【无名组】第一小组第四次作业楼10.18

AetDezacUID：3182074

预建一楼，明天入伙

Issue
3.Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.

Argument
20. The following is a memorandum from the business manager of a television station.
"Over the past year, our late-night news program has devoted increased time to national news and less time to weather and local news. During this time period, most of the complaints received from viewers were concerned with our station's coverage of weather and local news. In addition, local businesses that used to advertise during our late-night news program have just canceled their advertising contracts with us. Therefore, in order to attract more viewers to the program and to avoid losing any further advertising revenues, we should restore the time devoted to weather and local news to its former level."

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

AetDezacUID：3182074

As is well known, being a student means constant examination or revision of one’s current goals. When he needs to select a field of study for himself, such scrutiny is particularly needed. I believe not only student himself but also qualified advisors around him, especially elder pursuers in the academy, ought to join in the process of selection. Therefore when these advisors see risk lying forward, as I see it, they should be there to warn him. Two possibilities are presented here: the field chosen by the student may be of little chance of success for anyone, or it may be fecund but unfit for the particular student. The responsibility remains under both situations. I of course acknowledge some opposite viewpoints as well, which I would first discuss beneath.

In this essay, I would concentrate on scientific studies and exclude philosophical meditation, since for the latter individualized studies there can hardly be any definition of ‘succeed’.

Dreamers believe that dreams should not be dissuaded by anyone. They argue that though the chance may be small, but dreams are too valuable in themselves to be shrinked in the face of worldly difficulties. I have witnessed many students in my own field of study, having no obvious talent in it, devote themselves in a fever to it. So few of them end up better off that I cannot believe dreams do help people in their research. Meanwhile, we find more compelling reason against my position that currently unproductive realms of study may be found of high value in the near future. Due to new discoveries, techniques or demands, a branch of science may suddenly begin to take off when it used to be thought of as meaningless. This, however, does not really serve to undermine my viewpoint. For the duty of advisors is limited to warning students of the current condition and projected future trends of one field of study. By the time new discoveries appear, changing situation would have rendered the field favorable, because they are likely to succeed in it now.

The above is my discussion of opposite opinions. I would then start my positive argument. To begin with, when a field is unlikely to bring success to anyone, it is the responsibility of educators to warn students of the risk. This seems quite obvious to me. If certain types of research are infertile in themselves, encouraging students to engage in them is more close to wasting others’ valuable time than to the fostering of dreams. For example, studying matter structure of a scale undetectable for current instruments seems futile in itself. Or consider the study of souls and next lives, which is impossible for any scientist to engage in. Truly at some time in the future science may have been able to deal with these issues, but since it cannot do that now, it is irresponsible for professors or instructors not to suggest students give up these inquiries.

It is an obligation for educators to dissuade students when the students plan to join a field of study unfit for their talent and education. Most disciplines today are derived from other disciplines and thus have prerequisites. They form a ladder of knowledge and it is very difficult to jump even a few rungs. A student may decide in a sudden fervor in switch to other disciplines, or he may be having a bad time with his own, but that does not guarantee his success. This is I believe the time for educators to come in and provide experienced evaluation of his chance to succeed in another realm. If they see it unfit, they are obliged to speak their mind regarding possible damages the switch would do to his career. Had they failed to do so, it would be the gush of inspiration of inexperienced youngster rather than deliberation of mature educators to lead the student.

To sum up, I believe educators should warn students of the risk of engaging in a field of academy, either in cases when the fields are unproductive in themselves or when the students are not properly trained for them. Until the students can reasonably display their chance of success, the duty maintains. The duty of dissuasion is certainly not that to restrain, but educators should play the benign advisors and point out risky paths in the lengthy journey of life, which is too valuable to be guided solely by dreams.


呼，今天索性中午来写。。

rourourou_dadaUID：2985653

3 Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from
pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.


It is a dilemma to decide which fields of study are likely to succeed, so there is not a clear criterion to judge it. Yet no matter what the definition is , educational institutions should not dissuade students from pursuing fields so-called "unlikely to succeed". Educational institutions, however, have accountability to introduce a variety the prospective of fields of study to students and let students themselves to choose what to study.

Before starting the issue, we should first have a definition of which territory can be considered to be unlikely to succeed. The first kind is that the field of study is so difficult that it cannot be easily studied. The second is that the study is opposite to the current scientific methods which seems to be authority. The third is that the research is imaginable so that people don't think it will be true. No matter which situation it is, however, educational institutions should not dissuade and even encourage to pursue these fields of study.

First, if the field of study is so difficult that it cannot be easily studied, it will exist other means to help to study. It was very hard for astronomers to observe the movement and existence of constellation only by eyes. Yet, they did not lose heart, instead, telescope was invented to help them do further research and found some planets and stars they never found. From this case, we know that scholars are encouraged to study the fields which is difficult. Thus, educational institutions should encourage and incite students to solve the difficult problems even if they are difficult. That is the purpose for universities to cultivate students.

