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发表于 2009-11-11 19:42:37
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11/11/2009
就要到组内作业的deadline了，可是连第一部分都没有看完，真是惭愧啊。感觉自己什么都在追赶的样子。也罢，过去欠的太多，总是要还的。
今天下午看了3篇。感觉这个已经到了极限了。只有40天就AW，还没动笔。我不想重蹈覆辙，但是我的数学又要怎么办？早上考试发现自己面对很水的试卷都无法很轻松做完。今天看版上的资料，已然看出恶心的感觉了。不过自己的帖子终于有版友来问候了，感到很温暖。
有一个说法是，每天开始先做三件自己最恶心但是又必须的事。做完这一天就完美了。暑假按17天法背红宝也是如此的，可惜最终因为去打比赛间断了。现在时常想起来要是当时拒绝了，会不会少很多堕落的日子。算了，都过去了，等实变考完，重新开始就是。
明天的计划底线是8-11。如果可能，尽量往前看。不管别人怎么看，但求无愧我心。
上笔记，做作业去～
Date: 11/11/2009
Topic: 【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（5）Writing With Computers
Reference: https://bbs.gter.net/thread-932417-1-1.html
Planning
planning visually
Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). Use lines to connect these ideas to the main idea or to other sub-ideas. To try branching, another visual planning strategy, put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas underneath the main idea with related points for each sub-idea branching off. 这个过程很形象，但其实就是先brainstorming然后用逻辑关系来组织成树结构。我比较喜欢在纸上写。
keeping a journal
If keeping a journal helps you, start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing. Include a plan for how you will proceed through the assignment, and if there are stages or steps to complete, write a "to do" list. Include phrases and ideas that occur to you and that may fit into the paper later with some cutting and pasting from one file to another. You may want to insert page breaks for different sections or thoughts. 适合于长时间的写作。我平时学习倒是常写札记。
Organizing
checking your outline
Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized. 这个我觉得修改的时候会有用。参照提纲来想那些东西没有阐述到。
staying on topic in every paragraph
Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic. 别跑题。
Revising
starting at the beginning of the file
Each time you open a file, you are at the beginning of the draft. Start there when you are drafting and revising and read until you come to a section where you will be working. That rereading has several advantages for you. It helps you get back into the flow of thought, and it permits you to review what you've written so that you can revise as you read forward. But be careful not to get caught up in endless revising of the beginning of the paper, especially if like some writers, you find that you need to write the whole paper before you can write the introduction. 嗯，和我的想法很相似，别和开头过不去。开头就是提纲挈领的作用，让任何读者赶快进入主题。
printing out hard copies to read
It may help you to look at a printed copy of your paper as you revise, so you can see the paper's development and organization. 我倒是喜欢把文章印出来，课间可以看看修改下。
highlighting sentence length
Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety? 句式多样性
Editing and Proofreading
changing the appearance of key features of your writing
Change active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italics, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement, and so on. By changing the appearance of these features, you may see that you have too many passives or that you don't have many descriptive words. 还是文法多样性。我喜欢在词下划单线双线。但是字处理软件貌似更方便。
Date: 11/11/2009
Topic: 【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（6）thesis statement
Reference: https://bbs.gter.net/thread-932725-1-1.html
What is a thesis?
A good tentative thesis will help you focus your search for information. But don't rush! You must do a lot of background reading before you know enough about a subject to identify key or essential questions. You may not know how you stand on an issue until you have examined the evidence. 写作背后的功课还是很重要的，而且隐含了一点就是事实强于说理。因此对于issue里自己不熟悉的领域一定要多加了解。You will likely begin your research with a working, preliminary or tentative thesis which you will continue to refine until you are certain of where the evidence leads.
The thesis statement is typically located at the end of your opening paragraph. (The opening paragraph serves to set the context for the thesis.) 注意，这里明确的指出了，主题句（thesis statement）必须出现在开头段（opening paragraph）的最后！
主题句一般出现在开头的最后一两句．这个规定我搜索了不下２０个网站，都是这样要求的，可见，这个规定大家最后遵守，我想，阅卷人一定会在你的Introduction里边的最后一两句找你的Thesis，你就是要确保他在这里找到！我觉得这一点我是做得很好的。因为我开头写得短，每次提出主题就戛然而止了。
Remember, your reader will be looking for your thesis. Make it clear, strong, and easy to find.使主题句清晰！
对于AW，主题句属于：
Argumentative Thesis Statements
An argumentative thesis statement will tell your audience:
• your claim or assertion
• the reasons/evidence that support this claim
• the order in which you will be presenting your reasons and evidence
嗯，这下明白为什么我的开头比较单薄了。这三点都要写出来。我往往只有第一点。
Questions to ask yourself when writing an argumentative thesis statement:
• What is my claim or assertion?
