姐的傳染病

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寂寞如流感可人傳人

寂寞雖然不是疾病，但美國三間大學聯合進行的研究發現，空虛寂寞這種感覺卻好像流感那樣會人傳人，而且女性較男性更易感染。
美國芝加哥大學、加州大學聖迭戈分校和哈佛大學的心理學家，根據一個有 5,124人參與的孤獨研究結果，發現人們傾向將自己的孤獨感覺，傳染給身邊人，最終導致他們被孤立。

寂寞的人本已少朋友，他們這樣向餘下的朋友散播寂寞感覺，令朋友都感到寂寞，最後他們只會連這些碩果僅存的朋友都會失去，因為人若感到寂寞，對其他人的信程度自然會減少，形成一個循環。專家指出，由於寂寞跟會縮短壽命的身心疾病有關連，故此有必要協助那些寂寞的人，以免他們被邊緣化。

路透社

來源：2009年12月2日香港《蘋果日報》

寂寞會傳染! 女人何苦為難女人?
2009/12/02 12:00 林怡君 張晃維台北報導

「寂寞」是現代人的通病，但您可能不知道，寂寞也是一種「傳染病」！根據美國心理學家調查，如果你和寂寞的人交朋友，你自己感到寂寞的機率，會增加 52％，而這種「寂寞病」，最容易由女人傳染給女人。妳寂寞嗎？29歲的KELLY說，她很寂寞。寂寞就像感冒，特別容易在女人之間傳染，變成寂寞大流行，性感女神舒淇，即使有才子陪走紅毯，還是在部落格高唱「好寂寞」，擁有天籟歌喉的蔡琴，面對前夫楊德昌之死，兩句話刻骨銘心，「作為一個女人，他給我的寂寞，多過甜蜜」，如果常跟寂寞的人在一起，美國研究調查，越來越寂寞的機率，增加52％，寂寞病毒，橫掃女人心。就算有老公情人，就算有閨中密友。別忘了，寂寞會傳染，但是快樂，也會傳染！

記者林怡君張晃維台北報導。

來源：2009年12月2日台灣華視新聞

美研究／寂寞像感冒 女人更易傳染

〔編譯魏國金／綜合一日外電報導〕寂寞像疾病，更糟的是，它會傳染。芝加哥大學心理學家卡西歐波的研究發現，寂寞會人傳人，若你與寂寞的人有社交關聯，將增加寂寞感的發展機率五十二％。

這份研究由美國政府資助，發表在本月份的「人格與社會心理學期刊」。卡西歐波指出：「寂寞不僅是個人的特質，也能在人際間傳播，甚至會傳給沒有直接接觸的人。」

該研究資料來自「佛明罕心臟研究」的四千七百九十三名調查對象，於一九九一年至二○○一年每兩年受訪一次，結果發現，若你與一名寂寞者有社交關聯，將增加寂寞感機率五十二％；你的朋友機率為二十五％，朋友的朋友則為十五％。

研究也發現，寂寞較容易在女性間擴散，原因可能是女性比較能清楚表達情緒。此外，寂寞者最終會往其社交網絡邊緣進展，而越來越孤立，該趨勢又將加重其寂寞，進而影響人際關聯。換言之，寂寞的人不會「物以類聚」。研究並未檢視寂寞是如何散播，不過卡西歐波推測，寂寞的人傾向以負面方式與人打交道，因而使負面言行像漣漪般振盪下去。

研究顯示，寂寞者對人較無信任感，惡性循環下也難以形成友誼。寂寞與部分恐折壽的心理、精神疾病有關，因此專家建議，對寂寞者在社交邊緣化前伸手援助，十分重要。

來源：2009年12月2日台灣《自由時報》

Loneliness, like flu, is "infectious", study finds
Tue Dec 1, 2009 3:06am EST

SINGAPORE, Dec 1 (Reuters Life!) - Loneliness, like the flu, is contagious, U.S. research shows.

It can spread among groups of people and women are more likely than men to become "infected", according to researchers at the University of Chicago, the University of California-San Diego and Harvard.

Using data from a large-scale study, they found lonely people tend to transmit their sad feelings to those around them, which eventually led to them being isolated from society.

"We detected an extraordinary pattern of contagion that leads people to be moved to the edge of the social network when they become lonely," said University of Chicago psychologist John Cacioppo, a leading U.S. expert on loneliness.

The findings were published in the December issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Before losing their friends, lonely people transmit feelings of loneliness to their remaining friends, who also become lonely.

"On the periphery people have fewer friends, yet their loneliness leads them to losing the few ties they have left," Cacioppo said.

"These reinforcing effects mean that our social fabric can fray at the edges, like a yarn that comes loose at the end of a crocheted sweater," Cacioppo added.

Because loneliness is associated with mental and physical diseases that can shorten life, Cacioppo said it is important for people to recognize loneliness and help those affected before they move away to the edges.

For the study, the team examined records of the Framingham Heart Study, which originally studied the risks of cardiovascular disease for more than 5,000 people since 1948.

The study has since been expanded, and its second generation, which includes another 5,124 people, was the focus of the loneliness research.

The study showed that as people become lonely, they become less trustful of others, and a cycle develops that makes it harder for them to form friendships.

Societies seem to develop a natural tendency to shed these lonely people, something that is mirrored in tests of monkeys, Cacioppo said, adding that this makes it all the more important to recognise loneliness and deal with it before it spreads.

