年底大贴——TPO阅读疑难问题汇总解答

润舞无声UID：2740896

再来请教个问题哈~
tpo13
Types of Social Groups

Paragraph 2：People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.

4. Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?
○ Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.
○ Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.
○ Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.
○ Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.

为什么选第一个呢?原文哪里说了不cooperate的人也是属于Instrumental ties呢?

还有要确认一下答案,还是这篇第12题
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves.
Where would the sentence best fit?


应该选什么啊?

多谢帮忙啦~!

jiang08UID：2391146

楼主快来啊~
TPO8 Running water on Mars?

   Paragraph 2 Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous―perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.

6. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT:

They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains.

They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface.

They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches.

They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions
我选的是A 答案是C  我觉得A不对 应为本段最后一句说的是火山刚好形成 而选项里说的是 火山开始活动。

Paragraph 3 Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta―a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin’s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea.

8. According to paragraph 3, images of Mars’ surface have been interpreted as support for the idea that

the polar regions of Mars were once more extensive than they are now

a large part of the northern lowlands may once have been under water

deltas were once a common feature of the Martian landscape

the shape of the Hellas Basin has changed considerably over time
这个不明白为什么选B 我觉得C也可以。 谢谢楼主啦~
yangzhe 发表于 2010-1-7 14:49

第6题：注意A的措辞：volcanic activity was occurring 而非volcanic activity started。前者不完全等于 “开始”，准确地说是火山活动“在进行中”。原文中在形成期的火山毕定时在活动着的。

Q8：原文关键句用红字标示了。what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands就表示northern lowlands大部分曾经被古代海洋覆盖着，亦即B的意思。

jiang08UID：2391146

TPO13 这篇还有几处读的不是很懂，请帮忙翻译下，谢谢。

1：Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. ……
红色处这句，
2：Paragraph 3：Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.

3：People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.

谢谢
gexuming 发表于 2010-1-7 15:00

1 should 带头的是虚拟语气，相当于“如果”。后面应该好理解了
2 两种group，代表两种不同的人际关系。第一种是2人之间 直接的，红字的people其实指的就是关系中另一方/多方。第一种关系里，我们看重的就是另一个人；而第二种，注意红字前面那句“come together for a specific, practical purpose”，表示目标不在关系中的另一方，而在于其他事物/人。
3 and 前后拆开：we emotionally invest ourselves in other people；we commit ourselves to other people。
3- 并没有在这段关系上灌输太多重要的含义（而是看重some end，也就是目的的意思）

jiang08UID：2391146

Groundwater (TPO1)
Paragraph 2: The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.

4. According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found?
… Inside pieces of sand and gravel这是spaces出现的地方，而不是groundwater，但有spaces就应该有groundwater啊
… On top of beds of rock
… In fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soil
… In spaces between pieces of sediment 根据答案顺序原则，答案应该在 out of sight 与 glacial outwash 之间，故可以选出。
请教楼主AD选项，顺便问下，答案是肯定按顺序的么？
flash523 发表于 2010-1-7 19:59

A的问题在于介词：原文是among，意为在颗粒相互之间的空隙；而A是inside，意为在每个颗粒内部的空间。两者是不一样的
那个答案顺序原则没有看懂。。。

jiang08UID：2391146

OG，文勇第一篇applied arts and fine arts 第七题，请问选项五为何不对？
        7. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
        
        This passage discusses fundamental differences between applied-art objects and fine-art objects.
        ●
        ●
        ●
        
        Answer Choices
        ○The fine arts are only affected by the laws of physics because of the limitations of the materials that are used.
        ○ Applied-art objects are bound by the laws of physics in two ways: by the materials used to make them, and the function they are to serve.
        ○ Crafts are known as "applied arts" because it used to be common to think of them in terms of their function.
        ○ In the fine arts, artists must work to overcome the limitations of their materials, but in the applied arts, artists work in concert with their materials.
        ○Making fine-art objects stable requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight, distribution, and stress.
        ○In the twentieth century, artists working in the fine arts often treat materials in new ways whereas applied arts specialists continue to think of crafts in terms of function.
yiqilu 发表于 2010-1-8 17:55

文章结构很清晰。第一段applied arts 第二段 fine arts 第三段总结两者的区别和关联。主要区别就在于functional是否是主要目标。
选项分析：
A 和2段不符合
B 原文有和这句话同意的
C 原文第一句，但是时态应该是过去时。
D 原文最后一句
E 原文是指雕塑，不是所有的fine-art objects
F 第三段第一句

jiang08UID：2391146

TPO9  THE ARRIVAL OF PLANT LIFE IN HAWAII
Paragraph 2: Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the Sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae. It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis , a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.

2. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the fungi in lichens benefit from their symbiotic relationship with algae in what way?
○The algae help the fungi meet some of their energy needs.
○The algae protect the fungi from the Sun's radiation.
○The algae provide the fungi with greater space for absorbing water.
○The fungi produce less waste in the presence of algae.

这个题出的好诡异 我当时选了D 因为原文中也就waste 出现了还靠点谱才选的
答案却是A 是不是因为题中说的是infer  所以不需要在原文中有明确定位

在之，D项是不是和原文说的不一致？原文说的是fungi排出的waste正好是algae的食物（The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae）， 而不是 D项所说的  produce less （实际上，排出的不少，是因为algae都给吃了。对不？）

求求大家快点解答 快来啊......
ruirui_hsu 发表于 2010-1-8 21:12

infer也是有明确定位的。定位句就是你标示的红字和之前的那句。
注意题干里面两者的关系。题目问的是共生关系如何帮助fungi了。
赞同你对D选项的理解。
定位A：红字前面那句：捕捉太阳能量后存储在organic molecules 里面。

jiang08UID：2391146

TPO8  EXTINCTION OF THE DINOSAURS
Paragraph 4 Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (lr) it contained.

7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○The fossil record suggests that there was an abrupt extinction of many plants and animals at the end of the Mesozoic era.
○Few fossils of the Mesozoic era have survived in the rocks that mark the end of the Cretaceous.
○Fossils from the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic up to the beginning of the Cenozoic era have been removed from the layers of rock that surrounded them.
○Plants and animals from the Mesozoic era were unable to survive in the Cenozoic era.

答案选A。阴影部分的句子我 前半句理解，从as后面开始就不理解什么意思了 说一个人把一层...移动到了另一层...
我看文勇的翻译是翻译成了：把这层跟另外一层进行比较。 我头晕了move ..up into ...就是作比较？

这个题CD选项很迷惑了。
ruirui_hsu 发表于 2010-1-9 19:15

红字部分我的解释：当人们（one的指代）观察化石的时候，从岩石中记录Cretaceous末期的那一层转到Cenozoic初期那一层的时候，会发现很多动植物忽然从化石中消失了。
看懂句子以后cd应该好懂了

jiang08UID：2391146

TPo12 Which Hand Did They Use?

Paragraph 4：Fractures and other cut marks are another source of evidence. Right-handed soldiers tend to be wounded on the left. The skeleton of a 40- or 50-year-old Nabatean warrior, buried 2,000 years ago in the Negev Desert, Israel, had multiple healed fractures to the skull, the left arm, and the ribs.

7. Which of the following statements about fractures and cut marks can be inferred from paragraph 4?
○ Fractures and cut marks caused by right-handed soldiers tend to occur on the right side of the injured party's body.
○ The right arm sustains more injuries because, as the dominant arm, it is used more actively.
○ In most people, the left side of the body is more vulnerable to injury since it is not defended effectively by the dominant arm.
○ Fractures and cut marks on fossil humans probably occurred after death.
文勇答案给的是4，费解中啊~
magicwang2006 发表于 2010-1-12 11:29

我选C

afox0810UID：2495984

TPO7第2篇 Ancient Rome and Greece (TPO7)

Paragraph 2 The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The Key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman..

3. The phrase “obsession with” in the passage is closest in meaning to
thinking about
fixation on
interest in
attitude toward

答案是4.我选2. 我查了查字典，无论怎么想都是fixation更好一些啊。。。
看看obsession在lingoes的解释，里面甚至有fixed这个同源词：
obsession  
n.
Compulsive preoccupation with a fixed idea or an unwanted feeling or emotion, often accompanied by symptoms of anxiety.
A compulsive, often unreasonable idea or emotion.

谢谢斑竹啦~

afox0810UID：2495984

哦对了，那个obsession with在第一句话里。复制过来没有加粗了。。

lilacxiaoUID：2472270

TPO 1:

TIMBERLINE VEGETATION ON MOUNTAINS

The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.


3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about both the upper and lower timberlines?
○Both are treeless zones
○Both mark forest boundaries.
○Both are surrounded by desert areas.
○Both suffer from a lack of moisture.


答案是2，没有想通，自己做的是1，求解..
这篇竟然错了三个，哭啊..