1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by cicialice——如果看见地狱 我就不怕魔鬼

cicialiceUID: 2594855

口号可以叫嚣的无限响亮，可是怎么种怎么得终究是冷暖自知的事儿。
不想多说什么。shaping的进行时已然过去，现在是一个new start。
于是呢，我们一起重新启航吧。

lghscuUID: 2552043

1# cicialice
楼主很注重实际操作噢，呵呵
和KG的想法有点类似，呵呵

ginorUID: 2610959

lz的口号倒让我想起那句——如果见过鬼，我还怕黑吗？（自偏）
比起口号喊得很响亮的，我也觉欣赏做得比说得多的人，当然做也是的做有用功才算。

cicialiceUID: 2594855

（已按照草木老大的指示在每个帖下面分别留下笔记了，这是汇总~:victory: ）
PS:我是从每个帖下面的笔记复制到word里面又从word复制到这里的，所以格式什么的已经不能遵照以前了~格式排版好的版本在每个帖下面我的笔记区~~^_^


【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers1.
1. What does X mean? (Definition)
1
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
1
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
1
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
1
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
1
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
1
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
1
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
1
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
1
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
1
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
1
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
1
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
1
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
1
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
1
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
1
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
1
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
1
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
1
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion) 【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（2）Writing Anxiety

对我来说很有用的：

·
Consciously stop the non-productive comments（没用的思路） running through your head by replacing them with productive ones.

• -Follow a protocol you may have for organizing your time. Use a favorite pen if you have one.
  （回忆模板，摸摸自己的幸运物）

嘿嘿~其实还有考前一定要上好厕所~o(∩_∩)o…

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（3）Writer's Block我出现过的症状以及如何对症下药：
Symptom
You have attempted to begin a paper without doing any preliminary work such as brainstorming or outlining...
Possible Cures
·
Use invention strategies suggested by a tutor or teacher
·
Write down all the primary ideas you'd like to express and then fill in each with the smaller ideas that make up each primary idea. This can easily be converted into an outline
Symptom
You don't want to spend time writing or don't understand the assignment...
Possible Cures
·
Resign yourself to the fact that you have to write
·
Find out what is expected of you (consult a teacher, textbook, student, tutor, or project coordinator)
·
Look at some of the strategies for writing anxiety listed below
Symptom
You're self-conscious about your writing, you may have trouble getting started. So, if you're preoccupied with the idea that you have to write about a subject and feel you probably won't express yourself well...
Possible Cures
·
Talk over the subject with a friend or tutor.
·
assure yourself that the first draft doesn't have to be a work of genius, it is something to work with.
·
Force yourself to write down something, however poorly worded, that approximates your thought (you can revise this later) and go on with the next idea.
·
Break the task up into steps. Meet the general purpose first, and then flesh out the more specific aspects later.
·
Try one of the strategies on the next page of this resource.

Begin in the MiddleStart writing at whatever point you like. 记得很早以前看过imong淘的一篇写历史学家都是讲故事的人那篇issue的文章~经典啊经典~那篇就是开头几段都谈的貌似与主题无关，看到后面才知前面的铺垫真是巧妙~很长一段时间我也想写出那样的文章，但是自己的积淀实在没达到那个程度所以都宣告失败了~这一次，再试试！
Talk Out the PaperTalking feels less artificial than writing to some people. “ETS喜欢说真话的。”这是我一个学姐在有了AW 3分的惨痛经历后送给我的至理名言。其实这次准备AW的过程我要的不仅仅是一个4.5分或者更高的成绩，更重要的是让自己真正摒弃模板，达到之前都未曾达到的一种写作的境界，很自然的抒发对一个topic的感悟，用真正的critical thinking&logical analysis~
Tape the PaperTalk into a tape recorder, imagining your audience sitting in front of you. 哈，这点操作起来好像不太靠谱~
Change the AudiencePretend that you're writing to a child, to a close friend, to a parent, to a person who sharply disagrees with you, or to someone who's new to the subject and needs to have you explain your paper's topic slowly and clearly.恩，这蛮实用的~
Play a RolePretend you are someone else writing the paper.可以增加写作快感的说~^_^
其实归根结底是在告诉我们：写作是件正经事儿，我们要正视它，并且不要怕它~

