1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by 正常点——任何的失败都有太多的必然

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噼里啪啦看Issue——Issue系列难题讨论汇总贴

本帖最后由 Stefana 于 2010-1-13 00:26 编辑 下载 (271.06 KB) 2010-1-12 17:26 ————————前言———————— 你是否也苦于难题无从下手？ 即由cjlu版主关于Issue130的讨论，让我想起了Issue曾经琢磨我很久的那些难题。不知各位是否曾经遇到这样的问题，拿到手上的Issue题目，看了很久，却仍然无法下手呢？这部分基本就属于Issue的难题了。我当初第一次接触AW的时候，时常会被这样的Issue题难倒，最简单的办法就是Google一下前人的提纲，然后匆匆一列，就开始动笔。这样未尝不是个解决途径，但没有思考过程的文章是没有含金量的，我们需要的，更多是自己的思维结晶。 针对此问题，在这新年阳光暖洋洋的2010， AW @Gter特推出噼里啪啦看Issue——Issue系列难题讨论活动，其目的在探寻Issue难题本质，全面挖掘最深刻的题目含义，希望大家积极参与，踊跃讨论，给思维更开阔的空间，给文章更严谨的思路。这些题不一定是高频，但是都是值得思考和延伸的题。 ————————做什么————————— 如何探寻Issue难题本质的，全面挖掘最深刻的题目含义呢？ ETS在AwIntro提到过这样的话： The Issue task allows considerable latitude in the way you respond to the claim. Although it is important that you address the central issue, you are free to take any approach you wish. 这里我们可以看出ETS的态度，即——回应核心问题是重要的。 如何找到这个核心问题，再如何对之进行分析，并形成自己的观点理由论据，解决所谓“难题”的三个难点，可以用一下三个步骤来做： UNDERSTANDING——即审题 提取题目的关键词——分析写作对象，然后找到这些词之间的关系——分析逻辑，最后分析是否有connotation或隐含前提。 这一步的目的就是在最初就把可能走偏的方向以及常见错误点出。 对于没有经过系统训练的同学，Imong版主的追星剑系列是你学习审题很好的参考 追星剑特训 For ISSUE ATTENTION：此步做好名词解释和逻辑判断即可，不用深挖或者发散，也不用刻意去求新离异，清晰准确即可。 BRAINSTORMING——即头脑风暴 草木也知愁曾经发过一个关于审题20问的帖子，这个很适合打开思路做Brainstorm。同时也可以通过小组讨论方式进行思路拓展。 这一步的目的是在审题的基础上通过一系列的问题帮助大家开阔思路，寻找合适的破题点。 Sakuraanne版主曾经有一篇介绍头脑风暴的帖子，大家可以先看一下：关于开展brainstorming的一点思考和建议 ATTENTION：此步一定要建立在审清题目的基础之上，要以关键词和关键逻辑作为核心，以简单的问题作为工具去刺激大脑中的灵感，而对于每一个问题，不用过分深挖，最多问两个为什么就足够了。虽然头脑风暴是让大家开放思路寻找灵感，但得记得别跑得太远或者太偏。此步只求形成足够丰满的ideas pool。 REASONING——即提纲初成 每个人列的提纲都不一样，可以对前人的提纲进行汇总分析，汇总，但更重要的是要在这些的基础上诱导大家对已有思路的合理性进行讨论、深挖。 这一步的目的是让大家都有一份自己关于难题的提纲，而且是尽量推陈出新。 ATTENTION：此步力求严谨清晰，无需发散。在上一步中的ideas pool中选出两或三个适合你观点思路的points并对其排序组合即可形成文章的理由，在理由的基础之上补充推理分析、事例等论据即可形成提纲。 ————————怎么做————————— 关于第一步，UNDERSTANDING，还有一些需要交代的： 对于题目的性质，ETS曾经这么交待过： The “Present Your Perspective on an Issue” task assesses your ability to think critically about a topic of general interest and to clearly express your thoughts about it in writing. Each topic, presented in quotation marks, makes a claim about an issue that test takers can discuss from various perspectives and apply to many different situations or conditions. Each topic will appear as a brief quotation that states or implies an issue of general interest. You are free to accept, reject, or qualify the claim made in the topic, as long as the ideas you present are clearly relevant to the topic you select. 从这里可以提炼的是，首先，这个题目是“大众感兴趣的”，然后，我们可以从“不同角度”、“不同立场”、“不同条件”来探讨。 因此，题目要么隐含某些冲突、对立或矛盾，要么涵盖大众辩论的焦点话题，要么直白对社会的终极关怀，总而言之，待把这些冲突 、对立、矛盾、焦点、关怀点挖掘出来，“本质”也就找到了。 接下来要做的就是BRAINSTORMING and REASONING了。 关于这个，需要提醒的是，ETS也给我们列举了一些表述Issue思想的方式： 立场：Agree absolutely with the claim, disagree completely, or agree with some parts and not others （BRAINSTORMING） 前提假设：Question the assumptions the statement seems to be making（BRAINSTORMING） 限定：Qualify any of its terms, especially if the way you define or apply a term is important to developing your perspective on the issue（BRAINSTORMING） 分情况讨论：Point out why the claims valid in some situations but not in others（BRAINSTORMING） 例证：Develop your position with reasons that are supported by several relevant examples or by a single extended example（REASONING） 反例：Evaluate points of view that contrast with your own perspective （REASONING） 从这五个方面去分析挖掘一个题目之后，你也就差不多找到这个题的破题思路和解题基础资料啦。