• What are the reasons I have to support my claim or assertion?
• In what order should I present my reasons?
二、什么是好的主题句的属性（Orz属性。。。这里attribute翻译成特征吧）？
Attributes of a good thesis:
• It should be contestable, proposing an arguable point with which people could reasonably disagree. A strong thesis is provocative; it takes a stand and justifies the discussion you will present. 在有争议的问题上说服读者。
• It tackles a subject that could be adequately covered in the format of the project assigned.
• It is specific and focused. A strong thesis proves a point without discussing “everything about …” Instead of music, think "American jazz in the 1930s" and your argument about it. （注意，主题不要假，大，空，要具体针对问题！）
• It clearly asserts your own conclusion based on evidence. 有了根据，再发表意见。所以还是事实先于说理。
Note: Be flexible. The evidence may lead you to a conclusion you didn't think you'd reach. It is perfectly okay to change your thesis! 根据想到的例子来确定主题，这样容易写作
• It provides the reader with a map to guide him/her through your work.
• It anticipates and refutes the counter-arguments 客观考虑到反对意见
• It avoids vague language (like "it seems").
• It avoids the first person. ("I believe," "In my opinion") （强烈注意，不要使用第一人称！！！！）记住了
• It should pass the So what? or Who cares? test (Would your most honest friend ask why he should care or respond with "but everyone knows that"?) For instance, "people should avoid driving under the influence of alcohol," would be unlikely to evoke any opposition. （不要说那些大家都知道的废话，要有可质疑性，可辩论性．）这个和前面第一条是一个意思，议题要有可以议的内容
总结一下：
主题句的dos and don’ts
Dos:
表明立场，具体，并且中心明确，表明自己的观点和结论，出现在开头段的末尾，同时提示读者作者的行文思路．
Don’ts:
不要说废话，说空话，说大话，不要出现第一人称，不要含糊不清．
公式：
Specific topic + Attitude/Angle/Argument = Thesis
What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it = Thesis
三、如何检验自己写好的主题句是否合格？
Try these five tests:
• Does the thesis inspire a reasonable reader to ask, "How?" or Why?" 吸引读者思考
• Would a reasonable reader NOT respond with "Duh!" or "So what?" or "Gee, no kidding!" or "Who cares?" 避免出现so what问题
• Does the thesis avoid general phrasing and/or sweeping words such as "all" or "none" or "every"? 避免绝对的论调
• Does the thesis lead the reader toward the topic sentences (the subtopics needed to prove the thesis)? 主题句是否引导了下文的分论点或者段主题？这个写的时候要注意每个分论点的ts和前面相呼应。
• Can the thesis be adequately developed in the required length of the paper or project? 主题句是否可以适合被展开论述？避免无话可说的现象
If you cannot answer "YES" to these questions, what changes must you make in order for your thesis to pass these tests?
Although many parents of teens struggling with body image may blame television models and other such stars, these body issues and their disorders stem back to their daughters' younger days of pigtails and Barbies.
Despite their high-tech special effects, today's graphically violent horror movies do not convey the creative use of cinematography or the emotional impact that we saw in the classic horror films of the 1940s and 50s.
四、如何写出好的主题句？（思维的步骤）
１．Rank with justification 考虑重要性
• Most important to least important
• Least important to most important
2.Contrasts (of perspectives of sources) 对比，考虑流行和反对观点
• Although newspapers at the time claimed ……, the most significant cause/explanation/reason, etc. is ……
• While Sb. and Sb. maintains that ................, more accurately/importantly, etc, # 2's position is the stronger one. (Substitute "most historians" for So and So and the appropriate person or view or source for #2.)
这一类多以转折句式出现，类似前面留下的两个例子。这种先抑后扬是常见的开头方式。以下3，4同
3.Perception versus reality; 感觉与现实
Although Turner himself may have believed X, the real causes were Y and Z.