Second, if unlikely to succeed means that the study is opposite to the current scientific methods, educational institutions should create a good environment for students to research on the contrary. It is normal that people have different methods and it is hard to judge whose ideas are absolutely correct. Aristotle was lionized for thousand of years due to his statement of methods of mechanics, which is thought to be foolish through the experiment by Galileo and Newton's theory of mechanics. Science is evolving by combining the criticism and proof, so that if only the different ideas of the current let universities dissuade the students from studying, it violates the improvement of science. And the example of Copernicus tells us that these actions will stagnate the development of science.

Third, even if the fields of study are too imaginable to be true, it does not means that it will not succeed. All the inventions are created from the whim and they are eventually realized. When people thought flying in the sky was only in the fairy tale, the first plane was made. People, one hundred year ago, could not imagine what the society nowadays looks like. One of the scientists' responsibilities is to create something news to make our daily life more comfortable. As educational institutions, they should motivate students to have more studies and more tries instead of dissuading them.

However, educational institutions' duty is to introducing prospective and difficulties of different kinds of fields of study. The colleges could give advice to the students to choose the territories they want to study and help them finish it rather than prevent them from trying to make a research on those so-called "unlikely to succeed" programs. After all, it is students' freedom to decide what they are interested in. Students can make a comprehensive image of the studies and choose one for further study.

In conclusion, educational institutions should not dissuade students from
pursuing fields of study in which the universities think they are unlikely to succeed. Instead, they should encourage the students and create a comfortable academic atmosphere for research. Yet they have duty to make clear the situation of the fields of study for students to choose.


限时限到一半，发现自己收不了了，写了整整一小时啊，所以凑合着看吧……时间真的来不及啊~~


提纲：
给“不可能成功”下定义
1.研究困难 2.与当今科学观不同 3.难以想象，觉得不可能的
但这三点下，学校还是不应该劝阻学生，反而是鼓励他们
但学校有责任向学生介绍各个研究领域情况，让学生自己判断

rourourou_dadaUID：2985653

argument20

In the memorandum, the manager indicates that the most of the complaints received from viewers  were concerned with the station's coverage of weather and local news after increasing time to national news and less time to weather and local news. The manager also mentions that local business that used to advertise during late-night program have canceled their advertising contacts. So the manager concludes that they should expand their coverage of weather and local news on all their news program. Close scrutiny of each of these facts, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the conclusion.

First, the manager should substantiate that many people made complaints about the change of the late-night programs. Yet the manager has not detailed out the conditions of the complaints. So it is completely possible that many complaints are made from one or two people for several times which cannot be representative of all opinions from the audience. And the most people, in fact, show big interest in the new programs. Without ruling out this possibility, the manager cannot convince me on the basis of them that people are unsatisfied with the the station's coverage of weather and local news and they plan to broaden them.

Second, the manager should also convince me that the reason why local business have canceled their advertising contacts with the station is only linked with the new late-night program. The local business that called off the contacts is purely likely having financial problem by their own so that they are enable to go on advertising. Perhaps it is possible that they have advertised in other time programs; hence, they don't need to advertise during late-night program. Since the manager has not adequately responded to these possibilities, it is unconvincing that the local business's not advertising in the late-night programs is not connected to the coverage of weather and local news.

Third, even assuming that the both conditions above are met, the manager should provide the fact that the other time programs have the same conditions. To attract more audiences of the late-night programs, the solution is to expand coverage of weather and local news, which is not possibly not suitable for all programs. It is completely possible that in the morning, people prefer to watching national news when they have their breakfast to have a rough image of the world instead of weather or local news. So expansion of weather and local news in the morning will oppositely decrease the number of audience. Not considering the other possibility and conditions, the manager cannot say that the measure taken into the late-night program can be carried out in other time.

In conclusion, the manager's argument is not persuasive. To bolster it the manager must provide evidence that the complaints are made by many different people. The cancel of advertising contacts by the local business is resulted from the more national news and less time to weather and local news in the late-night program. And programs in all time are the same as late-night program, which can convince me the conclusion that the station should expand their coverage of weather and local news on all their news program to attract more audience.

fadotianUID：2733387

今天各位速度好快~
3. Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.10.19   10:25The statement claims that the responsibility that an educational institution bear is that to discourage the students from studying the subjects with little possibility of being successful. I disagree with the speaker's assertion since it belies the real obligation of the educational institutions, which, in my own perspective, is to inform the students with a comprehensive range of knowledge as well as ways of critical and independent thinking, as for the direction of the future studying, the students should be left to choose with full freedom.

