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本帖最后由 comorain 于 2009-4-19 17:02 编辑
Comorain 原创作品,转载请注明出处
(6)标点是否恰当?
同学们可能觉得标点符号太简单,但实际上也很容易出错,而且错了也难以察觉。我总结以下,经常出错的情形如下:
A. however前
病句:The argument seems reasonable, however, close scrutiny of its evidence reveals how groundless the conclusion is.
修改:The argument seems reasonable; however, close scrutiny of its evidence reveals how groundless the conclusion is.
The argument seems reasonable. However, close scrutiny of its evidence reveals how groundless the conclusion is.
The argument seems reasonable. Close scrutiny of its evidence, however, reveals how groundless the conclusion is.
B.逗号代替句点、分号、冒号或破折号
病句:The essay is poorly organized, there is no central idea.
修改:The essay is poorly organized; there is no central idea.
The essay is poorly organized: there is no central idea.
C. 非限制性定语从句、状语从句与逗号
病句:We were led into a nearest fabric shop that was divided into two parts.
修改:We were led into a nearest fabric shop, which was divided into two parts.(从句意看,为非限制性定语从句)
病句:We will go there, if it is fine tomorrow.
修改:We will go there if it is fine tomorrow.(状语从句位于句末不用标点)
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go there.(状语从句位于句首要用标点隔开)
D.连接副词与逗号
病句:So, they keep in touch with each other merely by writing letters and phoning now.
修改:So they keep in touch with each other merely by writing letters and phoning now.(perhaps,so等副词后不加逗号)
E.and和逗号
在三个及以上并列的单词、词组和从句之间用逗号,并在最后一个成分前加and。
病句:Cecille speaks English, Spanish, French and Creole.
修改:Cecille speaks English, Spanish, French, and Creole.
在两个并列的形容词间用逗号分隔。
病句:For men, heroism was usually described asbravery and the active and successful overcoming of adversity.
修改:For men, heroism was usually described asbravery and the active, successful overcoming of adversity.
F.直接引语前
病句:Mary said: “Let’s go fishing.”
修改:Mary said, “Let’s go fishing.” (如果是引用比较正式的发言讲话就要用冒号,一般情况下就用逗点)
G.引号中的标点符号
句号和逗号必须置于引号之内,冒号与分号必置于引号外。如:
“I thought he was responsible,” he said, “but he isn’t.”
He told the gunman,“I refuse to do that”; his knees, however, were shaking even as he said those words.
She called this schedule of activities her “load”: work, study, exercise, recreation, and sleep.
问号、感叹号和破折号有时置于引号之内, 有时置于外号之外。如果所引内容本身是疑问句、感叹句或带有破折号, 问号、感叹号或破折号一般放在引号之内。否则,放在引号之外。
The teacher asked,“Could you understand me?”
Did the teacher say,“They have gone”?
The frightened girl screamed, “Help!”
He interrupted me,“Now, listen”—and went on saying.
Glancing through the essay entitled “Why Not More?,” Dr. Jefferson frowned thoughtfully.
H.连字符、连接号、破折号与斜线号
连字符(hyphen)(‐)可连接多个单词或单个单词的不同音节,主要有三个用途:
①区分同形异义词,如re-dress意思为“重新穿衣、再整理”,redress意思是“改正、补救”;
②连接前缀与词干,如non-linear, sub-section, super-achiever;
③连接复合形容词和副词的相关部分,如face-to-face discussion, a friendly-lookingdriver, the 6-hectare-limit rule;
④用于移行(将一个单词隔断为两部分,分别放在上下两行),一般按音节间断开单词加连字号(例如:ha-ppy,不可断为hap-py)。注意不要把单个字母留在行尾或行首;一页中最后一个单词不能使用连字号将其置于两页。
连字号前后一般都没有空格,除非两个复合形容词分隔开来,如two- and three-digit numbers, a ten-car or-truck convoy, sloping right- or leftward。
数字和单位组合成复合形容词时,只有单位不缩写才用连字符。
错误:9-mm gap
正确: 9 mm gap
错误:9 millimetre gap
正确:9-millimetre gap
正确:12-hour shift
正确:12 h shift
连接号(en dash,又称短破折号)(–)主要有三个用途:
①表示范围或航班、路线等,相当于to或through,如pp. 211–19, 64–75%, the 1939–45 war, May–November, Dublin–Belfastroute。
②在复合词组中表达不同成分的关系,相当于and, to或versus,如Canada–US border, blood–brain barrier, time–altitudegraph, 4–3 win in the opening game, male–female ratio, 3–2 majority verdict, Lincoln–Douglas debate, diode–transistor logic。但在Sino-Japanesetrade中使用连字符,因为Sino-是一个前缀。
在上述两种情况中,连接号前后一般没有空格,但当其组合的成分包括空格时,其前后均有空格。如:the New York – Sydneyflight; the New Zealand – South Africa grandfinal; June 3, 1888 – August 18, 1940。
破折号(em dash,又称长破折号)(—)表示中断,主要有两个用途:
①引出插入语,如:Everyone—even the most practiced and confident of writers—should spend some time preparing for the analytical writing section before arriving at the test center.
