or whether—art museums receive government funds. It is not your position that matters so much as the critical thinking skills you display in developing your position.
解释了思考过程:
情况1:If your position is -------------, you might support your position by discussing the reasons --------------------explain that----------------.
if your position is that ---------------------, you might point out that, given-------------, ----------are -------------.
同意,不同意,都可以采取如上思考,先表明立场,英语文章很少会出现立场不明的情况,可能和事老型的文章不符合他们的性格习惯,之后,by 和 given引导出了你之所以选择这样立场的原因,我觉得很多文章(我自己的和好多其他同学的)都止于提供原因,而且写了很多很有说服力,(有的时候都有柯南的感觉,一下子感觉发现了真相),但这样的response是不符合ets的期望哒,思考提示中,原因只用介词短短引导下,重头戏是explain that,和 are,就是为什么这个原因导致了这个结果,也就是柯南每次在找到凶手之后,解释的那番话,如果只是说凶手就是xxx,然后都没说怎木就是他呢,估计再也不会有人看柯南了,这个过程,就是ets所说的development and support。无论多好的原因没有合理的development和support,都无法达到issue 要求的critically thinking。
但感觉这种方式不太符合我们的写作习惯,至少不符合我的写作习惯。。。如此完美的原因已经呈现在眼前,其他多余的话都是画蛇添足,只可意会不可言传。。。改正这种习惯需要注意再注意,5分的那篇issue,我觉得立足点普通,文章语言也只能算流畅,但却得到5分,原因应该在于它中规中矩的进行了development和support,非常符合critically thinking的要求。
情况2: if you are in favor of ---------------only under certain conditions, you might focus on the ------------conditions that you think should determine how—or whether-----.
这种思考过程,就是部分同意部分不同意,所以在表面如此立场后,就要说明什么情况下是同意的,什么情况下市不同意,据此例,在分情况后,具体论述了下此情况下该事件的面目。
哦,小兰。。。。。。。。
An excellent way to prepare for the Issue task is to practice writing on some of the published topics. There is no "best" approach: some people prefer to start practicing without regard to the 45-minute time limit; others prefer to take a "timed test" first and practice within the time limit. No matter which approach you take when you practice the Issue task, you should review the task directions, then
• carefully read the claim made in the topic and make sure you understand the issue involved; if it seems unclear, discuss it with a friend or teacher
审题,题不明白,还写个什么劲儿呀
(这两天看到了几篇经验贴,感觉很大一部分功夫都在审题这儿)
• think about the issue in relation to your own ideas and experiences, to events you have read about or observed, and to people you have known; this is the knowledge base from which you will develop compelling reasons and examples in your argument that reinforce, negate, or qualify the claim in some way
时时刻刻都在说reasons and examples, 不仅要有reason还要有解释reason的examples,切记切记~~~
reinforce, negate or qualify,同意不同意,分情况,这三个词用得真好哇
• decide what position on the issue you want to take and defend—remember you are free to agree or disagree completely or to agree with some parts or some applications but not others
部分同意,哪有绝对的事可言,当让抽象类的另当别论了。
• decide what compelling evidence (reasons and examples) you can use to support your position
evidence是什么,reasons和examples
果然是柯南,不是小兰。。
Remember that this is a task in critical thinking and persuasive writing. Therefore, you might find it helpful to explore the complexity of a claim in one of the topics by asking yourself the following questions:
以下是写Issue要命的东西,就靠它
• What, precisely, is the central is?
• Do I agree with all or with any part of the claim? Why or why not?
• Does the claim make certain assumptions? If so, are they reasonable?
• Is the claim valid only under certain conditions? If so, what are they?
• Do I need to explain how I interpret certain terms or concepts used in the claim?
narrow down general words,防偷换概念
• If I take a certain position on the issue, what reasons support my position?
• What examples—either real or hypothetical—could I use to illustrate those reasons and advance my point of view? Which examples are most compelling?
上下内容不仅对issue有指导意义,对argu也是指路明灯哇!