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（4）start to write

不得不说之前写作我还真的是按照那老的套路来的，果然人云亦云的东西不一定就是好东西~
那么，从以后的文章开始，深入贯彻新思想~哈，我已经看到我的英文写作生涯重新起步的火花了~！！
Ask yourself what your purpose is for writing about the subject.
There are many "correct" things to write about for any subject, but you need to narrow down your choices. For example, your topic might be "dorm food." At this point, you and your potential reader are asking the same question, "So what?" Why should you write about this, and why should anyone read it?
Do you want the reader to pity you because of the intolerable food you have to eat there?偏向个人感情
Do you want to analyze large-scale institutional cooking?偏向制作方法
Do you want to compare Purdue's dorm food to that served at Indiana University?做类比
Ask yourself how you are going to achieve this purpose.
How, for example, would you achieve your purpose if you wanted to describe some movie as the best you've ever seen? Would you define for yourself a specific means of doing so? Would your comments on the movie go beyond merely telling the reader that you really liked it?

Start the ideas flowing

Brainstorm. Gather as many good and bad ideas, suggestions, examples, sentences, false starts, etc. as you can. Perhaps some friends can join in. Jot down everything that comes to mind, including material you are sure you will throw out. Be ready to keep adding to the list at odd moments as ideas continue to come to mind.
Talk to your audience, or pretend that you are being interviewed by someone（这种方法对我这种能很快入戏的人还是蛮有效的~哈哈~） -- or by several people, if possible (to give yourself the opportunity of considering a subject from several different points of view). What questions would the other person ask? You might also try to teach the subject to a group or class.
See if you can find a fresh analogy that opens up a new set of ideas. Build your analogy by using the word like. For example, if you are writing about violence on television, is that violence like clowns fighting in a carnival act (that is, we know that no one is really getting hurt)?强！
Take a rest and let it all percolate.
Nutshell your whole idea.
Tell it to someone in three or four sentences.
Diagram your major points somehow.
Make a tree, outline, or whatever helps you to see a schematic representation of what you have. You may discover the need for more material in some places.
Write a first draft.
Then, if possible, put it away.抛开原来的方案的确可以升华思维~ Later, read it aloud or to yourself as if you were someone else. Watch especially for the need to clarify or add more information.
You may find yourself jumping back and forth among these various strategies.
You may find that one works better than another. You may find yourself trying several strategies at once. If so, then you are probably doing something right!

cicialiceUID: 2594855

一、什么是主题句？
The thesis statement is typically located at the end of your opening paragraph. (The opening paragraph serves to set the context for the thesis.) 注意，这里明确的指出了，主题句（thesis statement）必须出现在开头段（opening paragraph）的最后！


clear, strong, and easy to find.使主题句清晰！


An argumentative thesis statement will tell your audience:
·         1. your claim or assertion
·         2. the reasons/evidence that support this claim
·         3. the order in which you will be presenting your reasons and evidence


二、什么是好的主题句的属性？
Attributes of a good thesis:

·
It should be contestable, proposing an arguable point with which people could reasonably disagree. A strong thesis is provocative; it takes a stand and justifies the discussion you will present.
·
It tackles a subject that could be adequately covered in the format of the project assigned.
·
It is specific and focused. A strong thesis proves a point without discussing “everything about …” Instead of music, think "American jazz in the 1930s" and your argument about it. （注意，主题不要假，大，空，要具体针对问题！）
·
It clearly asserts your own conclusion based on evidence. （我记得是谁又曾经说过assert是个贬义？？所以说，有了根据，再发表意见！）Note: Be flexible. The evidence may lead you to a conclusion you didn't think you'd reach. It is perfectly okay to change your thesis!
·
It provides the reader with a map to guide him/her through your work.
·
It anticipates and refutes the counter-arguments
·
It avoids vague language (like "it seems").
·
It avoids the first person. ("I believe," "In my opinion") （强烈注意，不要使用第一人称！！！！）这两点简直就是我经常在犯的错误！！！
·
It should pass the So what? or Who cares? test (Would your most honest friend ask why he should care or respond with "but everyone knows that"?) For instance, "people should avoid driving under the influence of alcohol," would be unlikely to evoke any opposition. （不要说那些大家都知道的废话，要有可质疑性，可辩论性．）
·
附：什么是the So what? or Who cares? test：


To be sure to choose a topic worth arguing about or exploring.（这就是我们为什么要提倡effective writing吧~！） This means to construct a thesis statement or research question about a problem that is still debated, controversial, up in the air.


