本帖最后由 mirakaiz 于 2009-11-8 19:49 编辑
看了【SU & SY SO】的前三篇,很多以前的知识,基本上都比较熟悉。不过速度还是有点慢,争取加快之。
我笔记的形式暂时以摘录一些个人认为需要注意的地方为主,个别有意见的地方写在该项后的括号中,欢迎各位版友指教;若有错误不足之处,还请多多包涵,并指出。
一.主谓一致
a.当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。
b.表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。
c.在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
d.集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式,the +形容词,the +姓+family等均表复数概念。
e.有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
(其实a number of 可看做一词组,表“许多”之意,故用复数;the number of 着重点在number,意指该后接名词的数量。原帖中的记法复杂了。另外,这个“有时看作单数,有时看作复数”的说法无棱两可,其实可从主语中描述的名词是着重于整体还是多个个体而言来入手。)
二、情态动词
a. might 表示推测时,不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
may/might as well,后面接不带to 的不定式,意为"不妨"。
b. would rather表示“宁愿”
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示“宁愿”、“宁可”的意思。
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
c.need 的被动含义:need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动:
need doing = need to be done
must, 因为语气实在强硬,所以一般在社会性的问题的论述上我们要慎用,建议多换成need/ shall/ be to do 或者是be expected to do形式。
三、冠词&数词
a.用与不用冠词的差异
at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁
in future从今以后,将来/in the future未来
go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…)/go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去
out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能的,办不到的
next year明年/the next year 第二年
b.算式表达法:
2×3:two multiplied by three(or two times three)
8/4:eight divided by four
c.数词主谓一致
——如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数+of-词组”,谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of-词组中名词或代词的单、复数形式:如果of-词组中名词或代词是单数或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式;如果of-词组中名词或代词是复数,谓语动词也用复数形式。
(这里可以作为主谓一致中e的补充。)
——a+单数名词+or two做主语,谓语动词用单数形式。one or two+复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
A word or two is missed in the sentence.
One or two words are missed in the sentence.
(既然不是集体名词,主语中的名词单复数形式是根据数词而决定的,感觉这样理解会有更多适用情况。)
四、虚拟语气
a.对将来事实的虚拟:If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思类似汉语中的“万一”。
if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
b.as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形,引导让步虚拟从句,这种用法通常采用倒装结构。
例句:Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
(这种用法第一次见,想了很久,结合网上一些说法,个人是这样理解的:让步状语从句表达的是一种“尽管……”、“即使……”之意,从句所叙述的情况不影响主句表达的意向或结果,而倒装句中be后面的内容对应的是对从句主语的描述。以例句为例,即they(all religious institutions) be(are的原形) Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on,感觉是两个分句都倒装了;而it(the business of each day) be(was的原形)selling goods or shipping them,与前一例句比,只倒装一句。不知道这样理解是否正确,求指正!)
c.部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气,形式为should do, 其中should常被省略。
此类动词有:insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request, command等表示命令、建议、要求等。
d.在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟,来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情 。
这类习语有:as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only, for fear that, unless, in case, lest等。
e.在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气(should) do,但是由于 should经常被省略,所以实际上用的就是动词原形。
这类形容词有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/ advisable等 + that
(此实为c项用法延伸,即用于命令、要求、建议等,从例句以及这类形容词代表的意思可以看出,是要求/建议对话者怎样做,然后会产生怎样的效果。但实际上,这样的事情还没有发生,仍属于虚拟的状态。)
五、倒装
a.有个别其他副词放在句首时倒装:
Often would she(she would) weep when alone.
Bitterly did he repent that decision.
b.有些短语,(特别是介词短语)移到句首时可能引导倒装语序:
一般这类的都是一些否定含义的短语,类似的还有:in vain, not until, at no point, on no account, under no circumstances.
还有表示唯一的,如:only in this way.
So…that结构: So bright was the moon that the flowers were bright as by day.
c.为了描绘更生动,有些与介词同行的副词可以移到句首,把主语放在谓语后面。
Up went the arrow into the air. 嗖的一声箭射上了天。
She rang the bell. In came a girl she had not seen before. 她按铃,进来一个她从未见过的姑娘。
Down flew the eagle to seize the chicken 老鹰飞下来抓小鸡。
d.进行时态中的分词有时可移到句首,来对这个动作加以强调。
e.有时修辞上的考虑,表语也可以提前:
Very grateful we are for your help.
A very reliable person he is, to be sure. 他是个很可靠的人,没问题。
六、从句
a.当先行词是all, anything, everything, something, nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first, last, any, few, much, some, no, only以及形容词最高级修饰时,只能用关系代词that引导从句。
That is all that I've heard from him.
He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.
b.as引导的定语从句
as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中,代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时,代替整个主句,从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语)
c.比较:because, since, as和for
——because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或since。
I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
——由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
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