【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（8）-（11）

草木也知愁UID: 2487572

见附件

Anny.Y.WangUID: 2178596

帮你顶下啦~呵呵 好久没有来这里啦。

Alex_2009UID: 2616286

ding之~~~

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3Q

草木也知愁UID: 2487572

帮你顶下啦~呵呵 好久没有来这里啦。
Anny.Y.Wang 发表于 2009-3-26 20:43

嘿嘿 要常回来看看我才是昂

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支持草木老大工作^^辛苦啦

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赞

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顶顶顶~~

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狂郁闷中~还是下不了

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顶啊，好贴

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真的很感谢斑竹对于新手的帮助！我会好好看的

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thank you so much for your great passages!

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多谢。不知道还有4天就考看这个来的及不....

cicialiceUID: 2594855

支持论据１：(感觉这是最有用处印象最深的一条~)Climactic Order (Order of Importance)

Typical transitions would include more important, most difficult, still harder, by far the most expensive, even more damaging, worse yet, and so on. This is a flexible principle of organization, and may guide the organization of all or part of example, comparison & contrast, cause & effect, and description.
Still other principles of organization based on emphasis include
general-to-specific order,
specific-to general order,
most-familiar-to-least-familiar,
simplest-to-most-complex,
order of frequency,
order of familiarity, and so on.
对应连接词：
more importantly; best of all; still worse; a more effective approach; even more expensive; even more painful than passing a kidney stone; the least wasteful; occasionally, frequently, regularly


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支持论据２：

you can follow an ascending or climactic order, looking at smaller factors or arguments first, then moving up to the more crucial factors. Your last section could begin, "The most serious difficulty with…, however, is…" （好像跟论据1有点点重复~）




支持论据３：
After you have formed your dominant impression into a thesis, make a plan to organize the relevant supporting details into three basic parts. Each part will comprise one Roman numeral of your outline and one paragraph of the body of your paper.

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支持论据４：
Logical Order: The Key to Coherent Paragraphs and Essays
It is very important to present information to readers in a logical order.
Order your examples in a paragraph, for instance, from least to most important. Be sure to use appropriate transitions (first, then, finally) in order to guide your reader.
Another way to organize is by cause and effect: if A caused B, discuss A first, then B.
Still another way is to organize by problem then solution. State the problem first, then give your proposed solution.

通过对这些论据的总结，我有以下结论：
１．
并不是所有的文章都是要按照ascending orders的，其实别的顺序都可以接受，包括descending的。主要是按照合理的顺序，说清楚意思就好。
２．
实际的文章写作，没有这么单纯的顺序，Issue题目中，许多复杂的问题远不能拿这些逻辑顺序概括。实际上，我们把这种复杂的顺序叫做the flow of mind，根据论证的思路排序
３．补充一种顺序：IMRaD: Introduction- Materials and Methods -
Results – Discussion

二、如何处理复杂顺序：
１．三“W”法：what how why
2.Mapping an Essay
*
State your thesis in a sentence or two, then write another sentence saying why it's important to make that claim. Indicate, in other words, what a reader might learn by exploring the claim with you. Here you're anticipating your answer to the "why" question that you'll eventually flesh out in your conclusion.

*
Begin your next sentence like this: "To be convinced by my claim, the first thing a reader needs to know is . . ." Then say why that's the first thing a reader needs to know, and name one or two items of evidence you think will make the case. This will start you off on answering the "what" question. (Alternately, you may find that the first thing your reader needs to know is some background information.)

*
Begin each of the following sentences like this: "The next thing my reader needs to know is . . ."
Once again, say why, and name some evidence. Continue until you've mapped out your essay.


