1006G[redemption]备考贴 by liuxinglly/飞雪无痕

liuxinglly2UID: 2754800

Argument模版:

开头：真正Argument开头部分，最重要的是找出原文作者的最核心的论据向他最主要结论推论的那一个环节，指出那里的问题，当作TS，然后转折之后，立刻进入下文的批驳！
The arguer claims that _____. To justify/ substantiate this conclusion, the arguer provides evidence/statistics that__________(简单描述下这个argument)
The argument is presented well, but not thoroughly reasoned well. After scrutinizing the evidence and the reasoning of the author, I find many flaws, _____________ ,  reflecting that the argument is neither logical nor practical.


中间段：
1.        论据瑕疵
First, the statistical evidence/the result of the survey upon which the argument relies is too vague to be informative.
(1)没有证据
The author provides no evidence that __________ or that _____________ to strengthen the conclusion that _____________ at all. Nor does the arguer provide clear evidence that ___________are of the type that might cause _______. Lacking such evidence the author simply cannot convince me that __________.
  (2)证据不足
The number _______ , which the author show us, does not necessarily reflect the number actually ______.It would be possible natural to take the view that______, but it would be absurd to argue that ________

The mere fact that ________ is insufficient evidence to conclude that _____. Lacking more specific information about __________, it is impossible to assess_______

The people studied must be representative of the overall population of people who ___________; otherwise the author cannot draw any firm conclusions about_________
论据没有代表性

  
2. HG偏盖全
The author claims that _______  . However, we cannot draw any general conclusions about _______, and have good reason to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect _______ as a whole.
3. MG全盖偏



4. 因果关系FC  （A是原因，B是结果）
(1)The argument concludes that ____________, and automatically assumes that __________. However, this might not be the case. The arguer obviously overlooks other possible explanations for this phenomenon. Perhaps __________. Without ruling out such possibilities, the arguer’s conclusion of ______ remains dubious at best.

(2) Even if the arguer can substantiate the assumption that______ , it is nevertheless impossible to assess the author’s contention that ___________will result in __________. The arguer unfairly indicates a causal relation between ___A____ and _____B______ . There could be many other factors, such as _____, which will also lead to _____. Without accounting for all other explanations, it is presumptuous to conclude that ____B____ is necessarily attributable to ___A______.

(3) Even if ___________, it would be hasty to infer based merely on this fact that

5.错误类比FA
(接上文)Even I concede that _____A______ is responsible for ____B______,（不接上文The arguer’s reasoning linking __A__ with __B__ seems reasonable on the surface, but______）the arguer’s assertion that_________ is still unwarranted. He fails to consider possible differences between __C____ and __D____ that might help to bring about a different result to _____. For instance, _____________________ . In addition, ___C____differ from __D_____ in ways that would undermine the ___A___’s effectiveness in ___B_____.



6. No related
The argument simply equates _____ with ______, which is unwarranted.
7. False Dilemma
The author is presenting a false dilemma by imposing an either----or choice between two courses of action that need not be mutually exclusive alternatives.
8. One side
The arguer concludes that ________, and obviously oversimplifies the factors which also take a significant effect. Thus, to find the exact cause of ________ , we should find out all the factors that have significant impact on ________.

9. Hints in Conclusion
The conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and probably misleading.

最后，作者的解决方式和建议不合适。（通用）
Finally, the arguer assumes that ______ is the only helpful recommendation. However, there is clearly some logical flaws toward the suggestion, for instance_________________, which makes it unreliable. Otherwise, the arguer entirely ignores other choices, such as _____, which might achieve the same, even better, effect. On the other hand, the fact that _______ accomplishes nothing toward bolstering the recommendation that _______. In short, without considering these alternatives, we cannot accept that the arguer’s suggestion about ________ is the best one.

结尾：
Overall, Evidences and suggestions the arguer stated do not serve well to the conclusion and render it wholly unpersuasive. To bolster the conclusion, it is necessary to provide more evidences/statistics illustrating____________. In addition, we can make some effective solutions, such as_______, to put the axe in the helve.

after17UID: 2681985

https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... age=2#pid1773561281作业在这里了，麻烦你咯

liuxinglly2UID: 2754800

第七次作业


I70. "In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."
在任何领域中——商业、政治、教育、政府——掌权者应该在五年后就让位。这是任何机构获得成功的最好的方式：通过更新领导者而保持活力。
中心:most agree
开头：问题不应该一概而论。
1.        在government, politics领域最好是要定期更新领导者，这样可以防止腐败corruption, bribery和滥用职权。 因为when leaders have no fear of losing their power, they tend to abuse their power.
例子：美国总统任期term四年，所以为了给自己积累政治资本，他们就在任期内不敢随意abuse power而是实行对国家有益的政策

1.        在business领域，更换领导者可以带来新的管理理念，给企业注入新的活力。
例子：杰克韦尔奇Welch对通用General Motors Company  的贡献，引入了新的企业文化Corporate Culture  与管理制度management system，使通用的利润从1.6billion美元增长到2000年的12.7illion
     成为通用电气历史上最年轻的董事长和ＣＥＯ．从入主通用电气起，在短短２０年间，他将一个弥漫着官僚主义气息的公司，打造成一个充满朝气，富有生机的企业巨头．在他的领导下，通用电器的市值由他上任时的１３０亿美元上升到了４８００亿美元，排名也从全美上市公司排名第十位发展成盈利能力位列全球第一
２００１年９月退休．他被誉为＂最受尊敬的ＣＥＯ＂，＂全球第一ＣＥＯ＂，＂美国当代最成功最伟大的企业家＂．