总结一下：
主题句的dos and don’ts
Dos:
表明立场，具体，并且中心明确，表明自己的观点和结论，出现在开头段的末尾，同时提示读者作者的行文思路．
Don’ts:
不要说废话，说空话，说大话，不要出现第一人称，不要含糊不清．

公式：

Specific topic + Attitude/Angle/Argument = Thesis

What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it = Thesis

三、如何检验自己写好的主题句是否合格？
Try these five tests:

·
Does the thesis  inspire a reasonable reader to ask, "How?" or Why?" 吸引读者思考
·
Would a reasonable reader NOT respond with "Duh!" or "So what?" or "Gee, no kidding!" or "Who cares?" 避免出现so what问题
·
Does the thesis  avoid general phrasing and/or sweeping words such as "all" or "none" or "every"? 避免绝对的论调（这是我有时就会犯的错误，写得太绝对~而这简直是AW所要求的critical thinking的死穴！）
·
Does the thesis lead the reader toward the topic sentences (the subtopics needed to prove the thesis)? 主题句是否引导了下文的分论点或者段主题？
·
Can the thesis be adequately developed in the required length of the paper or project? 主题句是否可以适合被展开论述？


   红色注明好在哪里~


E-coli contamination should not happen.


The causes of the Civil War were economic, social, and political.


The Simpsons represents the greatest animated show in the history of television.


The Simpsons treats the issues of ethnicity, family dynamics, and social issues effectively.


Often dismissed because it is animated, The Simpsons treats the issue of ethnicity more powerfully than didthe critically praised All In The Family.


Although many parents of teens struggling with body image may blame television models and other such stars, these body issues and their disorders stem back to their daughters' younger days of pigtails and Barbies. 让步转折——对应正文套路重点也在their daughters' younger days of pigtails and Barbies


Despite their high-tech special effects, today's graphically violent horror movies do not convey the creative use of cinematography or the emotional impact that we saw in the classic horror films of the 1940s and 50s.

四、如何写出好的主题句？（思维的步骤）
１．Rank with justification　考虑重要性
2.Contrasts (of perspectives of sources) 对比，考虑流行和反对观点
3.Perception versus reality; 感觉与现实
4.Good versus bad reasons:
５． Cause and Effect: 因果关系
（前面5点的总体感觉就是：对比实在是种太好不过的写主题句的方法了~重要性强弱的对比，新老观点的对比，感觉与现实的对比，好与不好的对比，原因与结果关系紧密度的对比~在对比中全面的看待问题，得出不以偏概全的主题。）
６．Challenge:质疑，否定
７．提出系列问题：
·
What should the audience/reader do/feel/believe?

·
Who are the major players on both/each side and how did they contribute to?

·
Which are the most important?
·
What was the impact of?

·
Can I compare? How is X like or unlike Y?

·
What if?  Can I predict?

·
How could we solve/improve/design/deal with?
·
Is there a better solution to?
·
How can you defend?
·
What changes would you recommend to?

·
Was it effective, justified, defensible, warranted?
·
Why did this happen?
Why did it succeed?
Why did it fail?
·
What should be? What are/would be the possible outcomes of?

·
What are the problems related to?
·
What were the motives behind?

·
Why are the opponents protesting?

·
What is my personal response to?
·
What case can I make for?

·
What is the significance of?
·
Where will the next move(s) occur?

·
How is this debate likely to affect?
·
What is the value or, what is/are the potential benefit(s) of?
·
What are three/four/five reasons for us to believe?


五、对于主题的头脑风暴：
论据：As you write and revise your paper, it's okay to change your thesis statement -- sometimes you don't discover what you really want to say about a topic until you've started (or finished) writing! Just make sure that your "final" thesis statement accurately shows what will happen in your paper.

Create a list of sample questions to guide your research:

• How many hours of television does the average young child watch per week?
• How do we identify a "violent" program?
• Which types of programs are most violent?
• Are there scientific research studies that have observed children before and after watching violent programs?
• Are there experts you might contact?
• Which major groups are involved in investigating this question?