First of all, in defining the prospective of studying, the educational institutions have no ability to guide the direction which students ought to head for, since the basis of making selection---- criterion of success have distinct meanings among different people.Making the commercial realm as an example, a student who study business deems the practice to launch his own corporation as the ultimate goal for his education, while another student could be satisfied with a decent job in a multi-national company. Or a student in art design is planning to be a well-known artist as the real fulfillment, whereas another student consider the true pleasure in enjoying the beauty of creating is the best reward. In terms of various expectation for the success, the educational institution could never predict the definite way for every individual. Secondly, if we denote the success to be the top of that field, then there is a variety of factors are contributing to the success which are unpredictable for everyone. Although there might be some general rules to depict a successful person, such as the perseverance, firmness, originality and so forth, we could not ignore the opportunities in the particular environment or societal ethos. For example, the large fortune obtained by the Chinese private entrepreneurs during 1980s is due to the burgeoning market generated by the open policies. Considering the complicated and uncertain factors, how could the educational institutions assist their students to be accessible to the success in a high possibility?

Even if such dizzy elements for the prospective success, there is one determined factor that help one to go further and deeper in this field, that is the real fondness of the subject. Therefore, the primary goal for institutions is just to provide every type of knowledge which is fundamental for constituting the elementary education among which the students are able to understand the real zeal in the specific activity. Besides, another obligation of an educational instution is to impart the critical and independent thinking methods which the students employ to solve the old problems and raise the new problems. Equipped with the comprehensive horizon for the knowledge as well as the methodologies, students themselves would know which way is most suitable and desirable.

In sum, the educational institution can not instruct the future direction for students because their conception is neither necessary nor justifiable. Enlightened by the knowledge and methods rendered by the education system, the students could judge the future career relying on their interest and ability.
提纲
1.总体否定态度
2.教育机构没有责任替代学生去选择 因为a 各人对成功定义不同，这里的成功指什么呢？比如学习商业这条路，有人觉得成功是开个大公司，有人只希望找份相关的工作就可以了。 b每个人的状况不同，成功的可能性机会也不同。如何确定这个成功那个不成功。
3.所以，教育机构必须提供什么呢？知识和方法。然后让他们自己去选择
4.结尾

fadotianUID：2733387

argument 20
In this memorandum, the business manager of a local television station argues that in order to attract more audience and increase advertising profit during their late-night news, the time devoted to weather and local news should be restored to the previous level, which means to enhance the time of the two types. To support this claim, the manager points out the large percentage in complaints of weather and local news from their viewers, also, their advertising contracts are also losing. However, I have found the argument relies on a series of flawed assumption and lack sufficient information to substantiate the claim which render it unconvincing as it stands.

In the first place, the manager does not offer the direct data to demonstrate why the time devoted to weather and local news should be increased while the national news should be shortened. The argument fails to provide the decline in the audience rating of the late-night program during the past year after they reduced the time of weather and local news. Instead, the manager only provides a survey concerning the complaint of weather and local news to prove the claim which is flawed in every aspect. The result of this complaint is groundless since it does not provide information about the the number and the types of the total sample. It is possible that the respondents offering complaint could not be representative of the true viewpoints of the weather and news. Also, the survey lacks information about the content of the complaint. It is very likely that most complaints relate to the quality of the news reporting, rather than the duration.

In the second place, the manager gives another proof regarding the fact that businesses canceled their advertising contract during late-night program, but the manager does not give detailed information about the reasons why the contracts are cancelled. Perhaps the commercial companies have changed their business strategies to curtail their input on the advertising, or they have found the audience of the late-night program are not their potential consumers and they decided to make advertisement on the other programs. In short, without the evidence that there is a direct relationship between stopped advertising contract and the duration of the program, the manager could not raise the suggestion to restore the time of level.

In conclusion, the manager's claim to restore the time of level for the weather and local news is not based on the valid evidence and sound reasoning, in order to draw a better conclusion and raise a better solution to reach the objective, a complete and sound survey should be carried out directed to the audience rating about their programs, besides, the reasons for the complaint and the advertisement problems should be also explored with scrutiny.
1.前提问题 （1）没有直接给出收视率的情况 2.给出的调查样本和内容欠缺（1、2放在一段了）
3.没有提供足够信息说明为什么不签合约了，可能有其它原因

AetDezacUID：3182074

20. The following is a memorandum from the business manager of a television station.
"Over the past year, our late-night news program has devoted increased time to national news and less time to weather and local news. During this time period, most of the complaints received from viewers were concerned with our station's coverage of weather and local news. In addition, local businesses that used to advertise during our late-night news program have just canceled their advertising contracts with us. Therefore, in order to attract more viewers to the program and to avoid losing any further advertising revenues, we should restore the time devoted to weather and local news to its former level."