2.        定期更换领导人有助于形成良好的竞争氛围，刺激企业和国家的发展。
例子：美国总统4年一届任期，时间已到就要重新竞选。
      很多公司的部门主管都实行定期考核和审查制度，如果不合格即更换领导人，而且每一个业绩出色的下属都有机会竞争领导岗位，这样的竞争机制刺激员工努力工作，对企业发展非常有利。

3.        并不是任何机构都适于经常更换领导人。有些职位需要长时间的稳定性，而且需要领导人长时间在职才能得出正确的政策，过频繁的更换会使得一项政策不能继续贯彻已得到长远的效果。

例子：美联储Federal 主席，宏观经济政策周期比较长，需要很长时间才能有效果，频繁人事改变不利于稳定。
      教育职位，经常更换领导实行新的教育政策对学生不利。


4.        (除了领导人的因素。还有许多其他方法来取得成功。
论据：对政府来说，精简机构，合理的奖励惩罚制度，更好的权利制衡机制。
对企业来说，引进先进的技术，降低成本。对员工进行培训，提高生产力等等。)

总结：一个企业成功与否的关键在于其文化，技术，和管理制度，更换领导人只是有助于提高这些企业素质，进而达到成功。


In today's society, the revitalization through new leadership is becoming a regular pattern in many fields such as business, politics, and education and so on. As the author claims, this kind of regulation is helpful to the development and leads many enterprises to success. But things could not be over generalized, especially in some enterprises like school and education department.

To begin with, I must recognize that in some areas the revitalization could bring us creation and fresh energy. The leader is the most critical factor in governments or companies whose plan and policy makes direct effect on the enterprise. Thus, whether a leader has an enough ability to make efficient decision and control the whole situation is closely related to the enterprise's destiny. A new leader will bring more passion and fresh energy than an old one, which will help to make progress in formulating policies and creating new programmes.

In some government departments, revitalization is also an effective way for the leaders to prevent from corruption, bribery and the abuse of their power. A leader who stands high in the government do have the power big enough to change and gain many things in several fields. As we all know, today's government is not simply linked with the inhabitant and the mass. The government is complicatedly in league with many big enterprises and organizations. When leaders of government have no fear of losing their power, they tend to abuse their power to search for their own benefits. Under this situation, many powerful leaders is tempted to make  mistakes and destroy their political life themselves. Thus, to keep them from the corrupting, revitalization is necessary method in some government departments.

In business field, the revitalization will also bring some new ideas of management and new energy for the enterprises, which will keep it flourishing in the fast changing business environment. An example about the General Electric could show that point. As the revitalization of GE, Jack Welch, who is called "No.1 CEO in the world", came to the CEO and bring new corporate culture and management system, which made the market value of GMC increase from 13 billion to 480 billion. In the 20 years, GE became the No.1 worldwide company. The huge progress attribute to not only the personal effort of Welch but also the enterprise's reasonable pattern on revitalization.

Otherwise, the revitalization will bring competitions to the enterprise which is good for the development. The stuff will work harder and harder to compete for the leadership, while the present leader will also take effort to make achievement to maintain his position. It is a kind of benign competition which will accelerate the company's development.

However, not every enterprise is adequate to change the leader on such a frequency as once five years.  In the education departments and schools, we could not estimate whether the currant education is helpful or not because five year’s study could not show the accomplishment of the present education programme.  On the other hand, the frequently replacing of the leaders and their education plans does harm to the students, who are too young to adapt a frequently changing course.

Overall, the main factors for enterprises to achieve success is cooperate culture, technology and management system. If the revitalization will bring positive influence on such factors, we will recognize it the surest path to success.

liuxinglly2UID: 2754800

A137.The following appeared in an editorial in the Mason City newspaper.

"At present, Mason City residents seldom use the nearby Mason River for any kind of recreational activity, even though surveys of the region's residents consistently rank water sports (swimming, fishing, and boating) as a favorite form of recreation. Since there have been complaints about the quality of the water in the river, residents must be avoiding the river because they think that it is not clean enough. But that situation is about to change: the agency responsible for rivers in our region has announced plans to clean up Mason River. Therefore, recreational use of the river is likely to increase, so the Mason City council will need to increase its budget for improvements to the publicly owned lands along the Mason River."
1.错误假设居民不在河边玩是因为水质。
2.错误假设水质变好了河的用途就会增加，就会用到河边土地。
3.错误假设政府的投资会有效地用到实地


The arguer make a recommendation about increasing budget for improvements to land along the Mason River, which is based on the claim that the region's residents prefer water sports and would like to enjoy it in Mason river after the river become clean. The recommendation and conclusion presented well, but not reasoned well. After scrutinizing the evidence and the reasoning of the author, I find many flaws reflecting that the argument is neither logical nor practical.

To begin with, the author states there have been complaints about the quality of the river water, and automatically assume that the reason why residents don't like to enjoy the recreation in Mason River is according to the bad quality of the river. However, this might not be the case. The author provide a fact that there have been complaints about the water, but didn't give any details like the quantity and contents about the complaints. Unless we know the details of the complaints, we can't make a conclusion that it is the quality of the river resulting in the avoidance of recreation. Otherwise, the author doesn’t substantiate his/her assumption that the residents' interests about water sports are limited to act in the river. Maybe Mason City is near the sea and the residents prefer playing in the sea.