六、主题示例：注意下面的例子中前一个不是Thesis而后一个是！（主题要求~）

1. A strong thesis takes some sort of stand.明确表明立场！2. A strong thesis justifies discussion.留给大家质疑和讨论的余地．（这一点太合我心了~！）3. A strong thesis expresses one main idea.表达一个主要观点（而且要让audience看得出来~）Hint: a great many clear and engaging thesis statements contain words like “because,” “since,” “so,” “although,” “unless,” and “however.”4. A strong thesis statement is specific.具体而不抽象    

   其实可以看出提到的好多点都可以mapping到GRE的阅读里，比如说让步转折、对比、ets崇尚的“喜新厌旧”“标新立异”等等。
   主题句是一篇文章的眼睛，好的主题句在符合以上规则的基础上，往往可以映衬出整篇文章的结构。让考官依靠那第一段末的一句话就看出你这一整篇文章要说什么，应该是我们力求达到的境界！

cicialiceUID: 2594855

学习了【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作第一讲——第六讲

明天计划：
开始杨鹏25天计划第一天list1-2
继续查韦氏大学词典list5单词并抄写释义
完成【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作第7—16讲

亲爱的自己，加油，晚安！:hug:

StefanaUID: 2143510

佩服cici重新开始的勇气。
嘿嘿，刚回来就爬格支持下噢。
不管怎么样，这一次既然上路，就一定好好加油。

cicialiceUID: 2594855

7# Stefana

恩~这是一个好得不能再好的新开始~

cicialiceUID: 2594855

Topic sentences
reveal the main point of a paragraph. They show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report.

Topic sentences and signposts deliver an essay's structure and meaning to a reader, so they are useful diagnostic tools to the writer—they let you know if your thesis is arguable—and essential guides to the reader.

TS形式：
１．Complex sentences.

Topic sentences at the beginning of a paragraph frequently combine with a transition from the previous paragraph. This might be done by writing a sentence that contains both subordinate and independent clauses, as in the example below.（利用复合句，联系上下文的作用）

２．Questions.（提问）
Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.


３．Bridge sentences.

Bridge sentences indicate both what came before and what comes next (they "bridge" paragraphs) without the formal trappings of multiple clauses: "But there is a clue to this puzzle."


４．Pivots.
The pivot always needs a signal, a word like "but," "yet," or "however," or a longer phrase or sentence that indicates an about-face. It often needs more than one sentence to make its point.

cicialiceUID: 2594855

支持论据１：(感觉这是最有用处印象最深的一条~)Climactic Order (Order of Importance)

Typical transitions would include more important, most difficult, still harder, by far the most expensive, even more damaging, worse yet, and so on. This is a flexible principle of organization, and may guide the organization of all or part of example, comparison & contrast, cause & effect, and description.
Still other principles of organization based on emphasis include
general-to-specific order,
specific-to general order,
most-familiar-to-least-familiar,
simplest-to-most-complex,
order of frequency,
order of familiarity, and so on.
对应连接词：
more importantly; best of all; still worse; a more effective approach; even more expensive; even more painful than passing a kidney stone; the least wasteful; occasionally, frequently, regularly


l
支持论据２：

you can follow an ascending or climactic order, looking at smaller factors or arguments first, then moving up to the more crucial factors. Your last section could begin, "The most serious difficulty with…, however, is…" （好像跟论据1有点点重复~）




支持论据３：
After you have formed your dominant impression into a thesis, make a plan to organize the relevant supporting details into three basic parts. Each part will comprise one Roman numeral of your outline and one paragraph of the body of your paper.

l
支持论据４：
Logical Order: The Key to Coherent Paragraphs and Essays
It is very important to present information to readers in a logical order.
Order your examples in a paragraph, for instance, from least to most important. Be sure to use appropriate transitions (first, then, finally) in order to guide your reader.
Another way to organize is by cause and effect: if A caused B, discuss A first, then B.
Still another way is to organize by problem then solution. State the problem first, then give your proposed solution.

通过对这些论据的总结，我有以下结论：
１．
并不是所有的文章都是要按照ascending orders的，其实别的顺序都可以接受，包括descending的。主要是按照合理的顺序，说清楚意思就好。
２．
实际的文章写作，没有这么单纯的顺序，Issue题目中，许多复杂的问题远不能拿这些逻辑顺序概括。实际上，我们把这种复杂的顺序叫做the flow of mind，根据论证的思路排序
３．补充一种顺序：IMRaD: Introduction- Materials and Methods -
Results – Discussion

二、如何处理复杂顺序：
１．三“W”法：what how why
2.Mapping an Essay
*
State your thesis in a sentence or two, then write another sentence saying why it's important to make that claim. Indicate, in other words, what a reader might learn by exploring the claim with you. Here you're anticipating your answer to the "why" question that you'll eventually flesh out in your conclusion.

*
Begin your next sentence like this: "To be convinced by my claim, the first thing a reader needs to know is . . ." Then say why that's the first thing a reader needs to know, and name one or two items of evidence you think will make the case. This will start you off on answering the "what" question. (Alternately, you may find that the first thing your reader needs to know is some background information.)