②表示思维的突然中断或转移,如:By trying we can easily learn to endure adversity—another man's, I mean. (Mark Twain)
破折号前后没有空格,但有时候用前后加空格的连接号来代替破折号。如:Spaced en dashes – such as here – can be used instead of unspaced em dashes in all of the ways discussed above.
斜线号(slash)(/)用来连接两个相关的单词或短语,但两者之间的关系并不明确。如:
A 6-score paper develops the position with compelling reasons and/or persuasive examples.
这里有三种可能性:reasons and examples, reasons alone, examples alone。
再如:The parent/instructor must be present at all times.
Must both be present? (Then write the parent and the instructor.)
Must at least one be present? (Then write the parent or the instructor.)
Are they the same person? (Use a hyphen: the parent-instructor.)
斜线号前后可有空格,也可无空格。上面两个例子都是无空格的,有空格的例子如下:
To be or not tobe: that is the question: / Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune(当诗或歌词的句子没有用段落分隔时,用带空格的斜线号分隔)
the NY 31east / NY 370 exit(连接的成本本身包含空格)
前三者在形式上的差别是:连字符宽度为一个英文字符,连接号的宽度大致相当于字母n,破折号的宽度大致相当于两个连字符,长度依次递增。
I.冒号、破折号与圆括弧
冒号、破折号与圆括弧都可以用来引导解释性成份,但有所差别。
①分隔能力和正式性不同:分隔能力最强的是圆括弧,其次是破折号,最差的是冒号;最正式的是冒号,其次是破折号,最差的是圆括弧。
②在引导解释性成份时,冒号一般用来列举,只解释离它最近的名词;破折号和圆括弧则灵活一些。
病句:Your dedicated whittler requires: a knife, a piece of wood, and a back porch.
修改:Your dedicated whittler requires three props: a knife, a piece of wood, and aback porch.
病句:Understanding is that penetrating qualityof knowledge that grows from: theory, practice, conviction, assertion, error, and humiliation.
修改:Understanding is that penetrating qualityof knowledge that grows from theory, practice, conviction, assertion, error, and humiliation.
病句:The rear axle began to make a noise: it sounded like a grinding, chattering, teeth-gritting rasp.
修改:The rear axle began to make a noise: a grinding, chattering, teeth-gritting rasp.
The rear axle began to make a noise—a grinding, chattering, teeth-gritting rasp.
The rear axle began to make a noise (a grinding, chattering, teeth-gritting rasp).
The rear axle began to make a noise—it sounded like a grinding, chattering,teeth-gritting rasp.
The rear axle began to make a noise (it sounded like a grinding, chattering,teeth-gritting rasp).
以下Issue题目的破折号表列举:
Issue34 “Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety of disciplines—that is, courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physical and biological sciences—colleges and universities should allow students to enroll only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in today's increasingly work-oriented society.”
Issue70 "In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."
Issue108 "In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings—trials, debates, meetings, etc—that are televised, the more society will benefit."
Issue116 "With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society—including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences—will benefit greatly from international influences."
Issue118 "In any field of endeavor—the sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, industry, etc.—it is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal."
Issue123 "It is possible to identify a person's politics within a very short time of meeting him or her. Everything about people—their clothes, their friends, the way they talk, what they eat—reflects their political beliefs."
Issue132 "The university community consists of three different worlds—the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. Because each world operates on its own assumptions and has its own special habits of thinking, rarely is there meaningful interaction among the sciences,the humanities, and the social sciences."
