Argument写作入门-开头段第二步：根据题目要求写主旨句

tesolchinaUID: 2191404

这是argument写作入门的第二篇，请大家先前往Argument写作入门-开头段第一步：梳理结论、论据，完成至少3个练习再来这里。回帖练习的同学请附上自己在上一个帖子里所占的楼层链接，以获得优先关注。  

上一讲我们介绍了如何在argument开头段概括原题中的结论和主要论据。这里我们重点讨论开头段要完成的第二个动作，根据题目要求写主旨句。这里首先要关注argument题库中的四个主要题型（有人分作8种，但主要是4种）。

evidence类：Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

question类：Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

assumption类："Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

explanation类：Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.";

从这四种题目要求的措辞，我们可以看到两点：
第一，和老G不同，新G的重点已经不是批判谬误，因此在文字不宜出现flawed/dubious这类字眼。题目实际并没有预设这个argument是不成立的，而是要求我们指出需要什么证据或检验什么假设或问什么问题或提出其他解释来评估这个论证。虽然OG的范文中偶尔也会用到holes之类的词，但基本上不能再用老G的措辞了。
第二，我们在写作时必须正面回应题目要求。evidence的题目，就得不断的讨论需要哪些证据；question的题目就要提出各种问题；等等。如果做不到这一点而拿到低分就就太冤枉了。

本次练习的重点是写开头段的第二部分。这里需要对后面几段的内容进行综述，或者说写出一个主旨句来统领全文。这里介绍两种不同的写法。第一种适合那些只求3.5分的同学，基本上只需要根据题目要求来写，不必回应具体的argument内容。比如evidence可以写成：

In order to assess the argument, we need to collect more information about a number of issues discussed above.  

接下来的几种简版主旨句，请大家先自己练习一下再和我的参考答案比对：

To evaluate the soundness of the recommendation, we need to ask a number of questions related to different aspects of the arguments.
A number of assumptions have been made explicitly or implicitly throughout the argument and we need to examine such assumptions critically to decide if the argument is convincing.
There are a number of rival explanations that we need to explore before we can assess the strength of the argument.  

这样写虽然也回应了题目的要求，但是没有具体讨论原题的内容，给人一种空话、套话的感觉。如果有同学觉得时间不够、造句能力有限，请务必自己写几个这种句子找人检查一下以后在考场上用，不要套用网上的版本。

接下来还是以argument 8为例，演示一下结合内容如何写主旨句

The following appeared in a memo from the director of student housing at Buckingham College.

"To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a number of new dormitories. Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends, will double over the next 50 years, thus making existing dormitory space inadequate. Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has risen in recent years. Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing. Finally, attractive new dormitories would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham."

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

上一讲已经讨论，

这个argument的结论是 Buckingham College should build a number of new dormitories. 前面还带了一个目的状语To serve the housing needs of our students 解释目的。而主要的论据包括
- Buckingham's enrolment is growing and, based on current trends, will double over the next 50 years, thus making existing dormitory space inadequate.
- Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has risen in recent years. Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing.
- Finally, attractive new dormitories would make prospective students more likely to enrol at Buckingham.  

那么写主旨句的时候其实已经要想好后面中间段主要写什么内容。这一点是很多同学面临的问题-也就是说，很多同学写文章是想到哪儿写到哪儿，或者说，写了第一句再想接下来怎么写，写着写着就可能写不下去了。而要想拿高分，必须在落笔前成竹在胸，在主旨句里将中间段的内容安排好。通常来说，我们可以按照原题的几个论据来安排。这里还是请大家自己先写然后再和我写的比对。

In order to evaluate the recommendation, we need more information about the enrolment trend of Buckingham College, the exact rents of the off-campus housing, students’ financial background and how prospective students make their choices.  

很明显，我这里在about后面有四个宾语，其中三个是名词短语、最后一个是宾语从句。而我后面的中间段会按这四个点展开来写。有些同学觉得要在写开头的时候就想好中间写什么有难度。这里有两个解决方案，一是多写开头段、多练习，这样在考场上会遇到熟题的机会就会增加；二是可以把这句话留到最后再写。不过即使最后写，也还是需要写中间段的时候，每段都能集中一个问题或几个相关的问题讨论。

接下来，请大家做几个其他题型的练习。


The following appeared in a letter from a homeowner to a friend.

"Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams Realty is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents; in contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago I listed my home with Fitch, and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams Realty.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted."

还是请大家先分一下结论和论据
结论 Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams Realty is clearly superior.
Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams Realty.

论据 Adams has 40 real estate agents; in contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time.
论据 Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000.
论据 Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago I listed my home with Fitch, and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month.

然后再写第一段，包括概括结论、论据和主旨句。
According to the friend of the homeowner, Adams is a better real estate firm and should be used in order to sell the home fast and get a good deal because it has more full-time agents, better home sales records. To assess this argument, we need to examine critically a number of assumptions about the workforce size and full-time or part-time mode, the average prices and the time required to sell a home.  



后面还有question和explanation，晚点再写吧

麦小粥UID: 3463784

感谢，非常有帮助！

reichyoungUID: 3819778

原题

The following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine.

"A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms. Of the advertising firms studied, those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night."

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

观点
These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night."


论据
1.A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms.
2.Of the advertising firms studied, those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth.

Grounded on the recent investigation of the advertising executives about their sleeping hours and the success of their firms, the arguer purports that ambitious business desires to pursue prosperity should hire employees sleeping less than 6 hours per night. A number of assumptions that the study could apply to the whole business industry, the executives' individual success is solely linked to sleeping hours and the individual success could represent the whole business's prosperity was proposed; however, these ostensible credible assumptions need to be meticulously examed to evaluate this argument's soundness.

摘抄原题
Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic regions.  They search for food by moving
over ice from island to island during the course of the year. Their habitat is limited to areas
warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed and cold enough, at least some of
the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel
over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are
declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have
caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the purported decline in deer
populations is the result of the deer's being unable to follow their age-old migration
patterns across the frozen sea.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

结论
Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have
caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the purported decline in deer
populations is the result of the deer being unable to follow their age-old migration
patterns across the frozen sea.

证据
1.Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic regions.
2.They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of the year.
3.Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it.
4.Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining.

首段
According to the arguer, rumor has it that the declination in the deer populations ascribes to the disappearance of inveterate migration route triggered by global warming. Living in artic regions, the deers' habitat is limited and they have to migrate itinerantly and their migration was hindered by climate change.In order to assess this argument, more evidence about the reliability of the report, the comprehensive investigation about the deer's populational declination and the virtual impact about global warming should be added.

练习一 argument 4

抄写完整原题
The following appeared in a letter from a homeowner to a friend.
"Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams Realty is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents; in contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago I listed my home with Fitch, and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams Realty."

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

列出结论
Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams Realty is clearly superior.
Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams Realty.

列出论据
1.Adams has 40 real estate agents; in contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time.
2. Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000.
3. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well.

写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据。
The homeowner suggests that his friends should use Adams Realty to sell his or her house for its superiority when compared with Fitch: Adams has more fixed agents, earns more revenue and home sales and sells estates faster. Several assumptions have been proposed in this argument: more full-time agents,  higher revenues, and average home sales corroborate Adam's superiority, along with the owner's onetime personal experience could indicate the future condition. To assess the validity of the recommendation, these assumptions should be examed prudentlly.

yaqizhang1UID: 3724321

2017.6.29/30
题目8：
The following appeared in a memo from the director of student housing at Buckingham College.
"To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a number of new dormitories. Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends, will double over the next 50 years, thus making existing dormitory space inadequate. Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has risen in recent years. Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing. Finally, attractive new dormitories would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham."
Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

结论：
To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a number of new dormitories.

论据：
1.Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends, will double over the next 50 years, thus making existing dormitory space inadequate.
2.Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has risen in recent years.Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing.
3.Finally, attractive new dormitories would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham.