4.Good versus bad reasons:
Historians generally list six reasons as the cause for X, but among these are four that are valid and two that are not.
５． Cause and Effect: 因果关系
• Certainly, X was the cause and Y was its effect, but between the two are two other factors of equal importance.
• Separately the causes would have not necessarily led to a rampage; however, together their effect was inevitably murderous.
• Although the effects of the rampage were . . ., the causes were understandable/justifiable/inevitable.
• The more important effects of Nat Turner's rebellion went beyond those of the local rampage.
这一类感觉是：给出事实，然后说它不够充分以开启论题。和后面6类似。
６．Challenge:质疑，否定
Nat Turner's rebellion not a righteous response to the injustice of slavery; it was motivated purely by disturbing psychological issues. 否定+提出。我总结为破旧立新法
７．提出系列问题：这个不错，要多用多记忆
• What should the audience/reader do/feel/believe?
• Who are the major players on both/each side and how did they contribute to?
• Which are the most important?
• What was the impact of?
• Can I compare? How is X like or unlike Y?
• What if? Can I predict?
• How could we solve/improve/design/deal with?
• Is there a better solution to?
• How can you defend?
• What changes would you recommend to?
• Was it effective, justified, defensible, warranted?
• Why did this happen? Why did it succeed? Why did it fail?
• What should be? What are/would be the possible outcomes of?
• What are the problems related to?
• What were the motives behind?
• Why are the opponents protesting?
• What is my personal response to?
• What case can I make for?
• What is the significance of?
• Where will the next move(s) occur?
• How is this debate likely to affect?
• What is the value or, what is/are the potential benefit(s) of?
• What are three/four/five reasons for us to believe?
五、对于主题的头脑风暴：
Thesis Brainstorming注意下面的三点：
As you read look for:
• Interesting contrasts or comparisons or patterns emerging in the information 对比
• Is there something about the topic that surprises you?
• Do you encounter ideas that make you wonder why? 这两点差不多，都是让人引起疑问
• Does something an "expert" says make you respond, "no way! That can be right!" or "Yes, absolutely. I agree!" 寻找已有的意见（我认为expert的意思就是大家普遍接受的那种感觉呃）来强化或者反击
It is okay to revise your thesis!（可以修改自己原来设定的主题，就是说通过对题目的理解和论据的权衡，修改主题以利于论证）其实我们一直在找一个最好写最合理的thesis，这就是考前列提纲和practice的作用
Create a list of sample questions to guide your research:
• How many hours of television does the average young child watch per week?
• How do we identify a "violent" program?
• Which types of programs are most violent?
• Are there scientific research studies that have observed children before and after watching violent programs?
• Are there experts you might contact?
• Which major groups are involved in investigating this question?
其实这个在ETS寄给我们的光盘里就有。他们仅有的几个分析中就是提出了很多问题让你来思考。
六、主题示例：注意下面的例子中前一个不是Thesis而后一个是！
How to Tell a Strong Thesis Sentence from a Weak One.
1. A strong thesis takes some sort of stand.明确表明立场！
2. A strong thesis justifies discussion.留给大家质疑和讨论的余地．
3. A strong thesis expresses one main idea.表达一个主要观点
4. A strong thesis statement is specific.具体而不抽象
Date: 11/11/2009
Topic: 【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（7）段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词
Reference: https://bbs.gter.net/thread-933473-1-1.html
Topic sentences and signposts make an essay's claims clear to a reader. Good essays contain both. Topic sentences reveal the main point of a paragraph. 讲出每段的主要意思。They show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. 讲出每段大意是如何支持文章的thesis的。They argue rather than report.TS都是论点，而非事实（论据）。感觉这个也可以用so what检验法来检验写得是否合理。 Signposts, as their name suggests, prepare the reader for a change in the argument's direction. They show how far the essay's argument has progressed vis-ˆ-vis the claims of the thesis.
Topic sentences and signposts occupy a middle ground in the writing process. They are neither the first thing a writer needs to address (thesis and the broad strokes of an essay's structure are); nor are they the last (that's when you attend to sentence-level editing and polishing). Topic sentences and signposts deliver an essay's structure and meaning to a reader, so they are useful diagnostic tools to the writer—they let you know if your thesis is arguable—and essential guides to the reader.看来作为diagnostic tools这个是考官们会注意的部分。功利地看也是重要的啊
Forms of Topic Sentences
Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long. If the first makes a claim, the second might reflect on that claim, explaining it further. Think of these sentences as asking and answering two critical questions: How does the phenomenon you're discussing operate? Why does it operate as it does? 这个和20问是一类问题，不过现在范围缩小到了一段而已。
There's no set formula for writing a topic sentence. Rather, you should work to vary the form your topic sentences take. 句式要有变化。Repeated too often, any method grows wearisome. Here are a few approaches.