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今天比较堕落，主要忙活买菜了，所以...
明天开始真正的准备了！
1. 要写2.5和2.7的Comments
2.要写噼里啪啦系列
3.要认真阅读抛砖引玉和每日五词
4.发帖，进行我的小组活动

好，如果明天完成了，就给自己加分一次，嘿嘿:lol

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从明天『2010-02-10』开始：
每周两组I+A。
写两天，互改一天。
deadline分别为2010-02-13日零点，和2010-02-16日零点。
猛然发现，大家无法过个好年了啊，PAT一下。

先布置本周的，用0910G的同主题来给大家做。大家可以先看看。连接给出的就是0910G的同主题。
第一组：ISSUE13 , ISSUE221 , AEGUMENT173
第二组：ISSUE144, ISSUE48 , ARGUMENT142
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=1059492&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D280

zhengchangdianUID: 2563082

从明天『2010-02-10』开始：
每周两组I+A。
写两天，互改一天。
deadline分别为2010-02-13日零点，和2010-02-16日零点。
猛然发现，大家无法过个好年了啊，PAT一下。

先布置本周的，用0910G的同主题来给大家做。大家可以先看看。连接给出的就是0910G的同主题。
第一组：ISSUE13 , ISSUE221 , AEGUMENT173
第二组：ISSUE144, ISSUE48 , ARGUMENT142
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=1059492&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D280

zhengchangdianUID: 2563082

https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=974375&highlight=
0910AW SPECTACULAR之【同主题写作】第八期 ISSUE221 以史为镜,可知兴替