*
Begin each of the following sentences like this: "The next thing my reader needs to know is . . ."
Once again, say why, and name some evidence. Continue until you've mapped out your essay.


Your map should naturally take you through some preliminary answers to the basic questions of what, how, and why. It is not a contract, though—the order in which the ideas appear is not a rigid one. Essay maps are flexible; they evolve with your ideas.

cicialiceUID: 2594855

一、段落的基本概念：
１．段落的作用：An informative paragraph should tell your readers all they need to know about a single idea, in a logical sequence, without wasting their time with irrelevant detail.
这里注意段落基本的三要素：
l
一个独立的观点－和Thesis密切相关
l
一个合理的逻辑顺序
l
没有无关细节


１．段落的长短问题：
首先原因一段比较有趣的论断：An essay is like a girl's skirt-it should be long enough to cover the topic(body) and short enough to be interesting!（哈哈~）
实际上段落的长短是没有一个绝对的标准的，就像上面那句话一样，长短适度，根据话题和论述的需要。


一、二、段落的组成结构：
１．The topic sentence:
有两个作用：首先它实际上是你本段话题的Thesis,起到和全文的Thesis一样的作用。其次，它是全文的Thesis的进一步的推广和具体化；一般来说，TS总是在文章的开头的第一或者第二句话，很少可以见到在文章的最后出现，并且最好不要这样使用！
２．Supporting evidence/analysis:
由论据和论证组成，为了合理的论证观点TS.必须在论据和论证之间找到一个平衡！
The conclusion(observation):
结论句总是在文章的最后一句或者倒数第二句！结论句除了总结上文的论述，还要在此总结上做好向下一个分论点的过度。

让读者知道你下一步要写什么三部曲：
（１）   （1）USE ORIENTING WORDS AND PHRASES：
Here are a few orienting words and phrases you can use to introduce familiar concepts and to make your readers comfortable by touching base with things they already know:
·
of course
·
as you know
·
until now
·
obviously
·
normally
·
previously
·
everyone is familiar with
·
remember that


（2）LET THE NEW AMPLIFY THE OLD
（3）ADD EXPLANATORY WORDS AND PHRASES：

In general, it's a good idea to put in more explanations than you think you need, because your writing is often read by people outside your expected audience.


一、三、段内句子连接：
注意三个原则：
l
Unity-所有句子讲同一个主题
l
Coherence－句子之间相互关联，共同构成有机整体
l
Connection－适当的连接句子（transition实在是重中之重！）

（一）利用逻辑连接词连接段落：
Connective words that describe relationships:

ALSO	HOWEVER	ALTHOUGH
INCIDENTALLY	THEREFORE	BESIDES
LIKEWISE	THUS	MEANWHILE
MOREOVER	USUALLY	FURTHERMORE
NEXT	WHATEVER	GENERALLY
YET	ACCORDINGLY	NEVERTHELESS
INSTEAD	IN CONTRAST	FOR EXAMPLE

Connectives that give a sense of time:

FIRST	SECONDLY
FINALLY	NOW
ONCE	WHEN
ULTIMATELY	EVENTUALLY
LASTLY	LATER
MEANWHILE	PREVIOUSLY
THEN	SOON
FORMERLY	SOMETIMES

Other Connective phrases:

TO BEGIN WITH	ON THE OTHER HAND
IN BRIEF	IN GENERAL
IN SUMMARY	MORE SPECIFICALLY
INSTEAD OF	IN ADDITION TO
IN OTHER WORDS	ANOTHER WAY TO
FOR THE SAME REASON	NO MATTER WHAT
SUCH A	THAT'S WHAT (WHY)
IN FACT	WHAT'S MORE
IN THE SAME WAY	ON THE CONTRARY
CONVERSELY	AS A RESULT
SUMMING UP	IF SO / NOT

（二）利用重复：（指代词~）
１．One easy way to follow this principle is to use pronominal adjectives like these to refer to nouns in previous sentences:

THIS	THAT
THESE	WHICH
THEIR	HIS
ITS	HER

利用人称和其他代词指代。
２．Another way to assure continuity in your writing is simple repetition; that is, carry the same nouns from one sentence to the next.
核心词重复（或者改写重复）
３．利用强调词：
Here is a list of some useful intensives:

ESPECIALLY	AS MUCH AS	EVEN IF/THOUGH
INCREASINGLY	BY FAR	SO...THAT
MORE IMPORTANTLY	HIGHLY	ONLY
PARTICULARLY	IN FACT	VERY
SIGNIFICANTLY	QUITE	SUCH
MOST	UNIQUE	AT ALL
ABOVE ALL	INDEED	IN ANY CASE

cicialiceUID: 2594855

这一讲的精华在于最后提出的这几个问题：
Questions to Ask Yourself When Revising Your Paper
1) Do I avoid generalizing in my paper by specifically explaining how my evidence is representative?
2) Have I offered my reader evidence to substantiate each assertion I make in my paper?
3) Do I thoroughly explain why/how my evidence backs up my ideas?
4) Do I provide evidence that not only confirms but also qualifies my paper’s main claims?
5) Do I use evidence to test and evolve my ideas, rather than to just confirm them?
6) Do I cite my sources thoroughly and correctly?

提出论据之后一定要对其进行分析~GRE写作考察的是你的逻辑推理能力而不是单纯誊写论据的抄写能力~
in turn,你每提出一个论调，必须要有合理的论据来支持它~论点和论据都不能独立存在，合二为一才能服人~

cicialiceUID: 2594855

the conclusion is often what a reader remembers best.

A conclusion should

• stress the importance of the thesis statement, （重现主题句）
• give the essay a sense of completeness, and （完善全文）
• leave a final impression on the reader.（给读者一个深刻的印象）

Suggestions

• Answer the question "So What?" （强调文章的重要性）

Show your readers why this paper was important. Show them that your paper was meaningful and useful.

不能只做成简简单单的陈述~要让读者真有体会这是一篇effective writing!

• Synthesize,（综合全面的观点） don't summarize
  • Don't simply repeat things that were in your paper. They have read it. Show them how the points you made and the support and examples you used were not random, but fit together.
  • 这一条提的是多么多么好啊！！我真想给它五颗大大的五星~~好多时候都把结论做成了summarize,认为结论就是总结没法体现什么文章结构~大错特错！结论是给了你一个极好的机会去再次（首次是thesis）将全文内容浑然一体，让读者一眼看出你要陈述的重点是什么以及以上陈述的各段观点是如何被融为一体的~

• Redirect your readers

Give your reader something to think about, perhaps a way to use your paper in the "real" world. If your introduction went from general to specific, make your conclusion go from specific to general. Think globally. （结尾最后从具体再回到一般）

·
Create a new meaning

o
You don't have to give new information to create a new meaning. By demonstrating how your ideas work together, you can create a new picture. Often the sum of the paper is worth more than its parts.

升华观点而不是提出一个全新的观点~

·
Point to broader implications.

Strategies

• Echoing the introduction: （呼应开头）Echoing your introduction can be a good strategy if it is meant to bring the reader full-circle. If you begin by describing a scenario, you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay was helpful in creating a new understanding.
• 呼应开头绝对不是对开头简简单单的陈述~经过了几段的论证要深化开头提出的观点，更体现文章的全局观。

• Challenging the reader:（挑战读者的思维） By issuing a challenge to your readers, you are helping them to redirect the information in the paper, and they may apply it to their own lives.

• Looking to the future:（展望未来） Looking to the future can emphasize the importance of your paper or redirect the readers' thought process. It may help them apply the new information to their lives or see things more globally.

Posing questions:（提出问题） Posing questions, either to your readers or in general, may help your readers gain a new perspective on the topic, which they may not have held before reading your conclusion. It may also bring your main ideas together to create a new meaning.

Strategies to Avoid（太重要了！！！）·
Beginning with an unnecessary, overused phrase such as "in conclusion," "in summary," or "in closing." Although these phrases can work in speeches, they come across as wooden and trite in writing.（很重要！）
·
Stating the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion.
·
Introducing a new idea or subtopic in your conclusion.
·
Ending with a rephrased thesis statement without any substantive changes.
·
Making sentimental, emotional appeals (out of character with the rest of an analytical paper).
·
Including evidence (quotations, statistics, etc.) that should be in the body of the paper.

cicialiceUID: 2594855

学习了【Fundamental Course of Writtng】7-11讲
昨天给今天布置的任务太多了~毕竟除了GRE对一个大三的学生还有很多专业的东西要学习~
做计划要量力而行~~

明天的计划：
学习【Fundamental Course of Writtng】12-16讲
抄写MWC list5单词释义
杨鹏25天第一天 list1-2

加加加加油！！！

irvine666UID: 2575525

Ur courage and hard-working spirit is so impressive.
Perseverance combined with energy is necessary to success in life
If any difficulty of AW confronts u, plz contact me by sending message.