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.


The memorandum supplies us with the fact that during the time when the television station cut down ratio of weather and local news, most complaints were linked with the coverage of these two types of material. Moreover, local businesses that used to advertise in the television station just cancelled their contracts. Based on these facts, the manager advised that the television station put more weather and local news in the late-night news program to retrieve the advertisement revenue. The argument in this memo lacks several crucial evidences.

First of all, we do not know whether the complaints concerning weather and local news material were asking for less or more of the same kind of material. The manager failed to supply almost all important evidences about the complaints, including the trend of the total amount and whether the proportion of complaints concerning weather and local news had risen in the past year. If the audience was complaining about receiving too little of weather and local news, or if the proportion of such complaints actually dropped, the manager’s suggestion would be of little value.

Moreover, the manager had failed to link the decrease of advertisement in late-night news to the program’s cutting weather and local news. To establish the causal relationship the manager has to provide more information proving that these businesses’ budgets on advertisement did not shrink in the past year, and they simply put away what used to be invested in the program for other uses. It could well be the case that these corporations face financial crises and have cut advertisement in almost every program, or worse, they could have been closed.

Further, we need to be convinced of the reality of the revenue and audience drop for the program. Statistics should be offered here so we can better judge. If neither the drops has taken place, there would no need for the manager’s proposal. And finally, there could be multiple methods to restore the revenue or audience level had the crisis been real. The uniqueness of the proposed solution must also root itself in clear evidences.

In sum, the ratiocination in the memo cannot convince me because it lacks evidence concerning the content of complaints, the cause of local businesses’ retrieving investment, and the reality of the revenue crisis for the program. I think the board would need to see these evidences so they can judge the proposal.

fadotianUID：2733387

回  AET
As is well known, being a student means constant examination or revision of one’s current goals. When he needs to select a field of study for himself, such scrutiny is particularly needed. I believe not only student himself but also qualified advisors around him, especially elder pursuers in the academy, ought to join in the process of selection. Therefore when these advisors see risk（这里的risk具体指什么呢？） lying forward, as I see it, they should be there to warn him. Two possibilities are presented here: the field chosen by the student may be of little chance of success for anyone, or it may be fecund but unfit for the particular student. The responsibility remains under both situations. I of course acknowledge some opposite viewpoints as well, which I would first discuss beneath.（总体还是同意issue的观点的，两个原因1.对任何人成功可能性都很小的专业 2.对某一个学生来说不合适的专业）

In this essay, I would concentrate on scientific studies and exclude philosophical meditation(哈哈，这句话不是和我们说的吧）, since for the latter individualized studies there can hardly be any definition of ‘succeed’.

Dreamers believe that dreams should not be dissuaded by anyone. They argue that though the chance may be small, but dreams are too valuable in themselves to be shrinked in the face of worldly difficulties. I have witnessed many students in my own field of study, having no obvious talent in it, devote themselves in a fever to it. So few of them end up better off that I cannot believe dreams do help people in their research. Meanwhile, we find more compelling reason against my position that currently unproductive realms of study may be found of high value in the near future. Due to new discoveries, techniques or demands, a branch of science may suddenly begin to take off when it used to be thought of as meaningless. This, however, does not really serve to undermine my viewpoint. For the duty of advisors is limited to warning（warn) students of the current condition and projected future trends of one field of study(advisor的责任是有限的为什么可以证明你的观点呢？），By the time new discoveries appear, changing situation would have rendered the field favorable, because they are likely to succeed in it now.

The above is my discussion of opposite opinions. I would then start my positive argument. To begin with, when a field is unlikely to bring success to anyone, it is the responsibility of educators to warn students of the risk. This seems quite obvious to me. If certain types of research are infertile in themselves, encouraging students to engage in them is more close to wasting others’ valuable time than to the fostering of dreams. For example, studying matter structure of a scale（of a scale是什么？） undetectable for current instruments seems futile in itself. Or consider the study of souls and next lives, which is impossible for any scientist to engage in. Truly at some time in the future science may have been able to deal with these issues, but since it cannot do that now, it is irresponsible for professors or instructors not to suggest students give up these inquiries(这句话其实用了3个否定，我觉得直接用肯定会不会更清楚点).