１．Complex sentences. Topic sentences at the beginning of a paragraph frequently combine with a transition from the previous paragraph. This might be done by writing a sentence that contains both subordinate and independent clauses, as in the example below.（利用复合句，联系上下文的作用）
Although Young Woman with a Water Pitcher depicts an unknown, middle-class woman at an ordinary task, the image is more than "realistic"; the painter [Vermeer] has imposed his own order upon it to strengthen it.
This sentence employs a useful principle of transitions: always move from old to new information.其实这就是转折句子的作用，承上启下嘛 The subordinate clause (from "although" to "task") recaps information from previous paragraphs; the independent clauses (starting with "the image" and "the painter") introduce the new information—a claim about how the image works ("more than Ôrealistic'") and why it works as it does (Vermeer "strengthens" the image by "imposing order").
２．Questions. （提问）Questions, sometimes in pairs, also make good topic sentences (and signposts). Consider the following: "Does the promise of stability justify this unchanging hierarchy?" We may fairly assume that the paragraph or section that follows will answer the question. Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.这个和前一篇文章说的有结合之处。其实这些问题，是在构思文章是就考虑到的、可能吸引读者的疑问。
３．Bridge sentences. Like questions, "bridge sentences" (the term is John Trimble's) make an excellent substitute for more formal topic sentences. Bridge sentences indicate both what came before and what comes next (they "bridge" paragraphs) without the formal trappings of multiple clauses: "But there is a clue to this puzzle."
４．Pivots. Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph. When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot." This strategy is particularly useful for dealing with counter-evidence: a paragraph starts out conceding a point or stating a fact ("Psychologist Sharon Hymer uses the term Ônarcissistic friendship' to describe the early stage of a friendship like the one between Celie and Shug"); after following up on this initial statement with evidence, it then reverses direction and establishes a claim ("Yet ... this narcissistic stage of Celie and Shug's relationship is merely a transitory one. Hymer herself concedes . . . "). The pivot always needs a signal, a word like "but," "yet," or "however," or a longer phrase or sentence that indicates an about-face. It often needs more than one sentence to make its point.这个是转折也是递进吧。其实这种常常是承认广义上（或者表面上）什么东西成立，然后分析其实质，来让读者有递进认识的感觉。有一种引导功能。
Signposts
Signposts operate as topic sentences for whole sections in an essay. (In longer essays, sections often contain more than a single paragraph.) They inform a reader that the essay is taking a turn in its argument: delving into a related topic such as a counter-argument, stepping up its claims with a complication, or pausing to give essential historical or scholarly background. Because they reveal the architecture of the essay itself, signposts remind readers of what the essay's stakes are: what it's about, and why it's being written.
Signposting can be accomplished in a sentence or two at the beginning of a paragraph or in whole paragraphs that serve as transitions between one part of the argument and the next. The following example comes from an essay examining how a painting by Monet, The Gare Saint-Lazare: Arrival of a Train, challenges Zola's declarations about Impressionist art. The student writer wonders whether Monet's Impressionism is really as devoted to avoiding "ideas" in favor of direct sense impressions as Zola's claims would seem to suggest. This is the start of the essay's third section:
It is evident in this painting that Monet found his Gare Saint-Lazare motif fascinating at the most fundamental level of the play of light as well as the loftiest level of social relevance. Arrival of a Train explores both extremes of expression. At the fundamental extreme, Monet satisfies the Impressionist objective of capturing the full-spectrum effects of light on a scene.
The writer signposts this section in the first sentence, reminding readers of the stakes of the essay itself with the simultaneous references to sense impression ("play of light") and intellectual content ("social relevance"). The second sentence follows up on this idea, while the third serves as a topic sentence for the paragraph. The paragraph after that starts off with a topic sentence about the "cultural message" of the painting, something that the signposting sentence predicts by not only reminding readers of the essay's stakes but also, and quite clearly, indicating what the section itself will contain. |
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