【备考日志】草莓酱拌饭小组 BY Donna

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Donna.#UID: 2707837

119“When research priorities are being set for science, education, or any other area, the most important question to consider is: How many people’s lives will be improved if the results are successful?”
关键词:   research priorities   most important     How many      impove lives
总论点：在评价一个研究，不能以多少人受益为重要依据。而要看其对整个人类社会，地球环境可持续发展所做的贡献。
分论点：
1 + 在当今的社会，人类任何事业都离不开社会，都被赋予了社会价值的属性。所以研究在其根本的了解自然这一目的背后，不可避免地倾向于社会，为人类更好地生活。
   例：人类基因组的测序（治疗疾病）、数学理论（为工程服务）、动物学的研究（一些疾病的仿真实验）
2- 科学本身就是难以预料的，它最终的结果和其最后所能发挥的作用都不是在近期可完全预见的，所以用多少人受益来当标尺，会片面。
例：太空探索，阿姆斯特朗登月（对很多人没有的益处，但是人类的一大步，里程碑），
    战略防御攻势
3- 真正要看能否对整个地球，社会环境有积极影响。
4 不所害别人利益（待定）
   
The history of human beings is the struggling for better lives, definitely by varies of satisfactions, such as gorging for ancient times, spirit reconciling for medieval and so forth through hundreds of thousands years. Actually, when considering priorities of things we should do, we will depend mostly on the benefits brought from what one should do first. However, does it apply to researches about science?

As stated above, it is the human nature that enforces us to go after satisfactions for ourselves without considering other species and the whole world. We seem to seek changes in order to conduct the mere researches far more than the material live, but relating to natural essence. Unfortunately, such attempt has been failed in some degree. For example, the human genome sequencing, a tough work underwent in atom perspective, was thought of a milestone for human beings to know themselves thoroughly. Yet, that original goal has never brought to a standstill for pursuing benefits including organ reconstruction and transplantation, eliminating deficient genes behind such challenging and costly research. Similarly, researches about animals contain a large numbers of clinical pharmacology. Animals make a great contribution to human medical affairs. In fact, researches have been influenced by the society and endowed a character of benefit requirement for human beings.

Conceded that trend rooted in our mind and moral laws unconsciously cannot be discarded, it is unjustifiable for us to set priorities for science or other area mostly considering benefits how many people’s lives get form, for the research itself is unclear and hard to predict its ultimate outcomes and impacts on human beings in a short run. If so, how can we prove one benefit more people than the other? Just thinking of what the outer space exploration, which many counties fund millions of dollars deprived from taxing annually, does do for our lives improvements. Although our tax does not get paid for most outer space experiments till now, moreover, we even see less living improvement caused by these experiments, Neil Alden Armstrong’s  leaping on the moon was viewed as a tremendous victory and giant pace for human endeavor on space exploration.

Finally, common sense tells me that the world contains other important elements aside from human race. After years of pollution and damage to the environment, many rare animals has been died out, which has nothing to do with wide human race on the surface, but absolutely plays an great role in the development of human beings. Therefore, researches about environment are worth conducting.

To sum up, one of the most important functions of researches is to improve most people’ lives, However, the real decision relies more on the deeply essence of the improvement and future impact on the whole race, rather than the mere fact that how many people are indeed influenced positively.

Donna.#UID: 2707837

“Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics.”
关键词：Technologies
determine
social customs and ethics
逻辑链：Tech<==>social customs and ethics<==culture and framework (determined factors)
总论点：科技能够影响社会风俗和道德，但是不能决定，人类的文化,社会制度才起决定作用。
分论点：
1 +科技与人类生活关系更加紧密，我们的风俗也受其影响.
例如：我们生活习惯正在逐渐地适应新科技的发展。原始社会，人类科技落后，人们的文化风俗大都是自然，物质短缺，谈不上道德完善。工业社会，机器代替了人力，人类有改变自然的想法，人们物质生活更丰裕，道德更加完善。妇女的权益。
2-道德根本是由人的思想意识和社会人文意识来决定的。
例如：各国的科技发展水平不同，科技高低，道德发展都有好有坏，所以科技不能决定道德。
3-社会制度起决定性作用。
例如：奴隶制残忍地对待奴隶并没有被视为不道德。

Do technologies influence and determine social customs and ethics? On the one hand, I agree to such an inevitable impact on social customs and ethics that accompany human race everlastingly, on the other hand, I incline to other factors, such as framework and culture, which indeed make a great difference when analyzing social customs and ethics.

In fact, the world benefits a lot from the improvement of technologies. On retrospect of history, our social customs has changed with technologies development in some degree, especially during two hundred years till now. Industrial Revolution not only contribute to a change of working methods, from hardworking labor to efficient mechanism, but also serve to a driving force of seeking for a more comfortable live by the way cultivating nature rather than merely received what nature provides. What is more, that woman begun to go out of their home working with man equally was accepted by most of people. In a political prospective, it was a big revolution for female right and freedom. As a consequence, it was a radical change of social customs because some human beings’ thought had been altered radically.

