0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二十四期——Punctuation

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Rushtosummer的学习笔记（24）Punctuation
Comma
Use a comma to join 2 independent clauses by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, for, nor, so).
Use a comma after an introductory phrase, prepositional phrase, or dependent clause.
Use a comma to separate elements in a series.
Use a comma to separate nonessential elements from a sentence.
Use a comma between coordinate adjectives (adjectives that are equal and reversible).
Use a comma after a transitional element (however, therefore, nonetheless, also, otherwise, finally, instead, thus, of course, above all, for example, in other words, as a result, on the other hand, in conclusion, in addition)
Use a comma with quoted words.
Use a comma in a date.
October 25, 1999
Monday, October 25, 1999
Use a comma in a number.
Use a comma in a personal title.
Use a comma to separate a city name from the state.
Avoid comma splices (two independent clauses joined only by a comma).
Semicolon
Use a semicolon to join 2 independent clauses when the second clause restates the first or when the two clauses are of equal emphasis.
Use a semicolon to join 2 independent clauses when the second clause begins with a conjunctive adverb (however, therefore, moreover, furthermore, thus, meanwhile, nonetheless, otherwise) or a transition (in fact, for example, that is, for instance, in addition, in other words, on the other hand, even so).
Use a semicolon to join elements of a series when individual items of the series already include commas.
Recent sites of the Olympic Games include Athens, Greece; Salt Lake City, Utah; Sydney, Australia; Nagano, Japan.
Colon
Use a colon to join 2 independent clauses when you wish to emphasize the second clause.
Use a colon after an independent clause when it is followed by a list, a quotation, appositive, or other idea directly related to the independent clause.
Use a colon at the end of a business letter greeting: To Whom It May Concern:
Use a colon to separate the hour and minute(s) in a time notation.
Use a colon to separate the chapter and verse in a Biblical reference.
Parenthesis
Parentheses are used to emphasize content. Use parentheses to set off nonessential material, such as dates, clarifying information, or sources, from a sentence.
Dash
Dashes are used to set off or emphasize the content enclosed within dashes or the content that follows a dash. Dashes place more emphasis on this content than parentheses.
Use a dash to set off an appositive phrase that already includes commas. An appositive is a word
that adds explanatory or clarifying information to the noun that precedes it.
The cousins—Tina, Todd, and Sam—arrived at the party together.
Quotation Marks
Note that commas and periods are placed inside the closing quotation mark, and colons and semicolons are placed outside.
Use quotation marks to indicate the novel, ironic, or reserved use of a word.
Use quotation marks around the titles of short poems, song titles, short stories, magazine or newspaper articles, essays, speeches, chapter titles, short films, and episodes of television or radio shows.
Do not use quotation marks in indirect or block quotations.
Italics
Italicize the titles of magazines, books, newspapers, academic journals, films, television shows, long poems, plays of three or more acts, operas, musical albums, works of art, websites, and individual trains, planes, or ships.
Italicize foreign words.
Italicize a word or phrase to add emphasis.
Italicize a word when referring to that word.