It is an obligation for educators to dissuade students when the students plan to join a field of study unfit for their talent and education. Most disciplines today are derived from other disciplines and thus have prerequisites. They form a ladder of knowledge and it is very difficult to jump even a few rungs. A student may decide in a sudden fervor in switch to other disciplines, or he may be having a bad time with his own, but that does not guarantee his success. This is I believe the time for educators to come in and provide experienced evaluation of his chance to succeed in another realm. If they see it unfit, they are obliged to speak their mind regarding possible damages the switch would do to his career. Had they failed to do so, it would be the gush of inspiration of inexperienced youngster rather than deliberation of mature educators to lead the student.(对应上面第二点么，个人不适合的问题）

To sum up, I believe educators should warn students of the risk of engaging in a field of academy, either in cases when the fields are unproductive in themselves or when the students are not properly trained for them. Until the students can reasonably display their chance of success, the duty maintains. The duty of dissuasion is certainly not that to restrain, but educators should play the benign advisors and point out risky paths in the lengthy journey of life, which is too valuable to be guided solely by dreams.
2# AetDezac

fadotianUID：2733387

3# rourourou_dada

It is a dilemma to decide which fields of study are likely to succeed, so there is not a clear criterion to judge it. Yet no matter what the definition is , educational institutions should not dissuade students from pursuing fields so-called "unlikely to succeed". Educational institutions, however, have accountability to introduce a variety the prospective of fields of study to students and let students themselves to choose what to study.

Before starting the issue, we should first have a definition of which territory can be considered to be unlikely to succeed. The first kind is that the field of study is so difficult that it cannot be easily studied(这里可以加一个for the ordinary students). The second is that the study is opposite to the current scientific methods which seems to be authority（什么是看上去authority啊？我觉得这里是不是说the study is not the mainstream subject?）. The third is that the research is imaginable so that people don't think it will be true（你的第二点是指和一般学科相反的想法吧，第三点是说那种有点异想天开的专业） No matter which situation it is, however, educational institutions should not dissuade and even encourage to pursue these fields of study（最后来个总结，比较清楚明白）.（你这里定义不可能成功，我觉得比我定义成功要恰当）

First, if the field of study is so difficult that it cannot be easily studied, it will exist other means to help to study. It was very hard for astronomers to observe the movement and existence of constellation only by eyes. Yet, they did not lose heart, instead, telescope was invented to help them do further research and found some planets and stars they never found. From this case, we know that scholars are encouraged to study the fields which is difficult. Thus, educational institutions should encourage and incite students to solve the difficult problems even if they are difficult（从这个例子上来说，我们知道学者们是被鼓励学习这些困难学科的，因此，教育机构也应该鼓励学生.... 我觉得这个因果逻辑不太成立吧。这一点我是觉得因为克服困难是学习任何学科的必备能力，所以教育机构不能因为困难而不让学生去学）. That is the purpose for universities to cultivate students.

Second, if unlikely to succeed means that the study is opposite to the current scientific methods, educational institutions should create a good environment for students to research on the contrary. It is normal that people have different methods and it is hard to judge whose ideas are absolutely correct. Aristotle was lionized for thousand of years due to his statement of methods of mechanics, which is thought to be foolish through the experiment by Galileo and Newton's theory of mechanics. Science is evolving by combining the criticism and proof, so that if only the different ideas of the current let universities dissuade the students from studying, it violates the improvement of science. And the example of Copernicus tells us that these actions will stagnate the development of science.

Third, even if the fields of study are too imaginable to be true, it does not means that it will not succeed. All the inventions are created from the whim and they are eventually realized. When people thought flying in the sky was only in the fairy tale, the first plane was made. People, one hundred year(s) ago, could not imagine what the society nowadays looks like. One of the scientists' responsibilities is to create something news(new) to make our daily life more comfortable. As educational institutions, they should motivate students to have more studies and more tries instead of dissuading them.

However, educational institutions' duty is to introducing(introduce) prospective and difficulties of different kinds of fields of study. The colleges could give advice to the students to choose the territories they want to study and help them finish it rather than prevent them from trying to make a research on those so-called "unlikely to succeed" programs. After all, it is students' freedom to decide what they are interested in. Students can make a comprehensive image of the studies and choose one for further study.

In conclusion, educational institutions should not dissuade students from
pursuing fields of study in which the universities think they are unlikely to succeed. Instead, they should encourage the students and create a comfortable academic atmosphere for research. Yet they have duty to make clear the situation of the fields of study for students to choose.

逻辑挺清楚的，基本论证反正我觉得没有什么问题啊。

AetDezacUID：3182074

@rourou

3 Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from
pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.


It is a dilemma to decide which fields of study are likely to succeed, so there is not a clear criterion to judge it. Yet no matter what the definition is , educational institutions should not dissuade students from pursuing fields so-called "unlikely to succeed". Educational institutions, however, have accountability to introduce a variety the prospective of fields of study to students and let students themselves to choose what to study.

Before starting the issue, we should first have a definition of which territory [territories] can be considered to be【可以删掉】 unlikely to succeed【感觉这么说有点奇怪，succeed的主语是fields吗？】. The first kind is that the field of study is so difficult that it cannot be easily studied. The second is that the study is opposite to the current scientific methods which seems to be authority. The third is that the research is imaginable [imaginative?] so that【可以删掉】 people don't think it will be true. No matter which situation it is, however, educational institutions should not dissuade and even【前后的意思并不相近，也许应该用个转折连词】 encourage to pursue these fields of study.