【0910AW SPECTACULAR 同主题写作第八期】 本期为大家介绍的ISSUE依然是篇公认的难题： ISSUE221 - "The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history." ============================       我是前言的分割线 ============================ 【写在前面的话】 很多同学在看到这个题的第一眼就会被镇住，因为很难解释清楚它要我们论述的东西到底是个什么，尤其是对历史知识和功用几乎没有任何认识的非历史相关专业大学生来说，“在某个时代的人和生活在其他时代的人是有显著差别的”这个说法可能就过于抽象难以理解了。 其次题目中提到了一个illusion，这说明所有的论述应当是围绕这个illusion来写，写你的态度，写你的认识，写你的解释。但是到底什么才是illusion?虽然后面的从句中已经稍微解释了一下，但是还是有不少同学直接就傻眼了。 更重要的是，题目的illusion这个词，掩藏了一个很大的陷阱，很多同学浑然不知，直接一头就撞了进去，还自我感觉良好。这个稍后的破题当中会给大家指出。 此外要在整篇文章当中描述清楚你自己对illusion的态度和对history这种及其抽象的东西的理解，也对中国学生贫乏的句子和词汇功底提出了极大的挑战。 ============================       我是开始的分割线 ============================ 【破题步奏】 1.题目形式分析 这个题目是单一的陈述句式，意思已经在语句中表达的很清楚了，单纯从字面上理解应该问题不大。比较值得注意的是题目里的态度实际上是对history的那个break down illusion功能的正面评价。因此在写作时，除了要对illusion到底是什么有着清醒的认识以外，对history的作用也必须拿出自己的看法来，否则就无法支持你对"break down"的态度了。 2.取出题目关键词 本题中值得深入思考的关键词有这么两个："chief", "break down"。 特别注意：至于that后面的东西，都是解释illusion的，可以写一下，但是千万别把它们给写成重点了。这个题目不是要你们解释什么是illusion，而是要你们解释history对illusion的作用，重点在benefit of history，而不是illusion，否则就是写偏了。 3.分析关键词之间的矛盾关系 对于history的首要功能的矛盾，到底这个break down是不是最chief的呢？关于这个话题，同学们可以考虑从历史的作用对于illusion的其他方面的作用来考虑，比如你如果能够说明历史实际上是支持illusion比较多的或者根本达不到break down的作用，那么自然这个chief就不成立了。当然你也可以直接写支持这个题目的说法，毕竟对于这个矛盾关系，题目已经直接表明了立场，同学们完全可以照着它的立场深入发展一下，也是可以写成一篇好文的。 4.特别注意 可能看到这里，有很多同学就已经开始迷惑了，为什么关键词我没有把history和illusion拿出来，毕竟看起来名词是更加明显的一个东西。这正是这个题目最大的陷阱所在。 实际上，history没有拿出来是因为这个题，一方面本身就只能限定在history的领域当中，因此history更加类似一个套子，而不是分析矛盾关系的破题点，如果一定要从history当中来找破题点的话，这个到底能找对与否先不说，找对了也会由于范围限定的过广而导致论述混乱。另一方面就是这个题目要求我们写的，仅仅是history的function而已，完全没有必要对history这个单一的词进行分析。我们写ISSUE的时候一定要灵活，面对过于大的话题比如这个题，往往不好找到清楚的逻辑论述顺序的时候就要主动去缩小题目的范围；而面对一些对特定的情况的ISSUE，感觉范围过小不好写的时候，也可以稍微想的广一些，最好能拿出一些段落从更加高的层次来俯视性的论述这个话题。 而不拿出illusion和illusion以后的关键词的原因上面已经解释的很清楚了，题目的重点不在于这个词，因此绝对不能把它拿来做矛盾分析。举个反例吧，如果分析这些词的话，我们可以得出两个矛盾：1.illusion到底存在不？2.illusion是否会让人感觉到significantly different. 显然这两个矛盾都和题目本身的意思差了十万八千里，如果要写，也仅仅能作为延伸性的评论而已。 因此我们可以看出，关键词的确定，对分析一篇issue而言，非常的重要。 ================================================================================================================= 如果阁下想通过自己的努力和思考来搞定这篇文章，我建议下面的部分先全部跳过，等写完你的文章以后，再回过头来看，会有更多启发 ================================================================================================================= 【分析history的系统】 （首先声明，这下面的东西，都是我在备考096G AW的时候个人的一些想法，不保证完全正确和有效，拿出来的目的仅仅是抛砖引玉。） History study相关的分析一共有这么几个(由浅入深)： 1.最浅层的莫过于是找到片段性的历史事件 find separate temporal montage from documents and remains 2.尝试把片段性的事件通过合理的想象发展来复原 recover the real historic occurrences 3.然后通过观察分析，找到其中的微妙变化 observe and analyze those different incidents 4.接下来分析为什么会出现这些变化 sammarize these incidents and draw conclusion 5.通过分析深层的变化规律来找到内在一致性 reveal human consistency and inherent conformity from those events 6.最后利用其中的2，3，4点来 draw a lesson or experience and then further guide future 那么，这个题目所涉及到的分析点，大概就是1+2，3，5，6。 因此我们大可以分4个BODY段来写出我们的看法（这是我个人的观点，倾向于支持题目的论述，仅供参考）： 1.对提纲的第1+2点进行论述：历史通过文字，口述或者遗迹当中的片段，复原了过去曾经发生过的而生活在现代的我们无法亲身体会的大部分事情，人类藉由历史更加了解过去。 2.对提纲的第3点进行论述：人类在不断的进步和进化，和远古时期的人类相比，现代的人类必然有着极大的不同，无论是在思维，行为，衣食住行，甚至身体的结构上，都变化了很多。 3.对提纲的第5点进行论述：然而，这些变化并不说明特定时代的人类和所有其他时代的人类都截然不同，一代代的传承只会使人类和他们的祖先，后代的联系更加紧密，毕竟细节的不同并不能代表整体的差异。 4.对提纲的第6点进行论述（延伸性评论）：通过历史人们能了解到进化的根源，能够在这一代就更好的指引后代进化的方向，使他们可以拥有一个更好的未来。事实上，我们现在和祖先的不同，很大程度上是由于祖先指引和干涉了人类的进化方向的结果。 此外，在这里我强烈建议大家自己搭建一个类似的对HISTORY的由浅入深的详细分析（我给出的仅仅是提纲性的逻辑点），这样当以后遇到类似的历史类型题目的时候，只需要分析它到底涉及到以上几点当中的哪些，再综合你写出的详细分析，自然一篇文章的理论论证部分就已经全部出来了，剩下的仅仅是插入一些过渡词句和示例而已，一篇好文就诞生了。 当然，如果同学们觉得我这个提纲不合你的口味，当然可以自己再研究深入一些写一个新的，更适合你的提纲要点出来，重复上面的步奏以后，可以说你对历史类的一大堆题目，就已经全部搞定了。 ====================================       我是刚才想到脑残的分割线 ==================================== 【相关参考资料】 （切记这些资料都来源于网络，而且有着很悠久的历史，可以说已经被很多考生用过了，千万不要照搬上面的文字，谨防雷同探测器） 首先为大家强烈推荐的是POOH的百宝箱历史类：https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=201801&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D34 一篇历史类的小文，把一些提纲性的东西分析的很透彻，可以参考建立自己的历史理解的知识体系。 