【clover】语法补习专贴 by happy牧羊

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以【SU & SY SO】为主

强化巩固语法知识

杜绝AW中的语法错误

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主谓一致是指：

1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。

2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。

3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语

一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。
There is much water in the thermos.

但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.

1、 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数

Reading and writing are very important.
注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.

2、 主谓一致中的就近原则

1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。

There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..

There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 ★
Either you or she is to go.

如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

3、 谓语动词与前面的主语一致  ★
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。

The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.

He as well as I wants to go boating.

4 、谓语需用单数

1） 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。

Each of us has a tape-recorder.

There is something wrong with my watch.


2） 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.

<<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。

3） 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.

Ten dollar is enough.

5、 指代意义决定谓语的单复数★

1） 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。

All is right. (一切顺利。)

All are present.(所有人都到齐了。)

2） 集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew（轮船、飞机等上面的）全体工作人员, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。

His family isn't very large.
他家不是一个大家庭。

His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattleCattle
are cows and bulls., poultry 家禽等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
Are there any police around?

3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
A number of 一些 +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of 数目 +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students likes English.

6 、与后接名词或代词保持一致

1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of一部分的 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。

Most of his money is spent on books.

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.

2） 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。            ★

Many a许多的 person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。 many a person= many people

More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。

happy牧羊UID: 2662770

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                讲解（版本二）
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下面这个是另一个版本，我觉得也不错，拿给大家看一下
句子的核心是谓语动词，谓语动词的确定取决于主语。根据句子含义和结构认准主语是掌握主谓一致的必要条件；弄清主谓一致的语言规则和习惯是掌握主谓一致的充分条件，要正确使用主谓一致，两个条件缺一不可，但同学们往往会走入以下三大误区。
误区一 误认主语

1. 倒装句
①Between the two buildings are a big tree. (×）
②Between the two buildings is a big tree. (√)

[解析] 第①句谓语动词使用are，错误地认为the two buildings是该句的主语，但实际上是介词between的宾语，一起构成介词短语，而介词短语不能充当主语。该句是一个倒装句，真正主语是a big tree.因此第②句正确。
特别提醒 倒装句的常见结构：副词/介词短语+谓语+主语

2. 主语之后带有介词短语
①The fruit like apples, oranges are good for our health. (×）
②The fruit like apples, oranges is good for our health. (√)

[解析] 第①句误认为apples, oranges是主语，因此谓语动词用are，而实际上the fruit才是该句的主语，like apples，oranges是介词短语作后置定语修饰the fruit.该句译为“像苹果、桔子之类的水果对我们的身体是有好处的”。因此第②句是正确的。
特别提醒 类似的结构有：主语+with / like / except / but / together with / as well as . . . ，谓语动词应与主语一致，而与介词短语之后的名词无关。
3. One of . . . + 名词复数或复数代词
①There are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys are from Canada. (×）
②There are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys is from Canada. (√)

[解析] one of the boys的中心词是one，因此谓语动词用单数，造成第①句错误的原因主要是把the boys当成了该句的主语。

4. 定语从句
①I like the photos which was taken in Beijing. (×）
②I like the photos which were taken in Beijing. (√)

[解析] which were taken in Beijing是一个定语从句，用于修饰先行词the photos，而which本身就代替先行词the photos.因此谓语动词要用复数，造成第①句错误的原因是没有弄清楚关系词which的实质，只是从形式上看它是单数。
特别提醒 定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词保持一致。
误区二 被主语的表象迷惑

1. 看似复数却表单数概念
①Maths are my favorite subject. (×）
②Maths is my favorite subject. (√)

[解析] maths本身是一个以“s”结尾的单词，而不是一个复数名词，表示单数概念“数学”这一学科，因此第②句正确。
类似的有：physics，news，politics . . .

2. 看似单数却表复数概念
①The police is searching for the robbers. (×）
②The police are searching for the robbers. (√)

[解析] the police译为“警方”，表示复数概念，而不是表示“那个警察”，因此第②句正确，类似的词有：people，the +形容词，the +姓+family等均表复数概念。

3. 名词的单复数同形
①There are a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it？ (×）
②There is a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it？ (√)

[解析] sheep是一个单复数形式相同的名词，由于sheep之前用的a little修饰，加上Can you see it中的it指代单数，因此a little sheep译为“一只小绵羊”，因此第②句正确。如果将原题改为：There ________ (be) a few sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see them？那又会怎么样呢。
特别提醒 类似的单复数形式相同的词还有fish, Chinese, Japanese等，要根据句子的含义和结构暗示来判断其单复数。
4. 集合名词
①Their family is very happy. Now their family is watching TV. (×）
②Their family is very happy. Now their family are watching TV. (√)

[解析] family是一个集合名词，表示整体概念时谓语用单数，表示个体概念时谓语用复数。该句译为“他们全家很幸福，现在全家人正在看电视”。因此第一个family表示整体概念，译为“家庭”，第二个family表示个体概念，译为“家人”，第②句正确。
特别提醒 类似的还有group，class，team等既可表单数也可表复数。
误区三 误用语言规则

