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Score 5
A 5 paper presents a generally thoughtful, well-developed analysis of the complexities of the issue and conveys meaning clearly.
A typical paper in this category
Score 4
A 4 paper presents a competent analysis of the issue and conveys meaning adequately.
A typical paper in this category
| 6分 | 5分 | 4分 |
1 analysis | cogent, well-articulated, complexities | generally thoughtful, well-developed, complexities | competent |
1.1 position | insightful | well-considered | clear |
1.2 structure | well-focused, well-organized, logically | focused and generally well organized, appropriately | adequately focused and organized |
1.3 reasons | compelling | logically sound | relevant |
1.4 examples | persuasive | well-chosen | relevant |
2 expression | skillfully | clearly | adequately |
2.1 ideas | fluently and precisely | clearly and well | reasonable clarity |
2.2 vocabulary | effective | appropriate |
|
2.3 sentence | variety | variety |
|
2.4 conventions | demonstrates facility, may have minor errors | demonstrates facility, may have minor errors | generally demonstrates control, may have some errors |
废话类型五:常见的废名词,出现只为凑字数
1. character: Acts of a hostile character →Hostile acts
2. system: Dayton has adopted the commission system of government. →Daytonhas adopted government by commission.
The dormitory system →Dormitories
此外还有nature, process等,当然不是处处为废
补充几个大家常用的废词
1. case
In many cases, the rooms were poorly ventilated. →Many of the rooms were poorly ventilated.
It has rarely been the case that any mistake has been made. →Few mistakes have been made.
2. factor
His superior training was the great factor in his winning the match. →He won the match by being better trained.
Heavy artillery is becoming an increasingly important factor in deciding battles. →Heavy artillery is playing a larger and larger part in deciding battles.
3. respective &respectively
Works of fictionare listed under the names of their respective authors. →Works of fiction are listed under the names of their authors.
The one mile and two mile runs were won by Jones and Cummings respectively.
→The one mile and two mile runswere won by Jones and by Cummings.
废话类型一:傻傻的否定句!
not honest →dishonest
not important →trifling
did not remember →forgot
did not pay any attention to →ignored
did not have much confidence in →distrusted
废话类型二:不必要的修饰!
there is no doubt but that →no doubt (doubtless)
used for fuel purposes →used for fuel
he is a man who →he
in a hasty manner →hastily
this is a subject which →this subject
His story is a strange one. →His story is strange.
废话类型三:最常见废词----"the fact that"
owing to the fact that since →(because)
in spite of the fact that though →(although)
call your attention to the fact that remind you →(notify you)
I was unaware of the fact that →(did not know)
the fact that he had not succeeded →his failure
the fact that I had arrived →my arrival
废话类型四:累赘的插入结构
His brother, who is a member of the same firm →His brother, a member of the same firm
Trafalgar, which was Nelson's last battle →Trafalgar, Nelson's last battle
GRE/GMAT写作中的小词
2009-03-18
作者:
夏霏
来源:上海新东方
国外部
在 GRE和GMAT写作的满分(6分)评分标准中,无论是ISSUE还是ARGUMENT,都会对写作的用词提出要求。如在ISSUE 中提到:Uses language fluently, with varied sentence structure and effective vocabulary.即语言流利,使用多变的句型和有效、令人印象深刻的词汇。ARGUMENT中提到:Demonstrates control of language, including diction and syntactic variety.即展示对语言的掌控,包括用词和用句的多样性。通过这两条,不难看出,阅卷人在“词”这块的要求其实很简单 ----effective(有效、印象深刻)和variety(多样化)。而在写作中,恰到好处的使用“小词”就可以帮助你的文章达到上述两个要求。
首先要说明一点,所谓“小词”并非俚语。由于评分标准明确要求使用standard written English(标准书面英语),因此非正式的俚语、俗语、外来语都不被建议在写作中使用。“小词”------- smart word,指的是一些看似稀松平常普普通通的单词的精妙用法。主要包括以下几种情况:
一.