一些HISTORY的相关网络资料，由前版主staralways整理https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=248198&fpage=1&highlight= 此外还有一篇小文： Can individuals change history? MOST HISTORY books treat historical change as the accomplishment of great men (and an occasional woman). According to this view, the movers and shakers in history are the Napoleons, Lincolns and FDRs of the world. This view is also applied to revolutions. George Washington, Robespierre, Lenin--these men shaped history, and the actions of the masses of people in these revolutions were merely events scripted by their leaders. The only difference between the treatment of Washington and Lenin as great men is that Washington, as a leader of the American Revolution, gets a plus sign in front of his name, whereas Lenin, a leader of a working-class revolution, gets a minus sign. The opposite, though less popular, view is that history follows a path which no individual can influence--"great men" are merely agents for its realization. According to this view, individuals and their actions are purely products of historical conditions. Had there been no Napoleon Bonaparte, another figure would have played the same role, because historical conditions in the period of the early 18th century demanded a "Napoleon." "We cannot make history," wrote Bismarck, taking this to its extreme. "We must wait while it is being made." The first view serves as an ideological justification for the rule by a minority--"great" kings, presidents and leaders have special qualities that give them the ability to rule whereas the rest of the "herd" must follow. But the second view can also serve as a means to justify brutal exploitation and suffering. How can you fault a ruler whose actions are historically determined and therefore beyond his control? Both of these ideas are mistaken, though they contain elements of truth. There are, for example, a few cases where different scientists working independently of each other made the same discovery--historical conditions were ripe for it. Individuals do indeed make history. But they cannot influence society or history in any direction they so choose. Individuals cannot exert their will independently of the social conditions in which they find themselves. "Individuals can influence the fate of society," wrote the Russian Marxist George Plekhanov, "by virtue of definite traits in their nature. Their influence is sometimes very considerable, but the possibility of its being exercised and its extent are determined by society’s organization and the alignment of its forces. "An individual’s character is a ‘factor’ in social development," concludes Plekhanov, "only where, when and to the extent that social relations permit it to be." Many examples come to mind. It may, for example, have been possible for a philosopher in ancient Greece to dream of circumnavigating the globe, but the technology and knowledge for such a voyage did not exist until the 15th century. An early Christian may have dreamed of a society free of exploitation where wealth is shared, but only with the development of modern capitalism have the material conditions been created which make such a world possible. For ideas expressed by groups or individuals to become a material force that can affect the outcome of history, therefore, there must be both the objective conditions and the subjective conditions. To put it crudely: if there is not enough food to go around, then my dream of feeding everyone is not realizable. But if there is enough food to go around--and capitalist production has now made that a reality--there still must be the subjective conditions to make a world free of hunger possible. There must be a level of consciousness and organization among a sufficient number of people to transform social relations and create a new system of production and distribution. In this scenario, the role of individuals can be decisive at certain key moments--but only if they are a link in a chain of other factors. I’ll come back to this in my next article. 文章转自：http://www.socialistworker.org/2 ... MakingHistory.shtml。 ======================================        我是看到解脱的曙光的分割线 ====================================== 【写完本题以后的一些思考和延伸性训练】 请尝试用自己建立的HISTORY 理论体系来分析一下几个题目并列出提纲（由CMJ提供）： 110"When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become storytellers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers." 48"The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten." 125"The past is no predictor of the future." 54"History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today."