(Writing by Miral Fahmy; Editing by Paul Tait) ((miral.fahmy@thomsonreuters.com; Reuters Messaging: miral.fahmy.reuters.com@thomsonreuters.net, +65 6870 3813)) ((If you have a query or comment on this story, send an email to news.feedback.asia@thomsonreuters.com))

來源：2009年12月1日路透社

Feeling lonely? Chances are you're not alone.
Loneliness is transmittable, researchers say

By Rob Stein
Washington Post Staff Writer
Tuesday, December 1, 2009

Loneliness is like a disease -- and what's worse, it's contagious.

Although it may sound counterintuitive, loneliness can spread from one person to another, according to research being released Tuesday that underscores the power of one person's emotions to affect friends, family and neighbors.

The federally funded analysis of data collected from more than 4,000 people over 10 years found that lonely people increase the chances that someone they know will start to feel alone, and that the solitary feeling can spread one more degree of separation, causing a friend of a friend or even the sibling of a friend to feel desolate.

"Loneliness can be transmitted," said John T. Cacioppo, a University of Chicago psychologist who led the study being published in the December issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "Loneliness is not just the property of an individual. It can be transmitted across people -- even people you don't have direct contact with."

Moreover, people who become lonely eventually move to the periphery of their social networks, becoming increasingly isolated, which can exacerbate their loneliness and affect social connectedness, the researchers found.

"No man is an island," said Nicholas A. Christakis, a professor of medicine and medical sociology at Harvard Medical School who helped conduct the research. "Something so personal as a person's emotions can have a collective existence and affect the vast fabric of humanity."

The seemingly paradoxical finding is far more than a psychological curiosity. Loneliness has been linked to a variety of medical problems, including depression, sleep problems and generally poorer physical health. Identifying some of the causes could help reduce the emotion and improve health, experts said.

"Loneliness is more than just feeling bad," said Chris Segrin, a professor of communication and health at the University of Arizona, who was not involved in the research. "It really does have consequences."

But some researchers expressed skepticism about the findings, saying the study had the same shortcoming as the earlier work and could not necessarily rule out other explanations for the apparent association.

"It is unclear whether their statistical model will 'find' social contagion in every outcome they examine because of the limitations," Jason M. Fletcher of Yale University wrote in an e-mail. He and a colleague conducted a similar analysis using data from a large federal survey to show that acne, headaches and even height could appear to be spread through social networks if not analyzed properly.

Christakis and Cacioppo defended their work, saying their statistical methods accounted for other explanations. And others hailed the work.

"I think it's an incredible piece of research," said Mark R. Leary, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University. "I don't think we anticipated that something like loneliness would cluster like this in a population. It's surprising."

Although the study did not examine how loneliness spreads, Cacioppo said other research has provided clues. People who feel lonely tend to act in negative ways toward those they do have contact with, perpetuating the behavior and the emotion, he said.

"Let's say for whatever reason -- the loss of a spouse, a divorce -- you get lonely. You then interact with other people in a more negative fashion. That puts them in a negative mood and makes them more likely to interact with other people in a negative fashion and they minimize their social ties and become lonely," Cacioppo said.

For the study, Cacioppo teamed up with Christakis and James H. Fowler, an associate professor of political science at the University of California at San Diego, who have published a series of papers and the book "Connected," based on data originally collected by the Framingham Heart Study, a long-running government-funded project that has explored a host of health issues.

The researchers used information gathered from the participants over decades, including their friendships, identities of their neighbors, co-workers and family members, and information about their emotional state. Previous studies by Christakis and Fowler concluded that obesity, the likelihood of quitting smoking, and even happiness could spread from one person to another.

Similarly, the new analysis, involving 4,793 people who were interviewed every two years between 1991 and 2001, showed that having a social connection to a lonely person increased the chances of developing feelings of loneliness. A friend of a lonely person was 52 percent more likely to develop feelings of loneliness by the time of the next interview, the analysis showed. A friend of that person was 25 percent more likely, and a friend of a friend of a friend was 15 percent more likely.

The effect was most powerful for a friend, followed by a neighbor, and was much weaker on spouses and siblings, the researchers found. Loneliness spread more easily among women than men, perhaps because women were more likely to articulate emotions, Cacioppo said.

The researchers said the effect could not be the result of lonely people being more likely to associate with other lonely people because they showed the effect over time. "It's not a birds-of-a-feather-flock-together effect," Christakis said.

The findings underscore the importance of social networks, several experts said.

"For years, physicians and researchers thought about individuals as isolated creatures," said Stanley Wasserman, who studies social networks at Indiana University. "We now know that the people you surround yourself with can have a tremendous impact on your well-being, whether it's physical or psychological."

The findings suggest that if you help "the people on the margins of the network, you help not only them but help stabilize the whole network ," Christakis said.

來源：2009年12月1日美國《華盛頓郵報》

cinderella1016UID: 2666652

摘要呢:sleepy:

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摘要呢:sleepy:
cinderella1016 发表于 2009-12-2 14:53

第一篇或第二篇都算是…

StefanaUID: 2143510

好像有点道理。

wamiUID: 2619243

哇，这都传染？
赶紧隔离起来

ＫＫUID: 2691928

哇，这都传染？
赶紧隔离起来
wami 发表于 2009-12-3 00:26

隔離了，你就病發了！   ;P