Second, evening if the arguer can substantiate the assumption that the residents' disuse of Mason River attributes to the water's bad quality, it is nevertheless impossible to assess the contention that after cleaning up Mason River, the recreational use of the river is likely to increase. The arguer obviously overlooks other possible explanations for the disuse. Perhaps the river is so deep that it is dangerous to do any recreations beside or inside the river. Furthermore, even assuming that the recreations will increase, there is no evidence shows that the publicly owned lands along the Mason River will be widely used by the residents. Thus, the conclusion that the Mason City council will need to increase its budget is also an unreasonable recommendation.

Finally, after providing the recommendation, the author also make a false assumption that increase of budget for improvements to the publicly lands along Mason River will take action and be useful to residents' life. There is no evidence show that the cleaning of the river will be completed soon. Perhaps it is a huge project that will not make progress easily and will even become a failure. And about the budget, as we all know, the corruption in some government department remains a terrible problem in the current society. Unless the author could prove that the budget will efficiently launch into the project, we can not make the conclusion that the land will be improved.

Overall, evidences and suggestions the arguer stated do not serve well to the conclusion and render it unpersuasive. We need to be provided more details in the evidence and the efficiency of the recommendation.

liuxinglly2UID: 2754800

221. "The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at."
研究历史最大的好处就是打破了这种假象：不同时代的人们之间基本上是完全不同的。
中心：most disagree
开头：研究历史确实可以得知现代人和过去人的情况，两者之间既有不同点又有相同点，但是研究历史的最大好处在于吸取历史经验，总结优点为现代社会的发展提供帮助。
1. 社会的发展使得今天和过去的人存在许多不同，风俗习惯，道德，思考的问题，生活方式。很多不同之处反映了人类社会的进步，研究历史发现这种进步是对人类发展的自我肯定。
例子：妇女地位的提升。过去妇女就没有选取权也不能inherit财产possessions，现在很多国家都有女总统，女性正发挥着很大作用。
      部分种族纷争的缓解和调和，如今甚至能和睦相处，这就是一种成果。而且这个过程能为我们解决当今的问题提供一些思路。
2. 从人的本性角度来讲，过去的人与现在的人存在很多共同点，basic human nature-our desires and motives, as well as our fears and other basic characteristics历史恰恰证实了这一点。研究历史的好处还在于发现尚未解决的问题并且努力去解决，发现古人和今人共同的优秀品质，并且保留和传承下去。
例子：相似的社会问题，犯罪，暴力。
对民主自由的向往。宗教的信仰
3.  但是这仅仅是历史的小部分作用，更大的意义再与通过研究过去，得到历史经验，吸取教训，从而帮助我们更好的解决现在的问题，使社会更好的发展。
例子：古时候人们耕地的经验可以用到现实中来。比如中国的二十四节气the twenty-four solar terms  
研究过去美国选举中的low vote turnout，这些因素先在是否存在，如何改进等等。
历史上的人物值得现代人学习，同时历史可以给现代人带来自豪感，促进他们奋发。
例子：历史故事，历史人物激励着我们，比如圣女贞德Joan of Arc保卫祖国patriotism。
带来民族自豪感，中国古代灿烂的科技文化成就。Compass powder papermaking typography


As the arguer conclude that the chief benefit of history study is to break down the illusion that people are significantly different in history and alive, I should recognizes it somehow reasonable and point out some flaws inside the conclusion. In my opinion, the history study will surely find similarity and difference between people in different periods of time. However, the main point on history study is not to find out the difference and similarity but to extract experience and draw a lesson from history so as to help the development of modern society.

First, the development of society is resulting in many changes in our daily life. People become different from their ancestors in culture, habits, moral views and many other fields, which is not an illusion according to the study. In today's society, the position of women has raised so much that they have became a important and necessary in business, politics, science and other fields. In the past hundred years, women even did not have any right to vote, while today there are many women occupy the most important position in governments. Now the vice president of America is a great woman called Hilary, who almost wined the election of president and became the first woman presidents in American history. Like other changes, women position's arising provides a positive impulse to the human evolution and society development.

Second, there are many similarities between people alive and in history, mostly among the basic human natural desires and motives, which lead to similar problems in the current society. Crime, violence, discrimination and ethnic conflicts, these kinds of problems are always around us from the beginning of human civilization. Human beings could not avoid such accidents as wars and ethnic conflicts with the development of technology. They still have similar basic characteristics as greed and envy. They have the same ambition to control the whole world, which will lead human beings into disorder and agony. The study of history has already proved this kind of similarity.

Finally, I would like to point out that the chief benefits of the history study after clarifying the similarity and difference is to gain historical experience and learn from mistakes and disasters.  For example, when we study the history of wars and conflictions, we could find out the causes leading to the disasters and take effort to avoid the same situation happened in the present world. From the history we could study the common grounds about human beings so as to correct the negative ones and develop the positive ones. Otherwise, from the famous person in history we can find many shinning characters and set up models for people alive. On the other hand, this kind of shinning history will bring us self-affirmation, which is good for us to take actions to construct our new world and give us confidence to face the challenge in future.