First, if the field of study is so difficult that it cannot be easily studied, it will exist other means to help to study. It was very hard for astronomers to observe the movement and existence of constellation only by eyes. Yet, they did not lose heart, instead, telescope was invented to help them do further research and found some planets and stars they never found. From this case, we know that scholars are [should be?if they already are then you don't need a whole essay to argue for that] encouraged to study the fields which is difficult. Thus, educational institutions should encourage and incite students to solve the difficult problems even if they are difficult【even if后面，不该挑个程度重点的词吗】. That is the purpose for universities to cultivate students.

Second【我认为transition可以有气势一点】, if [being] unlikely to succeed means that the study is opposite to the current scientific methods, educational institutions should create a good environment for students to research on the contrary. It is normal that people have different methods and it is hard to judge whose ideas are absolutely correct. Aristotle was lionized for thousand of years due to【这个词组听起来有点技术化，但这里谈的是人文方面的事情】 his statement of methods of mechanics, which is thought to be foolish through the experiment by Galileo and Newton's theory of mechanics. Science is evolving by combining the criticism and proof, so that if only the different ideas of the current[consider 'of the day'] let universities dissuade the students from studying, it violates the improvement of science. And the example of Copernicus tells us that these actions will stagnate the development of science.

Third, even if the fields of study are too imaginable[imaginative] to be true, it does not means that it will not succeed. All the inventions are created from the whim and they are eventually realized. When people thought flying in the sky was only in the fairy tale, the first plane was made. People, one hundred year ago, could not imagine what the society nowadays looks like. One of the scientists' responsibilities is to create something news to make our daily life more comfortable. As educational institutions, they should motivate students to have more studies and more tries instead of dissuading them.

However, educational institutions' duty is to introducing prospective and difficulties of different kinds of fields of study. The colleges could give advice to the students to choose the territories they want to study and help them finish it rather than prevent them from trying to make a research on those so-called "unlikely to succeed" programs. After all, it is students' freedom to decide what they are interested in. Students can make a comprehensive image of the studies and choose one for further study.

In conclusion, educational institutions should not dissuade students from
pursuing fields of study in which the universities think they are unlikely to succeed. Instead, they should encourage the students and create a comfortable academic atmosphere for research. Yet they have duty to make clear the situation of the fields of study for students to choose.


【我的结论和你一致，唯一的不同是我们对dissuade的理解，我并不把它理解为包括prevent这样的意思，从这一点出发，我基本是赞成speaker的】

AetDezacUID：3182074

8# fadotian

第一段说的risk其实指的是失败的可能性，是想说当老师们看到学生要从事某个领域但是有失败的危险，他们就应该警告他
第三段的limited责任，其实重点是说他们的责任仅限于说明一个领域现在的状况，如果这个领域以后情况变化了，那么到时他们自然也就不会再警告他们了，因为这时它已经不是unlikely to succeed in了
三个否定那句我没注意到==是该换一下

AetDezacUID：3182074

本帖最后由 rourourou_dada 于 2011-10-19 16:23 编辑 @rourou argument20 In the memorandum, the manager indicates that the most of the complaints received from viewers  were concerned with the station's coverage of weather and local news after increasing time to national news and less time to weather and local news. The manager also mentions that local business that used to advertise during late-night program have canceled their advertising contacts. So the manager concludes that they should expand their coverage of weather and local news on all their news program. Close scrutiny of each of these facts, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the conclusion. First, the manager should substantiate that many people made complaints about the change of the late-night programs. Yet the manager has not detailed out the conditions of the complaints. So it is completely possible that many complaints are made from one or two people for several times which cannot be representative of all opinions from the audience. And the most people, in fact, show big interest in the new programs. Without ruling out this possibility, the manager cannot convince me on the basis of them that people are unsatisfied with the the station's coverage of weather and local news and they plan to broaden them. 【我觉得这个比我想的那个正常……】 Second, the manager should also convince me that the reason why local business have canceled their advertising contacts with the station is only linked with the new late-night program. The local business that called off the contacts is purely likely having financial problem by their own so that they are enable to go on advertising. Perhaps it is possible that they have advertised in other time programs; hence, they don't need to advertise during late-night program. Since the manager has not adequately responded to these possibilities, it is unconvincing that the local business's not advertising in the late-night programs is not connected to the coverage of weather and local news. Third, even assuming that the both conditions above are met, the manager should provide the fact【好奇怪的一个phrase啊……】 that the other time programs have the same conditions. To attract more audiences of【我感觉应该用to或者for】 the late-night programs, the solution is to expand coverage of weather and local news, which is not possibly not suitable for all programs【没看懂】. It is completely possible that in the morning, people prefer to watching national news when they have their breakfast to have a rough image of the world instead of weather or local news. So expansion of weather and local news in the morning will oppositely decrease the number of audience. Not considering the other possibility and conditions, the manager cannot say that the measure taken into the late-night program can be carried out in other time. 【经理的意思是要把晚间新闻的措施推广到所有节目吗？他最后一句的落脚点似乎只是那个program】 In conclusion, the manager's argument is not persuasive. To bolster it the manager must provide evidence that the complaints are made by many different people. The cancel of advertising contacts by the local business is resulted from the more national news and less time to weather and local news in the late-night program. And programs in all time are the same as late-night program, which can convince me the conclusion that the station should expand their coverage of weather and local news on all their news program to attract more audience.

