【TPO阅读精读】S酱的阅读考点与题目分析

S酱UID：2883188

本人分析的tpo阅读各篇文章出题要点以及题目选项分析，有时候三篇里某篇太简单就会被我无视，挑较难的两篇分析
以下为已完成部分，欢迎大家来交流指教～如果有问题也可以跟帖留言，虽然咱不是牛人，但对做过的tpo1-14题目还挺熟悉～

有人问我做tpo阅读精读对考试有没有帮助～我觉得这问题很好～，如果你是大牛，我估计没用，因为牛人直接做对题就完事了～毕竟这是考试分数最重要
如果不是，下面两种人建议做精读：
1.和我一样非牛的（嗯6级没考到500并且没准备过gre的），那最好做做，分析自己错哪里；考完gre的一般直接碾压托福阅读不解释。
2.还有就是跟我一样不报班自学的同志～可以做做精读，因为从这里你可以体会出整个ets出题的思路，通过分析阅读文章，你可以了解听力大致是啥结构，所以做了阅读精读我听力笔记就知道记啥，即使听不懂也知道记什么。还有作文，你可以学习下ets眼中好文章的思路和结构，理解英语的逻辑与思维，英语的表达与论证方式，当然咱们写托福作文要求不这么高了…
嗯暂时就能想到这么多了～总之回想下以前学语文咋学的吧！现在英语也是一样的，通过精读好文章学习。我觉得这不一定立刻提高你的成绩，因为这和你自身水平有关，但是这个会长远角度提高你的英语水平～


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TPO14

Children and Advertising 儿童与广告
Young children are trusting of commercial advertisements in the media, and advertisers have sometimes been accused of taking advantage of this trusting outlook.儿童很信任广告于是奸商利用这种信任 The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness'—creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.考点

General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of exaggeration. 常用手法：夸张 Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children are largely ill-equipped to recognize such techniques and that often exaggeration is used at the expense of product information. Claims such as "the best' or “better than" can be subjective and misleading; even adults may be unsure as to their meaning. They represent the advertiser's opinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a consequence, are difficult to verify考点：广告自卖自夸令人无法辨别广告内容真伪：. Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance an exaggerated claim with a disclaimer夸张的手段（用disclaimer来掩盖和抵消夸张手法）—a qualification or condition on the claim.考点 For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast.' However, research has shown that children often have difficulty understanding disclaimers: children may interpret理解 the phrase 'when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast" to mean that the cereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced breakfast. The author George Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the ages of six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toy advertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended when presented in both audio and visual formats考点：audio和visual formats共存更有力. Nevertheless尽管如此, disclaimers are mainly presented in audio format only考点：audio为主力.

Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience想象是另一种手段来误导儿童. Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy than advertisements aimed at adults. In a content analysis of Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for character toys featured fantasy play儿童广告比成人广告更爱使用fantasy，比如一个人发现所有玩具广告都有fantasy成分. Children have strong imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough to 精于realize that what they are viewing is unreal.儿童总分不清虚拟和现实 Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to attract children's attention, particularly in food advertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten including such content. Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising考点：儿童能否分清虚拟和现实还不uncertain. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.考点：儿童广告理性少，感性更多

The use of celebrities such as singers and movie stars is common in advertising. 第三种方法：celebrities The intention is for the positively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertised product and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience's mind. In children's advertising, the celebrities are often animated figures from popular cartoons In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been conflated（mix together different elements） with the concept of host selling.celebrities方法相关的host selling Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other. Host selling occurs, for example, when a children's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal. The psychologist Dale Kunkel showed that the practice of host selling reduced children's ability to distinguish between advertising and program material.host selling融合的很好，让儿童不知不觉就看见广告了 It was also found that older children responded more positively to products in host selling advertisements.大点的孩子更接受这种host selling广告

Regarding the appearance of celebrities in advertisements that do not involve host selling,不包含hostselling的celebrities the evidence is mixed. Researcher Charles Atkin found that children believe that the characters used to advertise breakfast cereals are knowledgeable about cereals, and children accept such characters as credible sources of nutritional information. This finding was even more marked for heavy viewers of television. In addition, children feel validated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorses that product. A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect the children’s perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrity in question. 儿童不喜欢celebrtiy的话，也不喜欢这个产品


于是来帖咱悲剧的结果

1.2
2.1 起初在1和3中间犹豫，但最后觉得不是理解，而是知道真相
3.4 文中原话  They represent the advertiser's opinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a consequence, are difficult to verify.
4.1 我起初在想2是不是，比如文中一直说误导消费者，其实这句只是说麦片有营养，而1是文中儿童误解后的结果吧，之后我查了desirable发现是可取的意思，这才明白，我还是单词不过关，不过幸好觉得2更错点，所以选对了
5.3 选错为1了 选不正确选项 这个要看最后面disclaimers are mainly presented in audio format only. 因此3是错的
6.2
7.1 本段一直再说children分不清虚拟的和真实的
8.3 ets就是喜欢段尾出题！答案在最后一句 Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.
9.4 选错为3了 词汇题 从文中句子能推断这里是“方面，特点”的意思
10.1定位题 答案在 Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other.
11.2
12.1 在3段第一句
13.1 4 6 答案 1 2 4（6 根据这句The author George Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the ages of six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toy advertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended when presented in both audio and visual formats，说明6是错的； 3明显错，没说都用在麦片啥的上；5明显错，大点孩子也不因为广告理性所以怎么样）2 中说celebrities不是那么必要，可以从第4段看出，但是没什么具体句子呢