Overall, the study of history is necessary to humans alive. History tells us not only the similarity and difference between people and their ancestors but also indicate us many useful experience and helpful advice for our development. We should face up to it correctly and take effort to study the history with open mind.

liuxinglly2UID: 2754800

第八次作业

A7. The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Clearview newspaper.

"In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council, because the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled, air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses. If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved."

1. 作者的结论基于错误假设：当前政府没有保护环境。为了支持这个假设作者给出的论据有瑕疵
2. 即使这些证据可以证明当前政府没有保护环境，也不能说比起F B，AnnGREE可以更好的保护环境，
3. 作者忽略了其他更重要的因素。

The arguer claims to elect Ann Green in the next mayoral election in order to solve the environmental problems. To justify this conclusion, the arguer provides evidence that the current members are not protecting the environment and indicates Ann Green is the most suitable mayor rather than Frank Braun. The argument is presented well, but not thoroughly reasoned well. After scrutinizing the evidence and the reasoning of the author, I find many flaws reflecting that the argument is neither logical nor practical.

First, the arguer's conclusion about the election is based on a false assumption that the current members are not protecting our environment. To bolster this assumption the arguer provides some evidences, which is unpersuasive. The examples show that during the past year the factories have doubled, air pollution levels have increased and patients with respiratory illnesses have added. The arguer unfairly makes causality between the doubled factories with the air pollution. The arguer doesn't consider the possibility that the factories' functions don't have any relationship with exhaust emission. Perhaps the new and old factories specialize in sewing or weaving; they use only electric energy. Otherwise, the increase patients with respiratory illnesses are related other factors such as a kind of flu. Even we recognize that the increase of air pollution levels attributes to the current members, there is no evidence that the whole environment situation is also turning bad. Air pollutions cannot stand for all pollutions in Clearviews. Without ruling out the details or any other sufficient evidences, it is unfairly to conclude the environment is turning bad with the effort of current members.

Second, even assuming that the current members fail to protect the environment, it is nevertheless impossible to assess the author's another assumption that rather than Frank Braun, Ann Green will surely change the situation after becoming the mayor. The arguer cites that Ann Green is a member of Good Earth Coalition. But he does not point out in which position does Ann work. Perhaps she is a member who specializes in finance and regularly deals with the fund of the coalition. This kind of person, without any experience on management and making plans for the environment, could not worth her salt in such a critical position. On the other hand, the arguer also doesn’t provide any evidence that Frank could not perfectly deal with the environment problems.

Finally, the arguer misses a critical factor about the mayoral election. The mayor could not only have the ability to solve environment problem but also need other kinds of capability to face to different challenges. For instance, the mayor need to make plans on the economic development and the constructions of communal facilities; he need to care about the public security and residents' life. The author almost considers nothing but the environment problem, which makes it unpersuasive on his recommendation.

Overall, evidences and assumptions the arguer stated do not serve will to the conclusion and render it wholly unwarranted. It is necessary to consider many factors to choose a suitable mayor, which will decide the residents' future in Clearview.

liuxinglly2UID: 2754800

A37.Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat, but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the river—the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game. It follows that the so-called
1.作者全文都基于一个错误假设：P和L不是一个村子
2.即使作者假设是对的，那也不能证明P的人没有去过L
  论据瑕疵：（1）过河的问题
           （2）P人需不需要过河的问题
           （3）可能是小动物把篮子带过去了呀
The arguer claims at the beginning that the Palea baskets are unique to Palean people. But at last he cites some evidences to reverse the conclusion. The argument is presented well, but not thoroughly reasoned well. After scrutinizing the evidence and the reasoning of the author, I find many flaws reflecting that the argument is neither logical nor practical.

To begin with, the argument is based on a false assumption that the Palean people and others in Lithos are not the same crowd. It is obviously an unfairly assumption that the author doesn't provide any evidence that the Palea and Lithos is two different village in ancient times. There is no evidence the Brim River was a deep and broad river in ancient times. Perhaps it was only a little stream passing through the Palea and Lithos, two sides in a same village, in so many years ago. Without ruling out such possibility, the arguer's conclusion remains dubious at best.

On the other hand, even if the arguer can substantiate the assumption, it is nevertheless impossible to assess the author's contention that the so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea.The author provides many evidence; but neither is reasonable to explain his conclusion.
First, the author concludes that the Brim River is so deep and broad that without boat the ancient Paleans could not cross it. I have point out above that in ancient times the river may even be not a river at all. Even I concede that the river is really deep and broad many years ago. The Palean could use other methods to pass the river rather than by boat. As we all know, the cordage is widely used in ancient times. In this part, the evidence about big boats' appearance remains no use to prove anything about the conclusion. If the Palean people wanted to arrive in Lithos, nothing could block them in the situation drawn by the arguer.
Second, the arguer states that Paleans would have had no need to cross the river because of the full resource around Palea. The arguer unfairly indicates a causal relation between discovery and material needs. Discovery is a kind of basic desire of human beings from past to present. The Palean people have sufficient reasons to cross the river in order to exploit new land under such basic appetence with the baskets carrying some food and tools.
Otherwise, the baskets' appearance in Lithos may be result from the small games in Palea. The arguer obviously missed the detail that small games have adroit action and could easily cross the river with the help of tress and some other things. Perhaps the baskets are carried by the small games towards Lithos.

Overall, evidences the arguer stated do not serve well to the conclusion and render it wholly unpersuasive. To bolster the conclusion, it is necessary to provide more evidences illustrating the ancient environment along the Brim River.