AetDezacUID：3182074

@fadotian 3. Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.10.19   10:25The statement claims that the responsibility that an educational institution bear is that【可以删掉】 to discourage the students from studying the subjects with little possibility of being successful. I disagree with the speaker's assertion since it belies the real obligation of the educational institutions, which, in my own perspective, is to inform the students with a comprehensive range of knowledge as well as ways of critical and independent thinking, as for the direction of the future studying, the students should be left to choose with full freedom. First of all, in defining the prospective of studying, the educational institutions have no ability to guide the direction which students ought to head for, since the basis of making selection---- criterion of success have distinct meanings among different people.Making the commercial realm as an example, a student who study business deems the practice to launch his own corporation as the ultimate goal for his education, while another student could be satisfied with a decent job in a multi-national company. Or a student in art design is planning to be a well-known artist as the real fulfillment, whereas another student consider the true pleasure in enjoying the beauty of creating is the best reward. In terms of various expectation for the success, the educational institution could never predict the definite way for every individual. Secondly, if we denote the success to be the top of that field, then there is a variety of factors are contributing to the success which are unpredictable for everyone. Although there might be some general rules to depict a successful person, such as the perseverance, firmness, originality and so forth, we could not ignore the opportunities in the particular environment or societal ethos. For example, the large fortune obtained by the Chinese private entrepreneurs during 1980s is due to the burgeoning market generated by the open policies. Considering the complicated and uncertain factors, how could the educational institutions assist their students to be accessible to the success in a high possibility? Even if such dizzy elements for the prospective success, there is one determined factor that help one to go further and deeper in this field, that is the real fondness of the subject. Therefore, the primary goal for institutions is just to provide every type of knowledge which is fundamental for constituting the elementary education among which【我觉得两个定语从句套一起有点繁琐】 the students are able to understand the real zeal in the specific activity. Besides, another obligation of an educational instution is to impart the critical and independent thinking methods which the students employ to solve the old problems and raise the new problems. Equipped with the comprehensive horizon for the knowledge as well as the methodologies, students themselves would know which way is most suitable and desirable. In sum, the educational institution can not instruct the future direction for students because their conception is neither necessary nor justifiable. Enlightened by the knowledge and methods rendered by the education system, the students could judge the future career relying on their interest and ability. 【看完了忽然有种感觉，你用的which之类的定从先行词，它们指代的东西好像经常都不是很明确，多数是因为前面的名词有好几个。而且形容词连用的时候似乎也太多了。我的感觉是，这些都会对流畅的理解有所阻碍。我也有这个问题，回过头去看，就感觉自己应该改掉】

rourourou_dadaUID：2985653

2# AetDezac

As is well known, being a student means constant examination or revision of one’s current goals. When he needs to select a field of study for himself, such scrutiny is particularly needed. I believe not only student himself but also qualified advisors around him, especially elder pursuers in the academy, ought to join in the process of selection. Therefore when these advisors see risk lying forward, as I see it, they should be there to warn him. Two possibilities are presented here: the field chosen by the student may be of little chance of success for anyone, or it may be fecund but unfit for the particular student. The responsibility remains under both situations. I of course acknowledge some opposite viewpoints as well, which I would first discuss beneath.