上面说的是如何建立自己的argument,下面将的是如何捍卫,感觉对analyze ets 的argu也很有帮助嘛,比如,ets的argu说了什么事儿(central issue),它同意不同意,它做了if then了吗(通常argu都在这儿给提供了好几天挑错的素材),它的论述在各个情况下都成立吗(当然不,要不怎木找茬呀),它在讨论中有没有偷换概念呢(通常都有),支持论据的理由充分吗(不充分),举例compelling吗(一般都是调查研究,一律被打成不 compelling at all)。
下面说我们审视argu的时候,有原因可以去攻击题目的position吗(当然有),
它本该如何acknowledge or defend自己的argu呢,这不就是作文书里说的可实行的合理化建议。
Once you have decided on a position to defend, consider the perspective of others who might not agree with your position. Ask yourself:
• What reasons might someone use to refute or undermine my position?
• How should I acknowledge or defend against those views in my essay?
那就得多角度分析,考虑全面
To plan your response, you might want to summarize your position and make brief notes about how you will support the position you're going to take. When you've done this, look over your notes and decide how you will organize your response. Then write a response developing your position on the issue. Even if you don't write a full response, you should find it helpful to practice with a few of the Issue topics and to sketch out your possible responses. After you have practiced with some of the topics, try writing responses to some of the topics within the 45-minute time limit so that you have a good idea of how to use your time in the actual test.
It would probably be helpful to get some feedback on your response from an instructor who teaches critical thinking or writing or to trade papers on the same topic with other students and discuss one another's responses in relation to the scoring guide. Try to determine how each paper meets or misses the criteria for
PAGE 8
each score point in the guide. Comparing your own response to the scoring guide will help you see how and where you might need to improve.
Deciding Which Issue Topic to Choose
Remember that the General Test will contain two Issue topics from the published pool; you must choose one of these two. Because the 45-minute timing begins when you first see the two topics, you should not spend too much time making a decision. Instead, try to choose fairly quickly the issue that you feel better prepared to discuss.
看了ets预设你已经prepared过了,让我彻底断了裸考的念想。。。
Before making a choice, read each topic carefully. Then decide on which topic you could develop a more effective and well-reasoned argument. In making this decision, you might ask yourself:
• Which topic do I find more interesting or engaging?
• Which topic more closely relates to my own academic studies or other experiences?
• On which topic can I more clearly
explain and defend my perspective?
• On which topic can I more readily think of strong reasons and examples to support my position?
Your answers to these questions should help you make your choice.
The Form of Your Response
You are free to organize and develop your response in any way that you think will effectively communicate your ideas about the issue. Your response may, but need not, incorporate particular writing strategies learned in English composition or writing-intensive college courses. GRE readers will not be looking for a particular developmental strategy or mode of writing; in fact, when GRE readers are trained, they review hundreds of Issue responses that, although highly diverse in content and form, display similar levels of critical thinking and persuasive writing. Readers will see, for example, some Issue responses at the 6 score level that begin by briefly summarizing the writer's position on the issue and then explicitly announcing the main points to be argued. They will see others that lead into the writer's position by making a prediction, asking a series of questions, describing a scenario, or defining critical terms in the quotation. The readers know that a writer can earn a high score by giving multiple examples or by presenting a single, extended example. Look at the sample Issue responses, particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, to see how other writers have successfully developed and organized their arguments.
You should use as many or as few paragraphs as you consider appropriate for your argument—for example, you will probably need to create a new paragraph whenever your discussion shifts to a new cluster of ideas.
What matters is not the number of examples, the number of paragraphs, or the form your argument takes but, rather, the cogency of your ideas about the issue and the clarity and skill with which you communicate those ideas to academic readers.
Sample Issue Topic
“In our time, specialists of all kinds are highly overrated. We need more generalists—people who can provide broad perspectives."
Strategies for this Topic
This claim raises several related questions: What does it mean to be a generalist or a specialist, and what value do they have for society?(上文说的define a term) Does society actually need more generalists, and are specialists, in fact, “highly overrated?”(if之后then成功了木?)
There are several basic positions you could take on this issue: Yes, society needs more generalists and places too high a value on specialists. No, the opposite is true. Or, it depends on various factors. Or, both groups are important in today’s culture; neither is overvalued. Your analysis might draw examples from a
PAGE 9
particular society or country, from one or more areas of society, or from various situations. It might focus on the role of generalists and specialists in relation to communications, transportation, politics, information, or technology. Any of these approaches is valid, so long as you use relevant reasons and examples to support your position.