③破折号和圆括弧可以表示思维的突然中断或转移,冒号则不能。
病句:The human race has survived, and the planet seems to have replenished itself: there are fish, oceans, forests, but what kind of society exists in 2195?
修改:The human race has survived, and the planet seems to have replenished itself—there are fish, oceans, forests—but what kind of society exists in 2195?
The human race has survived, and the planet seems to have replenished itself (there are fish, oceans, forests) but what kind of society exists in 2195?
④破折号、圆括弧和逗号可以引入插入语,冒号则不能。在此用法上,圆括弧会严重削弱强调作用,逗号会削弱强调作用,如要强调插入的句子成份,则要用破折号。
His first thought on getting out of bed—if he had any thought at all—was to get back in again.
以下Issue题目的破折号在句中表插入、强调:
Issue60 "The media—and society in general—mistakenly expect an individual to speak for a particular group,whether or not that individual truly represents the views of the entiregroup."
Issue63 "To truly understand your own culture—no matter how you define it—requires personal knowledge of at least oneother culture, one that is distinctly different from your own."
Issue99 "In any realm of life—whether academic, social, business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take apractical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options."
Issue185 "Scandals—whether in politics,academia, or other areas—can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could."
Issue190 "As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is in appropriate—and, perhaps, evencruel—when one considers all the potential uses of such money."
Issue213 "Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge the assertions of others. In fact, theability to compromise and work with others—that is, the ability to achieve social harmony—should be a major goal in every school."
Issue218 "In order for any work of art—whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people."
Issue219 "Now that computer technology has made possible the rapid accessing of large amounts of factual information, people are less likely than ever to think deeply or originally. They feel unable to compete with—much less contribute to—the quantity of information thatis now available electronically."
Issue228 "The best way to teach—whether as an educator, employer, or parent—is to praise positive actions and ignore negativeones."
Issue230"College students—and people in general—prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible inorder to offer students clear direction."
Issue235 "Most people are taught that loyaltyis a virtue. But loyalty—whether to one's friends, to one's school or place of employment, or to any institution—is all too often a destructive rather than apositive force."
Issue237 "Computers and video technology can make facsimiles of original works such as paintings and historical documents available to everyone. The great advantage of this new technology is that it will enable anyone—not just scholars—to conduct in-depth research without having access to the original works."
⑤破折号可以引入句子的总结强调部分,而冒号和圆括弧都不能。
The increasing reluctance of the sun to rise, the extra nip in the breeze, the patter of shed leaves dropping—all the evidences of fall drifting into winter were clearer each day.
以下Issue题目的破折号在句尾表总结、强调:
Issue25 “Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible.”
Issue47 “Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect—that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills.”
Issue179 "What most human beings really want to attain is not knowledge, but certainty. Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind open—but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the complex and often unsettling truth about anything."
Issue201 "The purpose of education should be to provide students with a value system, a standard, a set of ideas—not to prepare them for a specific job."
⑥冒号可以用来连接两个分句,其中后一个分句解释或详述前一个,而圆括弧和破折号则不能。
But even so, there was a directness and dispatch about animal burial: there was no stop over in the undertaker's foul parlor, no wreath or spray.
⑦在引出同位语时,破折号比逗号更引人注目,同时又不像圆括弧一样断断续续。但在同位语位于句末时,一般用逗号、冒号而不用破折号。
Wikipedia—one of the most popular web sites—has the information you need.
病句:We are studying and living at the famous university—Peking University.
修改:We are studying and living at the famous university, Peking University.
⑧破折号还用于不完整的句子或引语的结尾,用于表示中断,冒号和圆括弧则不能。
J.省略号
一般而言,英文省略号为三个圆点,与汉语不同。此省略号无论出现在句首、句中、还是句尾,都是表示单词的省略。其前后都不用空格,若在句尾,则为四个黑点,最后一个黑点为句号。此外,表示段落或整行词句的省略,须使用一整行黑点。
还有一种省略号为一个圆点,代表省略的单词。如:Mar.代表March.
K.出版物
英文没有中文的书名号,在印刷体中,一般书名用斜体,论文名加引号。在GRE作文考试时,由于没法编辑斜体,我们可以用引号将出版物(不管是书籍还是论文)名字上加引号,以示区别。
病句: While she is reading《Gone With the Wind》, I am cooking.
修改: While she is reading “Gone with the Wind”, I am cooking. |
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