－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－我是悲剧的分割线－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－


MAYA WATER PROBLEMS  用时19分 错误1

1.4 这个想说明玛雅天气比较变态
2.4 没说south不可预料，是整个p那个地方都不可预料
3.2 文中有原句子 The ancient Maya were presumably more experienced and did better
4.4 > 2了 词汇题，不认识paradoxically（自相矛盾）
5.3 指代题，直接找定位句 往前找
6.2 文中有说p到处存在一种能让雨水直接渗透下去的地质
7.3 文中说南方地势高因此水很难弄到
8.1 （2 错误，因为没说maya人能modify水；3中没说leaks in karst的问题；4中明显错因为文中没说玛雅人不善于存储水）
9.1 最后一句A shorter drought in which they exhausted their stored food supplies might already have gotten them in deep trouble, because growing crops required rain rather than reservoirs.贯彻ets每篇文章必有最后一句考点，
10.3 文中说万一干旱季节比预计长啥的
11.1 用光的意思
12.4
13.SOUTHERN 1 3 4      NORTHERN 5 7 觉得很简单都可以在文中找到


－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－我是悲剧的分割线－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－


PASTORALISM IN ANCIENT INNER EURASIA  用时20分 错误4


1. 2 这个很明显是标志的意思
2. 2  根据文中 It is the use of horses for transportation and warfare that explains why Inner Eurasian pastoralism proved the most mobile and the most militaristic of all major fors of pastoralism.
3. 4 选错为3了 词汇题 虽然知道profound 是深远的影响，但因为对far－reaching（深远的）理解有误以为是差太远的意思－ －冏，其实选了direct觉得也不那么贴切，看来2个都不确定的时候还是应该选看起来最对的，是我疏忽了
4. 1这个也挺明显的，对比题的选项就要2者都提到
5. 4 一直在说移动性比较好，2选项说吃的多文中并没提到
6. 4 选错为2了 举例题 So, it is no accident that with the appearance of pastoralist societies there appear large areas that share similar cultural, ecological, and even linguistic features. 后面的语言问题是支持这句话的，是这句话的展开论述，而这句话则是对本段第一句的说明。选项2 我原本以为这个语言问题说明了p对大陆有很大的影响，在于他们侵略了整个大陆顺便带去了他们的文化
7. 2 reliable和convincing都差不多于是选noticeable，而且没有证据说明xxx是可信的，而是令人惊异的感觉
8. 1 选错为4了 词汇题 exploit 开发 功绩 纯属单词不认识＝＝
9. 2 从第二句话可以看出，他们因为总要移动所以带不了很多东西
10. 3 选错为2了 选不正确选项 这题充分说明了ets的腹黑！！
【Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest(紫色这一句都是插入语）, they（这个指代，指代的是inequalities，不是periods of military） are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class.

这句话相当于 Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class，except in periods of military conquest.
这句话的大意是：不平等的确存在于大部分的p社会中，但是他们一般不足以行成稳固的，建立在阶级基础上的世袭制，但是除了在军事期间以外。也就是说军事期间是最稳固的】
11. 4 本段最后一句话，ets很喜欢在最后一句出题
12. 1 这题是第四段，模考pps版本里有这题
13. 1 3 4 （2错误，因为说他们有丝绸贸易；这个文中没说，5错误，不是现在的学者认为这样；6错误，没说他们有精神追求什么的）


总结：
1、常错的还是单词题和细节题，单词是我很苦恼的地方，这次阅读3错了3个单词题都是大致认识的，结果还是错，哎…期待大家来指点我
2、其他要注意的是还是要仔细看文章，有一些细节要更加注意，尤其是副词这种也要留意。还有一段的最后一句也总是考点所在所以不要马虎大意。
3、还有如果找定位句的话，有的时候也不要太关注细节而丧失对整体的把握…

ps：最后1篇还是有的难度，所以有点受打击- -自己实力太不稳定了，唉啥时候能3篇总共错仨呢…第一次用模考版本还是挺不习惯

Carnation666UID：3843629

感谢S酱！好人一生平安

QVin23UID：3842931

谢谢s酱！

suanmiaoUID：3616591

好详细，多谢！

hsbzzhzUID：3586056

我可以求个TPO阅读文本吗

苏豆豆UID：3509496

赞啊，但是感觉会很花时间……………………

Cecilia-CaiUID：3527935

向楼主学习

正前吗UID：3500400

太感动  ，，，写的好！！！

lemon炸药包UID：3495409

牛人，先收藏了，等到做的时候再研读

love心绪UID：3376809

默默看了这么些天了，来顶一下！S酱赞！

大狒狒_小狒狒UID：3327460

mark之
TPO第一篇5题同问

kathleen33UID：3240196

楼主已经很牛了~~~

mxmx224UID：2866109

好东西

Amy42UID：3148812

S酱，请教一下，每天你花多长时间在TOEFL上？
ORZ