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Issue 221
The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history.

History is the product of people and events in different times whereas it follows a certain path that is symbolized a cryptic but perpetual line of human nature. No one can deny that history study functions mainly on clarifying the misconception that mankind diversify when they live in different periods of time. To illustrate the existence of latent connection, I support this point of view from the following three aspects.

Some current longstanding issues are left over by history. Just like the physics tells us, one may be blinded when he merely looks at the ice mountain which emerges only 1/9 of itself above the water. The problems existing nowadays may have a deep root in the ancient times. For example, in 2001, a terrorists attack called "9.11" fell upon the World Trade Centre in New York and cast the whole America with a deep shadow. This extremely tragic disaster paralyzed the national economy for a long period of time and threw the whole country into a panic. However, it is not a single trouble arising at the moment. In fact, the horrible tragedy was stemming from the most persistent social problem—the Middle East. As known to all, the powerful Roman Empire invaded Jerusalem and expelled the Jews from their land and homes more than 2000 years ago. What’s more, the Jews suffered a lot of pains and wandered about homeless due to the subsequent five Middle East wars. Never have they ever yielded to their bitter fate, otherwise, the determined people devote themselves completely to the faith of recapturing their independent country and fought for this idealism for more than 2000 years. That’s the reason why Arab and Israeli have formed a length feud and the both sides cannot accept each other. In consideration of the hearty support to Israeli from the USA, it is obvious to conclude that and the terrorists’ attack "9.11" is stemming from the longstanding matter--the Middle East. Above all, no nation is able to forget its ancestor or neglect the collective goal irrespective of the related age.

The study of the past benefits the understanding of human nature which can hardly be altered through thousands of years. For instance, Japan is a very special country in Asia, who obtains the world’s second power with its limited resources. The fact that Japan joins the list of the world powers in less than 20 years may roots in its national character including worship of the stronger and study of the innovation. As early as the Tang Dynasty, Japan sent a number of students to China aiming at researching the ancient Chinese tradition as well as absorbing the cultural achievements. After World War II, Japanese initiate a new study and imitation of the foreign advanced technology. In this way, Japan not only changed the appearance of wartime turbulence and waste, but also made a profound and lasting influence for its later social development. Eventually, it stepped onto the world powers stage by its learning spirit. That is the human nature which tends to perpetual for thousands of years.

Nowadays, individuals are living in a totally different society against the past: radio communication has replaced a loud exclamation, and mechanical transportation becomes a substitute for walking. Factually, in spite of the rapid development in technology, no one can deny the connection between human beings is universal and eternal no matter what the period they are living in. In other words, mankind bases themselves on the similar or even the same orbit in realizing modernization and achieving self social value. After all, it is not fair to lag such a potential whereas consistent connection merely as a surge of nostalgia for the past days.