娃娃衫公主UID: 2677493

In today's society, the revitalization through new leadership is becoming a regular pattern in many fields such as business, politics, and education and so on. As the author claims, this kind of regulation is helpful to the development and leads many enterprises to success. But things could not be over generalized, especially in some enterprises like school and education department.

To begin with, I must recognize that in some areas the revitalization could bring us creation and fresh energy. The leader is the most critical factor in governments or companies whose plan and policy makes direct effect on the enterprise. Thus, whether a leader has an enough ability to make efficient decision and control the whole situation is closely related to the enterprise's destiny. A new leader will bring more passion and fresh energy than an old one, which will help to make progress in formulating policies and creating new programmes.

In some government departments, revitalization is also an effective way for the leaders to prevent from corruption, bribery and the abuse of their power. A leader who stands high in the government do have the power big enough to change and gain many things in several fields. As we all know, today's government is not simply linked with the inhabitant and the mass. The government is complicatedly in league with many big enterprises and organizations. When leaders of government have no fear of losing their power, they tend to abuse their power to search for their own benefits. （两句话一个意思，删一句吧）Under this situation, many powerful leaders is tempted to make mistakes and destroy their political life themselves. Thus, to keep them from the corrupting, revitalization is necessary method in some government departments.

In business field, the revitalization will also bring some new ideas of management and new energy for the enterprises, which will keep it flourishing in the fast changing business environment. An example about the General Electric could show that point. As the revitalization of GE, Jack Welch, who is called "No.1 CEO in the world", came to the CEO and bring new corporate culture and management system, which made the market value of GMC increase from 13 billion to 480 billion. In the 20 years, GE became the No.1 worldwide company. The huge progress attribute to not only the personal effort of Welch but also the enterprise's reasonable pattern on revitalization.【你的正式论述的第一段和第三段有重叠的地方】

Otherwise, the revitalization will bring competitions to the enterprise which is good for the development. The stuff will work harder and harder to compete for the leadership, while the present leader will also take effort to make achievement to maintain his position. It is a kind of benign competition（不错观点/词） which will accelerate the company's development.

However, not every enterprise is adequate to change the leader on such a frequency as once five years.  In the education departments and schools, we could not estimate whether the currant education is helpful or not because five year’s study could not show the accomplishment of the present education programme（program）.  On the other hand, the frequently replacing of the leaders and their education plans does harm to the students, who are too young to adapt a frequently changing course.
Overall, the main factors for enterprises to achieve success is cooperate culture, technology and management system.（你对main factor好像没有印证过，突然就冒出来了~~~） If the revitalization will bring positive influence on such factors, we will recognize it the surest path to success.
文章挺好的，就只说缺点了
（1）提纲和正文有点出入
（2）你的to begin with 是统领下两段的吗？好像不是。觉得这一段存在的意义与后两段相比显得可有可无
（3）结尾稍显单薄。不知道是因为限时吗？

娃娃衫公主UID: 2677493

As the arguer conclude that the chief benefit of history study is to break down the illusion that people are significantly different in history and alive, I should recognizes it somehow reasonable and point out some flaws inside the conclusion. In my opinion, the history study will surely find similarity and difference between people in different periods of time. However, the main point on history study is not to find out the difference and similarity but to extract experience and draw a lesson from history so as to help the development of modern society.

First, the development of society is resulting in many changes in our daily life. People become different from their ancestors in culture, habits, moral views and many other fields, which is not an illusion according to the study. In today's society, the position of women has raised so much that they have became a important and necessary in business, politics, science and other fields（觉得有了下面的，这句就多余了，你看看长度~~）. In the past hundred years, women even did not have any right to vote, while today there are many women occupy the most important position in governments. Now the vice president of America is a great woman called Hilary, who almost wined the election of president and became the first woman presidents in American history. Like other changes, women position's arising provides a positive impulse to the human evolution and society development.

Second, there are many similarities between people alive and in history, mostly among the basic human natural desires and motives, which lead to similar problems in the current society. Crime, violence, discrimination and ethnic conflicts, these kinds of problems are always around us from the beginning of human civilization. Human beings could not avoid such accidents（？用词不太准） as wars and ethnic conflicts with the development of technology. They still have similar basic characteristics as greed and envy. They have the same ambition to control the whole world, which will lead human beings into disorder and agony. The study of history has already proved this kind of similarity.（human nature也应该论述好的一面）

Finally, I would like to point out that the chief benefits of the history study after clarifying the similarity and difference is to gain historical experience and learn from mistakes and disasters.  For example, when we study the history of wars and conflictions, we could find out the causes leading to the disasters and take effort to avoid the same situation happened in the present world.
From the history we could study the common grounds about human beings so as to correct the negative ones and develop the positive ones. Otherwise（otherwise用这里好像不太对）, from the famous person in history we can find many shinning characters and set up models for people alive. On the other hand, （on one hand 的一层意思是哪几句？）this kind of shinning history will bring us self-affirmation, which is good for us to take actions to construct our new world and give us confidence to face the challenge in future.（这一段的衔接用词更清楚些就更好）

Overall, the study of history is necessary to humans alive. History tells us not only the similarity and difference between people and their ancestors but also indicate us many useful experience and helpful advice for our development. We should face up to it correctly and take effort to study the history with open mind.