In this essay, I would concentrate on scientific studies and exclude philosophical meditation, since for the latter individualized studies there can hardly be any definition of ‘succeed’.这样算考虑片面吗？这句话索性不要写了

Dreamers believe that dreams should not be dissuaded by anyone. They argue that though the chance may be small, but dreams are too valuable in themselves to be shrinked in the face of worldly difficulties. I have witnessed many students in my own field of study, having no obvious talent in it, devote themselves in a fever to it. So few of them end up better off that I cannot believe dreams do help people in their research. Meanwhile, we find more compelling reason against my position that currently unproductive realms of study may be found of high value in the near future. Due to new discoveries, techniques or demands, a branch of science may suddenly begin to take off when it used to be thought of as meaningless. This, however, does not really serve to undermine my viewpoint. For the duty of advisors is limited to warning students of the current condition and projected future trends of one field of study. By the time new discoveries appear, changing situation would have rendered the field favorable, because they are likely to succeed in it now.但是新的发现也是要靠人研究的啊
同样是unfit吧，我觉得这段反对怎么和下段赞同的想法是一样的啊？？

The above is my discussion of opposite opinions. I would then start my positive argument. To begin with, when a field is unlikely to bring success to anyone, it is the responsibility of educators to warn students of the risk. This seems quite obvious to me. If certain types of research are infertile in themselves, encouraging students to engage in them is more close to wasting others’ valuable time than to the fostering of dreams. For example, studying matter structure of a scale undetectable for current instruments seems futile in itself. Or consider the study of souls and next lives, which is impossible for any scientist to engage in. Truly at some time in the future science may have been able to deal with these issues, but since it cannot do that now, it is irresponsible for professors or instructors not to suggest students give up these inquiries.

It is an obligation for educators to dissuade students when the students plan to join a field of study unfit for their talent and education. Most disciplines today are derived from other disciplines and thus have prerequisites. They form a ladder of knowledge and it is very difficult to jump even a few rungs. A student may decide in a sudden fervor in switch to other disciplines, or he may be having a bad time with his own, but that does not guarantee his success. This is I believe the time for educators to come in and provide experienced evaluation of his chance to succeed in another realm. If they see it unfit, they are obliged to speak their mind regarding possible damages the switch would do to his career. Had they failed to do so, it would be the gush of inspiration of inexperienced youngster rather than deliberation of mature educators to lead the student.

To sum up, I believe educators should warn students of the risk of engaging in a field of academy, either in cases when the fields are unproductive in themselves or when the students are not properly trained for them. Until the students can reasonably display their chance of success, the duty maintains. The duty of dissuasion is certainly not that to restrain, but educators should play the benign advisors and point out risky paths in the lengthy journey of life, which is too valuable to be guided solely by dreams.


全文是赞同观点吧（不是劝阻是提醒）
我觉得这样写虽然理解，但关系不明晰啊……

HeronAlpsUID：3130247

Argument 20
Merely based on ungrounded assumption and doubtful evidence, the statement draws a conclusion that the local television station should restore the time devoted to weather and local news to its former level.  To corroborate the conclusion, the arguer points out evidence that most of the complaints received from viewers were concerned with our station’s coverage of weather and local news. In addition, he indicates that local business that used to advertise during our late-night news program has just canceled their advertising contracts with them. Close scrutiny of each of these facts, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the recommendation. The arguer ignores certain important evidence, which must be addressed to prove.

First, if the author tries to support his recommendation, he needs to provide the evidence which proves that the complaints mentioned in the statement actually come from the viewers who concern the late-night news. Otherwise, he cannot confirm that the complaints about less-time of the weather and local news are really relevant with the lower audience rating of the late-night news. Because it could be some other programs’ audience to complain of the decrease of those contents and the modification of late-night news will definitely be useless.

Second, even if the author can provide those evidences, in addition, he have to provide some other evidences that prove the decrease of the coverage of weather and local news actually cause the cancel of their advertising contract with the local business. Because it could be in the situation that local business feels the viewers of late-night news are not their target customers or it feels more interesting about the advertisements on Internet.  The author should offer some substantiated evidence that the local business does not change its will to advertise on the late-night news.

Third, even if the author offers those evidences mentioned above, he can not argue that this measure will make the television station attract more viewers to the program and avoid losing any further advertising revenues, if the station does increase the coverage of the weather and the local news of this program. Perhaps the emergence of Internet appeals former television viewers to surf on the websites, or the local business suffers from the great recession and face the bankruptcy, not to mention advertising on the expensive television programs.

In conclusion, the recommendation relies on certain dubious assumptions that engender it not credible. To bolster the recommendation the author must provide clear evidence—perhaps by way of a local study—that locals are still interested in watching the late-night news, especially the coverage of weather and local news. Furthermore, it should prove that the local business would sign the commercial contract with the television station again if the weather and local news are restored to its former level.

生平第一次写ARGUMENT，参考了模板，求狂拍！
提纲：
1.需要证据证明这些complaints确实来自late-night news的观众，有可能是其他节目的观众，提高晚间新闻的天气和当地新闻时间于事无补。
2.需要证据证明Local business是因为收视下降而解约的，而不是因为其产品的目标客户群不再是晚间新闻的观众。
3.即使是恢复的weather和local news的时间，也未必能避免流失观众和收入，也许人们都去上网而不爱看电视了，或者当地经济不景气，企业不愿投放广告了。