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Issue 221：https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... p;page=1&extra=
简单看了一下其他人的文章提纲，感觉如果直接大谈历史的几大功能，有点偏题的嫌疑，所以...
很担心啊！也因此我删掉了一段来着:L

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POOH百宝箱之历史篇

Why  study history The importance of history in explaining and understanding change in human behavior is no mere abstraction. Take an important human phenomenon such as alcoholism. Through biological experiments scientists have identified specific genes that seem to cause a proclivity toward alcohol addiction in some individuals. This is a notable advance. But alcoholism, as a social reality, has a history: rates of alcoholism have risen and fallen, and they have varied from one group to the next. Attitudes and policies about alcoholism have also changed and varied. History is indispensable to understanding why such changes occur. And in many ways historical analysis is a more challenging kind of exploration than genetic experimentation. Historians have in fact greatly contributed in recent decades to our understanding of trends (or patterns of change) in alcoholism and to our grasp of the dimensions of addiction as an evolving social problem. One of the leading concerns of contemporary American politics is low voter turnout, even for major elections. A historical analysis of changes in voter turnout can help us begin to understand the problem we face today. What were turnouts in the past? When did the decline set in? Once we determine when the trend began, we can try to identify which of the factors present at the time combined to set the trend in motion. Do the same factors sustain the trend still, or are there new ingredients that have contributed to it in more recent decades? A purely contemporary analysis may shed some light on the problem, but a historical assessment is clearly fundamental—and essential for anyone concerned about American political health today. History, then, provides the only extensive materials available to study the human condition. It also focuses attention on the complex processes of social change, including the factors that are causing change around us today. Here, at base, are the two related reasons many people become enthralled with the examination of the past and why our society requires and encourages the study of history as a major subject in the schools. The Importance of History in Our Own Lives These two fundamental reasons for studying history underlie more specific and quite diverse uses of history in our own lives. History well told is beautiful. Many of the historians who most appeal to the general reading public know the importance of dramatic and skillful writing—as well as of accuracy. Biography and military history appeal in part because of the tales they contain. History as art and entertainment serves a real purpose, on aesthetic grounds but also on the level of human understanding. Stories well done are stories that reveal how people and societies have actually functioned, and they prompt thoughts about the human experience in other times and places. The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate, present-day utility. Exploring what historians sometimes call the "pastness of the past"—the ways people in distant ages constructed their lives—involves a sense of beauty and excitement, and ultimately another perspective on human life and society. History Contributes to Moral Understanding History also provides a terrain for moral contemplation. Studying the stories of individuals and situations in the past allows a student of history to test his or her own moral sense, to hone it against some of the real complexities individuals have faced in difficult settings. People who have weathered adversity not just in some work of fiction, but in real, historical circumstances can provide inspiration. "History teaching by example" is one phrase that describes this use of a study of the past—a study not only of certifiable heroes, the great men and women of history who successfully worked through moral dilemmas, but also of more ordinary people who provide lessons in courage, diligence, or constructive protest. History Provides Identity History also helps provide identity, and this is unquestionably one of the reasons all modern nations encourage its teaching in some form. Historical data include evidence about how families, groups, institutions and whole countries were formed and about how they have evolved while retaining cohesion. For many Americans, studying the history of one's own family is the most obvious use of history, for it provides facts about genealogy and (at a slightly more complex level) a basis for understanding how the family has interacted with larger historical change. Family identity is established and confirmed. Many institutions, businesses, communities, and social units, such as ethnic groups in the United States, use history for similar identity purposes. Merely defining the group in the present pales against the possibility of forming an identity based on a rich past. And of course nations use identity history as well—and sometimes abuse it. Histories that tell the national story, emphasizing distinctive features of the national experience, are meant to drive home an understanding of national values and a commitment to national loyalty. Studying History Is Essential for Good Citizenship A study of history is essential for good citizenship. This is the most common justification for the place of history in school curricula. Sometimes advocates of citizenship history hope merely to promote national identity and loyalty through a history spiced by vivid stories and lessons in individual success and morality. But the importance of history for citizenship goes beyond this narrow goal and can even challenge it at some points. History that lays the foundation for genuine citizenship returns, in one sense, to the essential uses of the study of the past. History provides data about the emergence of national institutions, problems, and values—it's the only significant storehouse of such data available. It offers evidence also about how nations have interacted with other societies, providing international and comparative perspectives essential for responsible citizenship. Further, studying history helps us understand how recent, current, and prospective changes that affect the lives of citizens are emerging or may emerge and what causes are involved. More important, studying history encourages habits of mind that are vital for responsible public behavior, whether as a national or community leader, an informed voter, a petitioner, or a simple observer.   与本文相关的issue题目如下： The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives.【103】 只有研究和我们日常生活相关的历史才有价值。 So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present. 【120】 现代社会是如此的崭新和复杂以至于回首了解过去对于当代生活已经没有太大帮助了。 History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.【54】 历史只教会了我们一件事：了解过去无助于人们今天作出重要的决定。