1. 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、数量等名词作主语
①Ten years are quite a long time. (×）
②Ten years is quite a long time. (√)

[解析] 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、数量等名词的复数作主语时看作一个整体，谓语动词要用单数，容易错误理解为复数而出现第①句的错误。

2. 由and连接的并列主语
①The twentieth lesson and last lesson are very easy for students. (×）
②The twentieth lesson and last lesson is very easy for students. (√)

[解析] the twentieth lesson and last lesson是表示同一概念，译为“第20课即最后一课”，因此谓语动词应该用单数。同学们容易错误理解“第20课和最后一课”，如果表示两课，应该表达为“the twentieth lesson and the last lesson”。
特别提醒 由and连接的并列主语表示同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，表示不同的概念时谓语动词用复数。

3. 就近原则
①Neither you nor he have been to Beijing. (×）
②Neither you nor he has been to Beijing. (√)

[解析] neither . . . Nor连接的并列主语(you ， he)虽然表示两个人，但根据语言规则，当它连接并列主语的时候，谓语动词根据就近原则，该由he决定，因此第②句正确。
特别提醒 类似的还有either . . . Or，not only . . . But also，not . . . But，以及there be之后的并列主语，谓语动词的确定都根据“就近原则”。

4. This kind of，a piece of，this pair of等短语作主语
①This pair of trousers are very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. (×）
②This pair of trousers is very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. (√)

[解析] trousers作主语时，谓语动词用复数，但当它被this pair of修饰时谓语动词由pair的单复数确定。因此第②句正确。
特别提醒 this kind of，a piece of，a bag of，a box of等，这类短语作主语时谓语动词的单复数由这些短语中的名词决定，而与它们所修饰的名词无关。

5. The rest of, half of等短语作主语
①Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it are very difficult. (×）
②Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it is very difficult. (√)

[解析] 根据句意和句子结构可以判断the rest of it中的it，指the work，而work是不可数名词，因此第②句正确。
特别提醒 all of，most of，half of，the rest of，以及a lot of，some，any+名词作主语时，要根据后面的名词确定谓语动词的单复数。

6. 一句话提示
①合成不定代词(如something，anybody等)作主语，谓语动词用单数；
②动名词、不定式、从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数；
③a number of +名词(复)作主语，谓语用复数，the number of +名词(复)作主语，谓语用单数；
④none of . . . 作主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。
本文转自：中小学教育资源站

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                    附加题
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1. Three years _ has___ (have) passed since we met last time, and three years ___is____ (be) a long time.

2. ___Is____ (be) everybody going to take part in the game?

3. Both men and women ___have____ (have) complained about the advertisement.

4. The family ___were____ (be) watching TV when I came into the room.

5. But not all the information ___is____ (is) good to society.

6. One evening she told me that something happened when her parents ___were____ (be) out.

7. There ____is___ (is) a table, several chairs in the old house.

8. The great writer and professor __is_____ (is) going to our school next week.

9. The scientist and the engineer ___have____ (have) invented a new machine.

10. Alice, together with her friends, ___was____ (be) punished for having broken the school rules.

11. Every girl and every boy __has_____ (have) the right to join the club.

12. --- ___Is____ (be) either she or you to go and attend the meeting?
--- Neither she nor I ___am_____（be）.

13. --- Is there anybody in the classroom?
--- No, the teacher as well as the students ___has____ (have) gone to the playground.

14. None of the money ___is____ (be) his.

15. A knife and fork ___is____ (be) on the table. A pen and a pencil ____are___ (be) on the desk.

II. 从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

1. E-mail, as well as telephones, ______ an important part in daily communication.

A. is playing B. have played
C. are playing D. play

2. Not only I but also Jane and Mary _______ tired of having one examination after another.
A. is B. are C. am D. be

3. Either you or the headmaster _______ the prizes to these students at the meeting.
A. is handing out B. are to hand out
C. are handing out D. is to hand out

4. A library with five thousand books _______ to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered. B has offered
C. are offered D. have offered

5. All the employees except the manager _______ to work online at home.
A. encourages. encourage
C. is encouraged D. are encouraged


答案及解析：
I. 1. has；is。表示时间、金钱、距离、重量的复数名词表示单位数量用作主语时，通常看作整体，
谓语动词用单数。

2. Is。不定代词anyone， anybody， anything， everyone， everybody， everything， someone， somebody， something， nobody， nothing等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

3. have。两个名词或代词由and连接作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。

4. were。集体名词class， family等作主语时，
如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式；如果强调个体，则用复数形式。

5. is。

6. were。

7. is。由there引导的句子，主语不止一个词时，谓语通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致。