However, social ethics and customs both have a close relationship with the spirit and the way of thinking. Common sense tells me that a country enjoys a high level of technology does not mean that it also has an advantage in moral. Similarly, people living in a good material life may also conduct male behavior. Therefore, civilization inherent or acquired plays a significant role in educating people both the rich and the poor to follow social ethics. In science realm, a heated topic attracting wide attention that whether human race should be cloned if technologies are possible depends on our moral and social customs. Actually, social ethics confines technologies so that prevent social damage from new inventions intended to bring enormous profit to minorities.


Moreover, the criterions of social ethics also differ absolutely under different frameworks in different societies. For example, in ancient time, slave was legitimate. They had no freedom and right, meanwhile were always misdeed roughly. Slavers traded by living material, such as rice, axes, and horses were no distinction from tools. These behaviors did not break moral standard in view of that ancient people, although we may consider it cruel If so, it is entirely possible that our well-being society ethics would viewed as immature in term of future people. As a result, it must be meaningless when overlooking background of frameworks to evaluate social ethics.

To sum up, technologies instead of determining, serve to be an independent element that impacts social customs and ethics. Social ethics and customs supervise abusive technologies in precaution of threat and danger.

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Donna.#UID: 2707837

48. The following appeared in a newspaper article published in the country of Corpora.

“Twenty years ago, one half of all citizens in Corpora met the standards for adequate physical fitness as then defined by the national advisory board on physical fitness. Today, the board says that only one quarter of all citizens are adequately fit and suggests that spending too much time using computers may be the reason. But since overall fitness levels are highest in regions of Corpora where levels of computer ownership are also highest, it is clear that using computers has not made citizens less physically fit. Instead, as shown by this year’s unusually low expenditures on fitness-related products and services, the recent decline in the economy is most likely the cause, and fitness levels will improve when the economy does.”
逻辑错误：
1充分性不足，就几个地区不充分。
2 computer ownership ≠ computer using
3 fitness-related products 消费下降与physical fit下降没有必然关系。
Alternative factors and counterexample:
1不能排除电脑的原因。A成立不足≠＞not A。其他地区没说

2并且computer ownership 高不代表大家用的就多，很可能使用时间远低于他处。
3在保健用品上的消费下降，不一定就说明经济影响了健康，其他原因：民众对健康的态度和认识发生变化，生活环境发生变化。
In this argument, the author asserts that economy is responsible for the decreasing fitness level which would improve as the economy does. In order to bolster his assertion, the author cites that the regions with high level of computer ownership also enjoy better fitness and that this year people spend less money on fitness-related products and services caused by the decline in economy. However, the assertion is dubious on several grounds.

In the first place, the author treats a lack of proof that too much using of computer results in less physical fit as a constituting sufficient proof that it is not the case. The author overlooks fitness conditions of other regions of citizens in Corpora which must be surveyed before making further conclusions. Perhaps, these high computer ownership citizens surveyed is aberrant compared with majority condition that the higher computer ownership, the lower fitness level. Without ruling out these possibilities, the author cannot convince me that using computers has not made citizens less physical fit.

In the second place, the author falsely equates computer using with computer ownership. It is entirely possible that citizens seldom use computers although they have a high level of computer ownership. Then the side impact on fitness caused by computer overusing would be too little to reflect the real function contributing to physical fit. If so, it would undermine the evidence cited as a clear example to support the author’s conclusion.

In the third place, granted that using computer has little relationship with declining physical fit, the assertion that economy would most likely the cause is suspicious at best. The fact that people spend less money on fitness products and service does not mean that their fitness level would definitely decline for the sake of economy depression. Chances that environmental damage and pollution play a critic role in this case would appear in a large rate. Common sense tells me that pollutions, such as air, water, soil and so forth, with the global revolutionizing of industry impair health. As a consequence, lacking of analyses of other possible factors which may cause the declining of fitness, we cannot accept the author’s assertion.

To sum up, the argument is doubtful in itself. In order to better evaluate, the author should provide sufficient evidence about the relationship between overall level of using computer and physical fitness level, as well as ruling out other factors. What’s more, I also need to know the specific information about how often citizens use computer in the regions with high computer ownership.

Donna.#UID: 2707837

11”All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world’s most persistent social problems.”
关键词： global university

world’s most persistent social problems
all nations
总论点：建立全球性大学能充分地利用资源和技术，集众国之所长。但要合理地分配责任和职责，要考虑实际情况。
分论点：
1+世界上社会问题本身就由大部分个国家相互作用影响而产生的，所以各国都有责任来解决问题。教育帮助我们用长远的眼光看待问题。
2+科技沟通得更加深入、广泛。资源利用更趋合理，互利互惠。
例如：国际大学之间的交流合作（互派留学生,研讨会），也有助于科研进步。拓宽思路，互相补充。      

3-但不是指所用国家都平等地投入相同的人力物力，要依据各国的国情，客观地分析问题，才能使global university 实际地建好。

Globalizing revolution enforces each country not only thinks of itself, but also be aware of the whole world changing all the time. It would be worth of all nations working together for double-benefits to confront the global challenges and solving persistent social problems generally relating to most of countries. As a consequence, a global university supported by all nations should be built.