先负后正再提出自己观点的论证顺序,很清楚
除了文中每个段落的小意见之外，没有其他的建议
开头结尾都很清晰，值得学习

娃娃衫公主UID: 2677493

The arguer claims at the beginning that the Palea baskets are unique to Palean people. But at last he cites some evidences to reverse the conclusion. The argument is presented well, but not thoroughly reasoned well. After scrutinizing the evidence and the reasoning of the author, I find many flaws reflecting that the argument is neither logical nor practical.
To begin with, the argument is based on a false assumption that the Palean people and others in Lithos are not the same crowd. It is obviously an unfairly assumption that the author doesn't provide any evidence that the Palea and Lithos is two different village in ancient times. There is no evidence the Brim River was a deep and broad river in ancient times. Perhaps it was only a little stream passing through the Palea and Lithos, two sides in a same village, in so many years ago. Without ruling out such possibility, the arguer's conclusion remains dubious at best.（作者全文都基于一个错误假设：P和L不是一个村子——这个应该是默认的吧，不能算假设啊，个人觉得有点怪~~）

On the other hand, even if the arguer can substantiate the assumption, it is nevertheless impossible to assess the author's contention that the so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea.The author provides many evidence; but neither is reasonable to explain his conclusion.

First, the author concludes that the Brim River is so deep and broad that without boat the ancient Paleans could not cross it. I have point out above that in ancient times the river may even be not a river at all. Even I concede that the river is really deep and broad many years ago. The(,the) Palean could use other methods to pass the river rather than by boat. As we all know, the cordage is widely used in ancient times.（I don’t know. You have limited other possibilities by saying so!） In this part, the evidence about big boats' appearance remains no use to prove anything about the conclusion. If the Palean people wanted to arrive in Lithos, nothing could block them in the situation drawn by the arguer.(这句有点主观)
Second, the arguer states that Paleans would have had no need to cross the river because of the full resource around Palea. The arguer unfairly indicates a causal relation between discovery and material needs.（如果这样说，你也忽视了其他可能导致他们无视materials的满足要去对岸的原因） Discovery is a kind of basic desire of human beings from past to present. The Palean people have sufficient reasons to cross the river in order to exploit new land under such basic appetence with the baskets carrying some food and tools.
Otherwise, the baskets' appearance in Lithos may be result from the small games（猎物的意思？那还不如animals吧） in Palea. The arguer obviously missed the detail that small games have adroit action and could easily cross the river with the help of tress and some other things. Perhaps the baskets are carried by the small games towards Lithos.
Overall, evidences the arguer stated do not serve well to the conclusion and render it wholly unpersuasive. To bolster the conclusion, it is necessary to provide more evidences illustrating the ancient environment along the Brim River.
1 很训练有素的a，
2 但是第一段，往往是最强的攻击，而那一点在我看来，是题目中默认的事实。作者没有进行讨论过~
3有两处，你很肯定的用另一种可能性去批驳作者的某种假设，但是实际上也是一种错误

娃娃衫公主UID: 2677493

The arguer claims to elect Ann Green in the next mayoral election in order to solve the environmental problems. To justify this conclusion, the arguer provides evidence that the current members are not protecting the environment and indicates Ann Green is the most suitable mayor rather than Frank Braun. The argument is presented well, but not thoroughly reasoned well. After scrutinizing the evidence and the reasoning of the author, I find many flaws reflecting that the argument is neither logical nor practical.
First, the arguer's conclusion about the election is based on a false assumption that the current members are not protecting our environment. To bolster this assumption the arguer provides some evidences, which is unpersuasive. The examples show that during the past year the factories have doubled, air pollution levels have increased and patients with respiratory illnesses have added. The arguer unfairly makes causality between the doubled factories with the air pollution. The arguer doesn't consider the possibility that the factories' functions don't have any relationship with exhaust emission. Perhaps the new and old factories specialize in sewing or weaving; they use only electric energy. Otherwise, the increase patients with respiratory illnesses are related other factors such as a kind of flu. Even we recognize that the increase of air pollution levels attributes to the current members, there is no evidence that the whole environment situation is also turning bad. Air pollutions cannot stand for all pollutions in Clearviews. Without ruling out the details or any other sufficient evidences, it is unfairly to conclude the environment is turning bad with the effort of current members.
Second, even assuming that the current members fail to protect the environment, it is nevertheless impossible to assess the author's another assumption that rather than Frank Braun, Ann Green will surely change the situation after becoming the mayor. The arguer cites that Ann Green is a member of Good Earth Coalition. But he does not point out in which position does Ann work.（good point）Perhaps she is a member who specializes in finance and regularly deals with the fund of the coalition. This kind of person, without any experience on management and making plans for the environment, could not worth her salt in such a critical position. On the other hand, the arguer also doesn’t provide any evidence that Frank could not perfectly deal with the environment problems.
Finally, the arguer misses a critical factor about the mayoral election. The mayor could not only have the ability to solve environment problem but also need other kinds of capability to face to different challenges. (与上一段的红色标注有重复之嫌，或者可以并一并)For instance, the mayor need to make plans on the economic development and the constructions of communal facilities; he need to care about the public security and residents' life. The author almost considers nothing but the environment problem, which makes it unpersuasive on his recommendation.


Overall, evidences and assumptions the arguer stated do not serve will to the conclusion and render it wholly unwarranted. It is necessary to consider many factors to choose a suitable mayor, which will decide the residents' future in Clearview.