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Argument 173
The following is a memorandum issued by the publisher of a newsmagazine, Newsbeat, in the country of Dinn.
“Our poorest-selling magazines issues over the past three years were those that featured international news stories on their front covers. Over the same period, competing news-magazines have significantly decreased the number of cover stories that devote to international news. Moreover, the cost of maintaining our foreign bureaus to report on international news is increasing. Therefore, we should decrease our emphasis on international news and refrain from displaying such stories on our magazine covers.”

In this argument, the author claims that editors should eclipse the accentuation on international news and defuse the possibility of such stories on magazine covers. To justify this recommendation, he cites the following facts about the poor-selling of magazines with international news covers as well as the increasing expenditure on maintaining international news report. However, there is none logical convincing assumptions on which the notion could depend.

The fact that the author assumes the change of magazine cover as an exact way of profit-making is entirely unreasonable. Essentially, the profitability of a business depends on the comparison between its income and payout. Only if the money it derives is more than consumption can the company be called lucrative. However, the author acquiesces in the rationality that changing the magazine covers ensures the earnings without ruling out the possibility that cover stories may play an insignificant role in decision making. There are many other elements functioning on influencing the marketing, such as the content and journal title. In other words, if one wants to draw a correct conclusion, a complete research concerning about what factors affect the sales record is needed. At the same time, there is no evidence to ascribe the past three years poor-selling to its international stories covers. It is very likely that the whole world is suffering from an unprecedented financial crisis so the majority is incapable of sparing extra money on magazines. Based on the ignorance of related environment, it is not wise to owe the depression merely to its cover. The trouble comes when one downplays uncertainties in the phenomenon or overstates the case for causality. Therefore, much more work is needed to discover the inane relationship between cover and marketing.

And the assumption, according to the passage, is that other competing magazines carry on the business in a sensible way. This supposition is groundless in short of its mysterious reason for diminishing the international news magazine covers. It could be chance that they are under capitalism severely to sustain such an expensive front cover. Or it could be caused by commercial transition into other spheres. In that case, the magazine has advantages to occupy more market share than before and eclipse the competitors’ power without bloodshed. Since the rare opportunity for prosperity is approaching, the magazine has no reason to waste time and it had better jump at the chance to dominate the market. Even if the international stories covers really lead to the inevitable shrink in market share, one still needs to observe the relevant consequence of down-sizing such covers. If the competitors’ sales volume is hopeless of improvement, one can hardly find the reason why to follow this stupid trend like sheep. All of these facts could firmly cast doubt on the rationality to adopt a follower strategy in lack of explicit information about what status the magazine occupies.

Another important thing to consider is the rationality of curtailing the expenditure to sustain the magazine operation. It seems that the author worries excessively that the increasing expenditure has burdened the company. It could just be a strategy for dominating the international news magazine market instead of annoying disbursement. The confusion arises in distinguishing between investment and consumption may well drive the corporation fling off its leading enterprise.

In a word, the argument is unreasonable in the absence of persuasive evidence. In fact, a more circumstantial research of the real way in which the magazine makes profits is needed before the acceptance of the conclusion. To consolidate the analysis, the arguer would have to present more information concerning about the proportion of magazine covers accounting in the selling and exact statue this magazine holds in its field.

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新年回归，自己加油更带劲儿！