1、
论点:
1、the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat.
2、the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean.
论据:
1、the Brim River is very deep and broad
2、no Palean boats have been found.
论证方法:
1、the investigation in the article uses the method of counter-evidence as that if the woven baskets were unique from Palean, these baskets would be able to reach to other region with transportation; However since the seemingly only means to get from Palean to Lithos, boat, was not found in the relics of Palean, such communication between the two culture was not possible, thus in this way, the baskets cannot be unique from Palean, instead they might be concurrent from both places or being brought from Lithos to Palean.
2、the investigation suggests that "the Brim River is very deep and broad", so "the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat" in a cause and effect way of deduction
3、the investigation also feature evidence to suggest that since there is no Palean boats to be found, the people from Palean could not know how to use boat.
分析:evidence to evaluate: baskets;river;boat.
1、the investigation indicate that if the baskets found in Lithos could not be transported from Palean, they cannot be unique from Palean; however, such new evidence should be re-examined if they were truly identical with the characteristic of the woven baskets; they might share the same practical feathers with each other or they used the same materials, however such seemingly same feathers might confuse scientists from the underlying subtle difference like their aesthetics feathers
2、the river is big and wide now, however it might be small and shallow way back in prehistoric period.
3、no Palean boats have been found, however, it may be caused by flood or other incidents which were highly possible given the broad time span.
2、
论点:birth order may have effect on an individual's levels of stimulation.
论据:1 study showed that firstborn infant monkeys produce more hormone cortisol than their younger siblings
2 first born humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations.
3 during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than others with several offspring.
论证方法:1 the letter use scientific experiments to demonstrate the point that the order of birth have effect on the individual's levels of stimulation. So the way this experiment was conducted should be examined.
分析:alternative explanations:
1 the number of the monkeys in the experiments was obviously insufficient to provide a convincing conclusion; and the rhesus monkey in question were also doubtfully used as subjects to resemble humans. So it might be the characteristic of this monkey that resulted in the conclusion. What's more, the experiments only detect the levels of hormone cortisol which is supposed to increase activity levels, however, they did not exclude other chemical stimulation which could also be released higher in firstborn infant monkeys but inhibit the function of bodies. Stimulating situations are not compared with normal situations.
2 the letter talked about firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations, however details of this proof was not given, such as the number of the subjects taking part in the experiments, was there control group to compare, and the letter's using of the word "relatively " suggests a vague degree. In a word, the letter should illustrate such experiment used how many babies under stimulating situations and the results showed in what degree of percentage does the first born babies produce more hormone cortisol than their siblings.
3、the letter also talked about pregnant first-time mother monkeys produce higher levels of cortisol than others; however, it did explain how the levels of hormone cortisol from mothers can affect their descendant during pregnancy, thus the cause-effect relationship here was obscure. It may be that first-time babies are more vulnerable or stronger than other babies, not because the cortisol levels of their first-time mothers.