论述中：
即使这些证据可以证明当前政府没有保护环境，（中间漏掉漏了当前政府和FB没有之间关系，这是是作者的推论的问题）也不能说比起F B，AnnGREE可以更好的保护环境，

liuxinglly2UID: 2754800

第十次作业

I56. "Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."
政府应该把更多的注意力放在解决当务之急，而不是试图解决将来预期的问题上。
中心：partly agree
开头：解决当务之急和预期的问题都很重要。
1. 政府应该着力解决当务之急，因为当前的问题是对社会影响最严重的问题。
例子：贫困，恐怖主义，疾病，失业等等，毕竟这些问题直接威胁着人们的普遍福利。
失业率上升，会使得社会上很多人找不到工作，导致了贫困，同时也使得犯罪率也上升，这些都成为社会不安定stability的因素。

2. 然而这并不意味着我们可以忽视将来预期的问题。政府如果只注重现在而忽视了长远，显然是对后代不公平的。
例子：
环境问题，如果早预见环境问题的重要性，可能不会像现在这么严重，如果再不加以控制，对人类的未来会造成严重后果。
人口问题，如果早预见到人口会给环境和社会带来如此大的压力，早控制人口，效果会好很多。人口中男女比例失调，如果不予以考虑，将来会出现一系列的社会问题，和犯罪and 心理有关的问题。

3.
现在但问题和未来潜在问题对一个国家和社会都很重要，有时候两者之间是协同和共赢的，有时候两者之间会发生冲突。要协调解决两方面的问题，才能维持社会安定和稳步发展。
例子：共赢的：开发新的绿色能源energy source的问题上，科学家们在研究太阳能方面取得的进展可以为我们当前服务，也会给未来的发展带来新的启示。太阳能电池 solar battery,太阳能加热系统，solar heating system.

冲突的：为了解决失业和贫困问题而大力发展某些污染严重的产业，过度开发资源，会影响环境，对将来造成影响。

总结：当务之急固然必须解决，但是同时不能忽视未来预期的问题，只有协调解决这两方面问题，一个国家才能正常发展。




Along with the developments of economy and technology, the social problems do not decrease and always raise big challenges for today's governments. Whether the councils should focus more on dealing with the immediate problems of today or solving the anticipated problems of the future remains a debate. As for me, the two kinds of problems, linked closely to the development of present society, both ought to be confronted seriously in current situation.

On one hand, the governments should take effective measures to solve the immediate problems. It is a commonly thought that the immediate problems are the most serious ones which are closely related to people's lives and social stability. For instance, the poverty, terrorism, disease and unemployment are directly producing disastrous influence on people's life. Especially the unemployment, which remains a core problem in modern society, exerts seriously harmful effect on people's daily life. The employment results in poverty and mental distress; then the poverty and mental distress will bring on poor physical fitness and mental disease, and furthermore, the crime. This kind of problems will finally lead the society into disorder and instability. Unless the governments could spare no effort to deal with such seriously problems, the society will involved in a disastrous situation.

Otherwise, the seriousness of immediate problems does not indicate that we could ignore the anticipate problems. If the governments only focus on the immediate problems, there will be no future for our descendant.
For example, environmental experts point out that the increasing pollution not only causes serious problems but also could threaten to end human life on our planet. The air and water pollution, global warming and other environment problems are all exposed to our human beings in the present world, which forces us to consider over the uncertain future of human. In fact, this kind of problem also attributes to our ancestors over many decades. Without any control and solutions toward environment problems, we will be killed out by ourselves. We must take essential measures to deal with such anticipate problems in order to leave a nice future for our descendants.

Finally, for my part, the immediate and anticipate problems are both important for our society and remain to be seriously confronted by the government. In some part, these two problems could both be solved through same methods. But in other fields, the immediate and anticipate problems are conflicting with each other. For example, while the governments take efforts to develop the industry to improve the economic standard and provide more job positions for the unemployed by such ways as building factories and exploiting the natural resource, the environment may be destroyed to some extent. Sometimes it is a kind of dilemma for the governments to make policies and deal with the immediate problems with the consideration of the future. Thus, the governments must coordinate the dilemma and make a choice.

Overall, the most serious challenge for the governments is to keep a steady development of the society and improve people's life standard, while taking measures to preserve the resource and environment for our descendants. After get across this challenge, a country could make steady steps on the development.

liuxinglly2UID: 2754800

A76 The following appeared as part of an article in a health and beauty magazine.

"A group of volunteers participated in a study of consumer responses to the new Luxess face cream. Every morning for a month, they washed their faces with mild soap and then applied Luxess. At the end of that month, most volunteers reported a marked improvement in the way their skin looked and felt. Thus it appears that Luxess is truly effective in improving the condition of facial skin."

1．        作者没有提供有效证据证明Luxess对皮肤有效，研究的群体不能代表所有人
2．        研究本身有瑕疵
（1）        没有统一对于improvement的标准,volunteers的report不可信
（2）        Improvement未必因为Luxess

The arguer claims that Luxess is truly effective in improving the condition of facial skin. To substantiate the conclusion, he provides a study of consumer responses reflecting that the Luxess face cream take helpful effect on their faces. The argument is presented well, but not thoroughly reasoned well. After scrutinizing the evidence and the reasoning of the author, I find many flaws showing that the argument is neither logical nor practical.