可以narrow down ‘society’, 我不会想到narrow down society,之后从很大的概念上讲generalist 和
specialist对整个社会的作用,但现在,如果确定到中国电力领域的情况,整个论证过程就可以更cogent,不会被rater认为有中途偷换概念之嫌,而且很可能,我为了论证方便,频繁更换society的范围。
the role of the generalists and specialists这个到容易想到,但应该也不会细化到communications, transportation, politics, information or technology.
越读intro,越让我觉得issue和argument的真滴是assess the ability of critical thinking and persuasive writing skills. 不是看你有没有真知灼见,而是看你会不会logically的阐述证明自己的观点。这也就让我想到一个问题,论证一个命题,让它在某些条件下成立,远远要比一个命题,在任何情况下都成立,要容易得多。再有,issue task里面的topic,是不存在公理的,所以也就不可能在很笼统的情况下证明哪儿哪儿都对。Thus,把每个topic都仔细限定下范围,会不会让我滴issue更sound呢?
Before you stake out a position, take a few moments to reread the claim. To analyze it, consider questions such as these:
• What are the main differences between specialists and generalists? What are the strong points of each?
比较两个东西,它们的区别是什么?主要区别呢?
• Do these differences always hold in various professions or situations? Could there be some specialists, for example, who also need to have very broad knowledge and general abilities to perform their work well?
这些区别在某些情况下,有交集么?
• How do generalists and specialists function in your field?
联系实际
• What value do you think society places on specialists and generalists? Are specialists overvalued in some situations, and not in others?
讨论另一个关键词,value~
• Does society really need more generalists than it has? If so, what needs would they serve?
if,then中的then能成立木?如果成立,在什么情况下成立
Now you can organize your thoughts into two groups:
• Reasons and examples to support the claim
• Reasons and examples to support an opposing point of view
If you find one view clearly more persuasive than the other, consider developing an argument from that perspective. As you build your argument, keep in mind the other points, which you could argue against. If both groups have compelling points, consider developing a position supporting, not the stated claim, but a more limited or more complex claim. Then you can use reasons and examples from both sides to justify your position.
以上所有,感觉ets都在建议,要选一个对自己有利的角度去判断,但很多人都有选择impossible task的情节,越是不好做,越要试试,这个需要注意哇。
此外,还有一项,就是众多人推荐的两边平衡写法,但看完ets的说明,我觉得平衡写法更难,因为需要一个比现有stated claim更详细,复杂的claim。但我觉得很多文章,并没有在论述一个more limited or more complex claim,依然还是对原有claim进行评说。ets当然知道这个claim可以两边说了,不用我们再废话了。。。
Essay Responses and Reader Commentary
Essay Response * – Score 6
In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing life complexity and psychological displacement, both positive and negative effects among persons in Western society call for a balance in which there are both specialists and generalists.
原来这句的模板就打这儿来的。。。我都见过好多这么写的了,从雅思托福到gre。。。poor rater。。。这篇文章就是两面说的文章,特意注意了下,它真的limited claim啦,
是一个科技飞速发展的现代西方社会,en~我相信,要是个非洲土著部落,情况肯定大大的不同,所以分类分的还是很有效的
(Reason)Specialists are necessary in order to allow society as a whole to properly and usefully assimilate the masses of new information and knowledge that have come out of research and have been widely disseminated through mass global media. (Example) As the head of Pharmacology at my university once said (and I paraphrase):"I can only research what I do because there are so many who have come before me to whom I can turn for basic knowledge. It is only because of each of the narrowly focussed individuals at each step that a full and true understanding of the complexities of life can be had. Each person can only hold enough knowledge to add one small rung to the ladder, but together we can climb to the moon." (Reason)This illustrates the point that our societies level of knowledge and technology is at a stage in which there simply must be specialists in order for our society to take advantage of the information available to us.
Simply put, without specialists, our society would find itself bogged down in the Sargasso sea of information overload. While it was fine for early physicists to learn and understand the few laws and ideas |
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