As we know, human race never have a very peaceful time without challenges. What is more, global challenges have already been drafted in the reports years before, such as how to ensure everyone have sufficient clean water without conflict, how to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor, how to achieve sustainable development for all, etc. In fact, with the driving force of globalization social problems occurring in different countries have a wide and mutual impact on each country. Therefore, it is the responsibility for all nations that should be committed to solve tough social problems no matter how trivial capability of a country is. In the view of environmental problems, developing counties deal with wastes ineffectively and utilize natural unfeasibly due to lacking of technologies and money. That some of them sacrifice environment to short-term profits probably brings side impact on the countries especially adjacent to them. As a matter, educating people are the best ways in long-term perspective and building global university probably help dramatically for the people to work on social problems.

Moreover, global university provide varies of cultural and knowledge backgrounds, which serve to broaden students’ horizon and inspire students’ creative ideas. Actually, communication will develop more deep and efficiently with different counties on current technologies and science puzzles. There is no wonder that international universities exchange students for better understanding of science through different viewpoints and methods. Besides, every year innumerable international academic senators are held for scientists and specialists aiming for mutual benefits as a brainstorm for solutions. Global university would be a good platform for such multinational academic exchanges in some degree.

However, considering the reality of the conditions in different countries, the responsibility distributed should depend on the differentiation as possible as to assure accomplishment of building global university. For example, some African countries lacking of living necessities cannot afford the extra money on global university, as a result demanding for the same contribution to the global university seem be unrealistic.

On the whole, all nations should make certain contribution to building global university if we want to solve the world’s most persistent social problems efficiently. As an old saying goes, “united we stand, divided we fall”, it is necessary of global university under the globalizing trend and pursing for further achievement.

Donna.#UID: 2707837

今天，终于把Gre难句看完了，收获是看文章时，自信增加了不少，也对英文句子不那么抵触了， 写作文时也不自觉地会插入，句式有很多的变化。但阅读能力还不尽如人意啊，今天看了五个GMAT的句子，大打击死人了，目前自我分析，制约我阅读能力的首要因素是单词！不把这个拦路虎打趴下了，我是不会走多远的，下一步：再次转入单词的复习当中！

Donna.#UID: 2707837

130.How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society.
关键词:children
socialized
not yet learned how to raise
determines
分论点：
1 儿童是社会的未来，他们的发展对社会的命运有很大的影响，但不是决定性的，因为社会还有成年人的份。
2人类是社会群体，人类要更好的生存必须要符合社会的要求和需要。所以儿童的社会化教育很重要，但这种适应社会的教育其实是人类自身需求的本能更加的明显，而非后天教育。孩子在潜移默化中已经掌握了很多社会的规则。这是教不来的！
3 我们所努力的应该是如何建立一个良好的社会风尚和社会体系，树立好标杆。建造个好的社会环境比培养孩子要如何如何意义更重大。


Education must be the critical concern when considering children determining the destiny of society. Actually, the ultimate goal of education is to help children adapt to social environment in order to abstain personal achievement accompanied with stimulating development of the whole society. However, the destiny of society does not merely depend on the ability of adapting to society educated by adults. There may other factors count.

Firstly, society components a great number of individuals living together and interdependency. It seems that human race is born to know the benefit of cooperation, the way that brings to efficiency and high rate of success. For example, dating to ancient times, our ancestors hunt for beasts in groups, they have nothing to choice but to live together in order to get rid of starvation and coldness, importantly, ancient people were not aware of education. In fact, children in that period of time learned by themselves in great degree. It is the human nature to adapt to social environment and rules rather than cultivated by adults, although the later really plays an important role in the formation of children' social perspective.

Moreover, conceded that children are the future of society and mainly driving force of social improvement, adults also contribute to the society to some extent. It is no wonder that adults are the major manufacturer of society determine what the society should be at present while the society influence children's thought in turn. If so, the real factor of determining the destiny of society is how adults build the society. As we know that, each generation serves to build a better and sounder society not only for themselves, but also for later generations benefiting directly. The well-being environment contributes more than the instructions instilled to children about what they should do to be accepted by society and easily achieve their personal goal.

Finally, common sense tells me that social environment, especially family environment makes a difference in children' socialization perspective. It is our adults’ responsibility to foster a lovely and well moral environment and provide children comfortable conditions in the way to understand the real world unpacked to them. For example, children are taught to be independent on their parents and try to express themselves in public. Now the trend of individualism is prevail among children in most of countries. If one wants to succeed, he or she must get hold of every chance occurring to them in this competitive society. As a consequence, we should guide children to realize the real world and necessities of society as possible as we can.

To sum up, children is the important element consisted in our society. Whether they are socialized better or not have a closer relationship on the environment itself compared with education and instructions. Only adults conduct well and build a harmony society can the children's socialization perspective develops a great deal and grow to adapt to society effortless.