Your map should naturally take you through some preliminary answers to the basic questions of what, how, and why. It is not a contract, though—the order in which the ideas appear is not a rigid one. Essay maps are flexible; they evolve with your ideas.

cicialiceUID: 2594855

一、段落的基本概念：
１．段落的作用：An informative paragraph should tell your readers all they need to know about a single idea, in a logical sequence, without wasting their time with irrelevant detail.
这里注意段落基本的三要素：
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一个独立的观点－和Thesis密切相关
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一个合理的逻辑顺序
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没有无关细节


１．段落的长短问题：
首先原因一段比较有趣的论断：An essay is like a girl's skirt-it should be long enough to cover the topic(body) and short enough to be interesting!（哈哈~）
实际上段落的长短是没有一个绝对的标准的，就像上面那句话一样，长短适度，根据话题和论述的需要。


一、二、段落的组成结构：
１．The topic sentence:
有两个作用：首先它实际上是你本段话题的Thesis,起到和全文的Thesis一样的作用。其次，它是全文的Thesis的进一步的推广和具体化；一般来说，TS总是在文章的开头的第一或者第二句话，很少可以见到在文章的最后出现，并且最好不要这样使用！
２．Supporting evidence/analysis:
由论据和论证组成，为了合理的论证观点TS.必须在论据和论证之间找到一个平衡！
The conclusion(observation):
结论句总是在文章的最后一句或者倒数第二句！结论句除了总结上文的论述，还要在此总结上做好向下一个分论点的过度。

让读者知道你下一步要写什么三部曲：
（１）   （1）USE ORIENTING WORDS AND PHRASES：
Here are a few orienting words and phrases you can use to introduce familiar concepts and to make your readers comfortable by touching base with things they already know:
·
of course
·
as you know
·
until now
·
obviously
·
normally
·
previously
·
everyone is familiar with
·
remember that


（2）LET THE NEW AMPLIFY THE OLD
（3）ADD EXPLANATORY WORDS AND PHRASES：

In general, it's a good idea to put in more explanations than you think you need, because your writing is often read by people outside your expected audience.


一、三、段内句子连接：
注意三个原则：
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Unity-所有句子讲同一个主题
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Coherence－句子之间相互关联，共同构成有机整体
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Connection－适当的连接句子（transition实在是重中之重！）

（一）利用逻辑连接词连接段落：
Connective words that describe relationships:

ALSO	HOWEVER	ALTHOUGH
INCIDENTALLY	THEREFORE	BESIDES
LIKEWISE	THUS	MEANWHILE
MOREOVER	USUALLY	FURTHERMORE
NEXT	WHATEVER	GENERALLY
YET	ACCORDINGLY	NEVERTHELESS
INSTEAD	IN CONTRAST	FOR EXAMPLE

Connectives that give a sense of time:

FIRST	SECONDLY
FINALLY	NOW
ONCE	WHEN
ULTIMATELY	EVENTUALLY
LASTLY	LATER
MEANWHILE	PREVIOUSLY
THEN	SOON
FORMERLY	SOMETIMES

Other Connective phrases:

TO BEGIN WITH	ON THE OTHER HAND
IN BRIEF	IN GENERAL
IN SUMMARY	MORE SPECIFICALLY
INSTEAD OF	IN ADDITION TO
IN OTHER WORDS	ANOTHER WAY TO
FOR THE SAME REASON	NO MATTER WHAT
SUCH A	THAT'S WHAT (WHY)
IN FACT	WHAT'S MORE
IN THE SAME WAY	ON THE CONTRARY
CONVERSELY	AS A RESULT
SUMMING UP	IF SO / NOT

（二）利用重复：（指代词~）
１．One easy way to follow this principle is to use pronominal adjectives like these to refer to nouns in previous sentences:

THIS	THAT
THESE	WHICH
THEIR	HIS
ITS	HER

利用人称和其他代词指代。
２．Another way to assure continuity in your writing is simple repetition; that is, carry the same nouns from one sentence to the next.
核心词重复（或者改写重复）
３．利用强调词：
Here is a list of some useful intensives:

ESPECIALLY	AS MUCH AS	EVEN IF/THOUGH
INCREASINGLY	BY FAR	SO...THAT
MORE IMPORTANTLY	HIGHLY	ONLY
PARTICULARLY	IN FACT	VERY
SIGNIFICANTLY	QUITE	SUCH
MOST	UNIQUE	AT ALL
ABOVE ALL	INDEED	IN ANY CASE