To begin with, I should claim that the arguer doesn't make any sufficient evidence bolster the conclusion that the Luxess is truly effective to improve the facial condition. The study provided in the editorial is somehow poor to prove that point. The participants of the study are a group of volunteers with no information such as age, sex, and quantity or other details provided by the arguer, which makes it unpersuasive to the conclusion. Otherwise, a small group people cannot stand for the general residents, while the other people differing from this group in some aspects will undermine the product's effectiveness. If the survey cannot prove that Luxess is effective for most people who have tried the product, it is hasty to conclude by the arguer that Luxess is truly effective.


Otherwise, after scrutinizing the study itself, I have found some flaws which will make it unwarranted to consider it effective about the product.
First, there is something unreliable about the volunteers' report. The definition of improvement is not unified among the volunteers. As we all know, different people have various feelings about their skin. For example, while some people consider that the improvement for facial skin is turning softer, others hold the view that tighter is better. Without unifying the feelings about improvement, it is presumptuous to draw the conclusion upon the study.
Second, even if I concede the assumption that the group of volunteers’ facial skin really applies an improvement, it is nevertheless impossible to assess the contention that the improvement attributes to Luxess. In the study, the volunteers washed their faces with both mild soap and Luxess every morning. Perhaps the mild soap is the critical factors responsible to the improvement. On the other hand, there is no evidence that the volunteers do not put other cosmetics on their face in any other time in a day. Without accounting for all other explanations, it is ungrounded to indicate a causal relation between the improvement and Luxess.

Overall, evidences the arguer stated do not serve well to the conclusion and render it wholly unpersuasive. To bolster the conclusion, it is necessary to provide more evidences and statistics about the science study of the product.

liuxinglly2UID: 2754800

A140. The following appeared in a report of the Committee on Faculty Promotions and Salaries at Elm City University.

"During her seventeen years as a professor of botany, Professor Thomas has proved herself to be well worth her annual salary of $50,000. Her classes are among the largest at the university, demonstrating her popularity among students. Moreover, the money she has brought to the university in research grants has exceeded her salary in each of the last two years. Therefore, in consideration of Professor Thomas' demonstrated teaching and research abilities, we recommend that she receive a $10,000 raise and a promotion to Department Chairperson; without such a raise and promotion, we fear that Professor Thomas will leave Elm City University for another college."
1. 作者没有充分证明Thomas值得50000年薪，因为论据瑕疵：
（1）她的课最大的问题，不能代表流行，教的好，他因
（2）她带来研究经费的问题，不证明她的研究能力，也不证明以后也会带来经费
2.即使她确实值50000，也没有理由证明她该加薪。即使该加薪升职，作者的加薪和升职建议也有问题，加的薪可能太多，职位也不适合她
3. 作者错误假设不加薪不升值她就会离开，即使如此，也忽略了其他留住她的方法



The arguer provides some evidences to justify the conclusion that Professor Thomas is well worth her annual salary and should be given a raise of salary and promoted to Department Chairperson. The argument is presented well, but not thoroughly reasoned well. After scrutinizing the evidence and the reasoning of the author, I find some flaws reflecting that the argument is neither logical nor practical.

First, the arguer unpersuasively claims that Professor Thomas has proved herself to be well worth her annual salary. In order to substantiate the conclusion, he provides some evidences which are unreliable.
The argument shows that Thomas's classes are among the largest at the university and automatically assumes that her class and are popularity among students. However, this might not be the case. The arguer obviously overlooks other possible explanations for this phenomenon. Perhaps the course taught by Thomas is the only course provided by school; if it is a basic course that every student ought to take part in, the reason why her classes are among th largest should no make any causel relation with popularity. On the other hand, even assuming that Thomas's class is really popular among students, the arguer cannot hasty conclude that it is because of her well teaching capability and the quality of her class. Maybe the popularity is linked to her kindness and friendship with students outside class.
Moreover, the money she has brought to university in research grants could not prove her research ability. Perhaps she is good at socializing and collecting money for research, which is no relation to her research ability.
Without ruling out such possibilities, the arguer's conclusion that Thomas is well worth her annual salary remains dubious at best.

Second, even I concede that Thomas is worth her annual salary, it is nevertheless hasty to assess the author's contention that she deserves a salary raise and promotion. There is no evidence that the money she brought in research grants exceeded her salary will continue to be provided next year; or maybe the amount will drop off much. Referring to the promotion, the author also states no word to prove that she really has the ability to adopt a higher position.
Even I concede that she deserves a salary raise and promotion, the arguer's recommendation about the promotion is impossible to be accept without some further details. No evidence shows that Thomas is qualified to be a Department Chairperson. It is known to all of us that the Department Chairperson require not only  terrific abilities on teaching and researching but also capabilities on management ,arrangement and other abilities to solve various kinds of problems. Unless the author gives an particular illustration about Thomas's ability in some cirtical parts, I cannot accept his recommendation.

Thirdly, the author make a false assumption that Thomas will leave Elm City University for another college without such a raise and promotion. It is presumptuous to assume that Thomas is not satisfied with the  current salary and position and has the desire to leave. Otherwise, the author also overlooks other measures to keep Thomas from leaving.

Overall, evidences  the arguer stated do not serve well to the conclusion and suggestions, which render the argument wholly unpersuasive. To bolster the conclusion, it is necessary to provide more evidences illustrating Thomas's teaching and researching situations. In addition, we can make some effective solutions to reward Thomas.