首段第一部分：
The director recommends the college to build new dormitories based on the following arguments. Firstly,the number of students is arising and will possibly burgeon to twice of its original number in the next 5 decades, which he believes, nessacitates the building of new dormitories.Secondly, Off-campus housing would become unaffordable given the increasing average rent.Thirdly,new dormitories would attract prospective students.
主旨句：
In order to evaluate the recommendation, we require more evidence about the exact number of the students from all grades who need to live on campus, the income survey of the students, the financial statements of building the new dormitaries, the interests of students when it comes to college selection.

6.30
原文
"Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams Realty is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents; in contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago I listed my home with Fitch, and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams Realty.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted."

结论：
Adam real estate firm is superior to Fitch.

论据：
Adam has nearly twice as much real estate agents than that of fitch.
Last year,it's revenue was twice as high as that of fitch with a higher averaged home sale price.
Adams sell the writer's house faster last year than the speed of Fitch ten years ago.

开头段和主旨句
The home owner concludes that Adam real estate firm is superior to Fitch.The arguments are presented as follows.Fistly,Adam has more real estate agents with 40 compared to Fitch's 25.Secondly,based on the sales from last year, Adam's revenue was twice as high as that of fitch's with a higher averaged home sale price.Finally,Adams sold the writer's house faster last year than the speed of Fitch ten years ago.
The conclusion of the writer is based on the following assumptions.First,the superiority can be partly revealed by the scale of the company.Second,last year's revenue represents all the performances of the company.Thirdly,the sales condition for different houses are the same in the past 10 years.

karinqUID: 3809885

good

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谢谢老师！

sunshinehanUID: 3762313

Argument 4
The following appeared in a letter from a homeowner to a friend.

"Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams Realty is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents; in contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago I listed my home with Fitch, and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams Realty.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted."

结论：
Adams selling house's speed more quickly than Fitch

论据：
Adams more agents than F

Adams averaged income were $168,000, compared to F $144,000 last year.

Ten years ago the homeowner used F to sold his home and it took more than 4 months, compare to last year, he used Adams and it took only one month.

开头：
According to the view of the homeowner to a friend, Adams Realty is better than Fitch Realty. Because of the employee in the Adams more than Fitch,
Adams averaged income were $168,000, compared to F $144,000 last year , and ten years ago the homeowner used F to sold his home and it took more than 4 months,
compare to last year, he used Adams and it took only one month. To assess this argument, we need to investigate the employee's quality both in the Adams and Fitch,
the economics since ten years ago, and the housing conditions.

Kepler_UID: 3641408

第一步连接：https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mo ... xtra=#pid1780758144

练习一：The following appeared in a letter from a homeowner to a friend.

"Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams Realty is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents; in contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago I listed my home with Fitch, and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams Realty.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted."

LmzqsdUID: 3648822

To evaluate the argument, we need to collect more evidences about these issues above.

In order to assess the recommendation, we need to ask following questions, xxxxxxxxxx

The argument is shaky and full of unwarranted stated or unstated assumptions aboutxxxxxxx

the argument suffers a number of logic flaws, and have several alternative explanations that could result in the facts in the argument

钱炯恺UID: 3734593

1111111

钱炯恺UID: 3734593

thx

乌拉斯长嘶UID: 3628667

请问大家 本帖后面楼主有写到 questions explanation的例子吗.?谢谢😊

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666666

MrJellUID: 3643792

zsczsl 发表于 2015-1-8 07:21
王老师好，我做了三个梳理结论、论据练习，链接如下，敬请点评，多谢！

https://bbs.gter.net/thread-179 ...

受教

TateHuangUID: 3629643

tesolchina 发表于 2015-10-27 08:16
谢谢提醒 你可以看看我写的相关范文和提纲

谢谢老师，一直有关注老师的文章，可惜30号就要考试了
有个小问题想请教老师您，是关于issue 28的
The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers,
artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.
题目说了surest，这样是不是一定要二选一说哪个更好一点才切题？我想到以下的思路，请老师说下算不算偏题
1.不对greatness定义，说两个indicator都是重要的，同时两个indicator还是互相依赖的
2.不对greatness定义，说两个都是有用的indicator,同时还举出其他的indicator，说全部结合起来才算greatness

这样想是感觉如果定义了greatness，还要支持一方，在举例上实在困难，没能力写其他国家发生的事例……