具体—抽象:
所谓具体到抽象指的是把一个单词的具体含义进行引申从而用在某些抽象的场合。下面我们来看几个例子。
1.Bask. Bask这个单词表示晒太阳,由此可以引申出沉浸,沐浴在(胜利,喜悦,赞美,关怀中)。如bask in the glory of world cup (沉浸在世界杯的荣耀中)或者bask in jubilance.(沉浸在喜悦中)
2.Brew. Brew这个单词也很熟悉,表示酿酒,一引申就可以变成酝酿这个抽象含义。如每逢战争即将打响,我们可以说Storms are brewing on every frontier.(每个边境上都酝酿着风暴。)
3. Swallow. Swallow表示吞咽东西,也就是不加咀嚼地吃东西,因此当我们在描述一个人不加思考就轻易相信别人时,就可以使用这个单词。如Surely, I know better than to swallow hiswords.(我当然不会傻到就这样相信他的鬼话)有时也可以表示取消,如He had to swallow his words。(他不得不取消前言。)
4.Gnaw. Gnaw指的是小动物,如啮齿类动物,咬,啃。稍加引申就变成了使烦恼;折磨。如Thefeeling of guilt gnawed at my conscience day and night.(内疚日夜折磨着我的良心。)
5. Wean. Wean原义指新生儿断奶,引申为使断绝;使戒掉;使放弃。如Theseplants have succeed in weaning from the green house environment.(这些植物已经成功摆脱了对温室环境的依赖。)
二.
名词—动词
不同词性之间的转换也是小词活用的一个思路,这里我们讲讲相对较为普遍也容易掌握的名词到动词的活用。
1.Bridge. Bridge,桥梁。桥梁的作用很显然是连接,因此它做动词就可以表示连接、消除(隔阂,鸿沟等)。如bridge chasm, silence, difference,generation gap(弥合裂缝,打破冷场,消除分歧,弥合代沟)
2.Budget. Budget名词表示预算,动词为合理安排。如She is extremely busy, so she has to budget her time carefully.(她忙极了,所以必须好好安排时间。)
3.Toy. Toy是玩具的意思,由这个名词演变出的动词可以表示漫不经心的考虑,摆弄。如She toyed with a pencil, brooding on something like ahen.(她摆弄着铅笔,似有心事。)
4.Bracket. Brackets 复数形式表示括号。动词bracket指把某和某归入一类,相提并论,Jones and Smith were bracketed in a tie forthe first prize. (约翰和史密斯双双被评为头奖。)
三.
由人到物
所谓由人到物是指这个单词原本形容人,而在某些场合中可以采用“拟物”的手法,形容物体或事件。
1.Flatter. Flatter指谄媚;奉承。拟物后可以表示(照片,画像等)比真人好看。如You are surely flattered by this dress.(你穿这衣服更漂亮了。)
2.Flirt. Flirt最熟悉的意思是调情,而事实上,它还可以表示不当真的对待,玩笑地对待。如Flirt with the idea of resigning (脑子里一直浮现辞职的念头)
3. Conspire.conspire形容人同谋,密谋,也可以形容事物联合发生共同导致(不良后果)。如Wretched weather, nasty food and disgusting companionsconspired to reduce my picnic to be a wet blanket.(糟糕的天气,难吃
的东西,和不喜欢的人,我的野餐真倒霉。)
4.Coax. Coax指人用好话劝,哄诱,指物的时候作耐心地处理,小心摆弄的意思。如Pianists have their own difficulties on thepiano hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound likepercussion.(钢琴演奏家也有自己的困难处,钢琴上的用来击弦的小锤务必仔细摆弄,以免听起来像打击乐。)
四.
本意引申
有些单词在长期使用中,可能会慢慢衍变成其他我们更熟悉的含义。但是有时恰恰是它的本来意思可以引申出一些奇妙的用法。
1.Throw. Throw原本指的是人在马背上,被马突然摔在地上。因此就有了这样的用法,表示使处于,使陷入(某种状态中)。如Thousands were thrown into homeless by thewar. (战争使千万人无家可归。)
2.Pitch. Pitch除了表示投、掷等意思外,还可以指定标准,用合适的角度,方式表达。这是由于在古希腊的时候,运动会上往往会通过投掷标枪确定一条合格线,因此这个词就慢慢有了定标准这层意思。如The program was pitched at just the rightlevel.( 大纲所定的水平恰到好处。)
3.Blood. Blood鲜血。猎人在猎狐和狗在第一次出猎前给它们尝血的味道。引申后表示使新手取得初次经验。如Many revolutionary devotees were blooded inWuchang Uprise.( 武昌起义使很多热血志士首次经受革命的洗礼。)
希望通过上述的这些小词给大家提供一些思路。其实只要平时多看一些欧美TV,电影,原版书籍或者多收听如VOA,BBC这样的英语广播,多留心,多积累,做个有心人,就可以轻松掌握这些小词,并且在写作中熟练使用,使文章锦上添花。
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