8. is。当and不表示并列意义，而连接两个在意义上表示同一人、物或概念或由两个部件配成的物品时，谓语动词用单数。
9. have。

10. was。主语后面接说明主语的修饰语，如用with，along with， as well as， like， rather than， but， except， besides， including等与修饰语连接，谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响，仍保持同主语一致的关系。

11. has。两个并列的名词由each，every， no等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数。

12. is； am。当用作主语的两个名词或代词由or， either...or， neither...nor或 not only...but also连接时，谓语通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致。

13. has。

14. is。代词none和neither有时当作单数看待，有时作复数看待，主要根据说话人的意思决定。但是代表不可数名词时，
只看作单数。

15. is； are。

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情态动词

前言：时候不早了，不多废话。这个是我亲自体验中，最容易错的几个语法项之一，今天贴出来，大家学习一下

借用ETS官方范文中的comments：

【对1分文章基础语法的评价】——In addition, there are severe and persistent errors in language and sentence structure.  In the few instances where the language appears controlled, the phrasing is borrowed directly from the argument topic.

【对2分文章基础语法的评价】——There are grammatical errors (e.g., "the particular field the two anonymous winners received their prize") and imprecise word choices ("members of the university," ".or more so the information the article contains").  For the most part, though, the writer's meaning is clear.  

【对3分文章基础语法的评价】——The writing demonstrates limited language control.There are missing words, syntax句法规则errors, and several grammatical errors

【对4分文章基础语法的评价】——Control of language is better than adequate合格的.  The writing is clear, focused, and free of surface errors.

【对5分文章基础语法的评价】——The essay demonstrates good control but not mastery 精通 熟练掌握 of the elements of writing: it contains good variety in syntax, including effective use of rhetorical修辞性的 questions.  The occasional flaws do not detract from the overall strong quality of the essay.  

【对6分文章基础语法的评价】——The writing is succinct, graceful, and virtually error-free, distinguished by impressive diction ("kudos," "laudable," "engineered," "entice"), as well as syntactic sophistication. （看了这个标准也没用，不看了）


1—— 情态动词的语法特征

1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。

2 ——比较can 和be able to

1）can could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could),
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。
be able to可以用于各种时态。
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。

2）只用be able to     ★
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。    不懂，有例句么？  
e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.

注意：could不表示时态
1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。
--- Could I have the television on?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He couldn't be a bad man.
他不大可能是坏人。

3—— 比较may和might

1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。
May God bless you!
He might be at home.
注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2） 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。
If that is the case, we may as well try.

4—— 比较have to和must

1)两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）
2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。 例子？
He had to look after his sister yesterday.
3） 在否定结构中： don't have to 表示"不必"     mustn't表示"禁止"，
You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。

5—— must表示推测

1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较：
He must be staying there.
他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there.
他必须呆在那。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。

4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.

5) 否定推测用 can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。

6 ——表示推测的用法

can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1）情态动词+动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3）情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December.
明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you.
你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may。

7—— 情态动词+ have +过去分词

1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2)must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。
--- Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---She must have gone by bus.
3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.

8—— should 和ought to

should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。
---Ought he to go?
---Yes. I think he ought to.
表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。

9—— had better表示"最好"

had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth
had better not do sth
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
She'd better not play with the dog.
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
You had better have come earlier.

10—— would rather表示"宁愿"

would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
典型例题
---- Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?
A. do you ratherB. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句， would 提前，所以选B。

11—— will和would

注意：
1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。
Would you like to go with me?
2）Will you…?Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
Would you like some cake?
3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down?

12 ——情态动词的回答方式

问句肯定回答否定回答
Need you…?Yes, I must.No,I needn't
Must you…?/don't have to.
典型例题
1）---Could I borrow your dictionary?
---Yes, of course, you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
答案C. could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。复习： will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。
2）---Shall I tell John about it?
---No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。
3）---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.
A. I don't B.I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案B. will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心"，本题表示决心，选B。

13—— 带to 的情态动词

带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：

Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it.
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。
典型例题
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A.have toldB.tellC.be tellingD. having told
答案A。由于后句为过去时，告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用过去完成时，但它在情态动词 ought to 后，所以用 have。

14 ——比较need和dare

这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1) 实义动词： need（需要, 要求）
need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词： need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。
Need you go yet?
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.
3) need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动：
need doing = need to be done


情态动词在托福写作中的运用

托福的写作中关于情态动词的使用经常存在漏用和误用的情况，而大作文本身就是要求写对某个事物或者现象的评价，所以不可避免要出现带有情态动词的观点句。下面是常见的问题的分析：
首先是情态动词，尤其是Will的漏掉。中国考生受汉语影响，一提到“将来”才会有意识地用will, 实际上will可以表达“能、将、会、要、就”等多种意义。只是涉及到这样的地方很多学员就把这几个词当作虚词忽略掉了，以至于经常出现“观点”与“事实”不分的句子, 如：
Riding bicycles reduces air pollution.
如果没有情态动词，这个句子就是一个表示目前存在的状态或者事实，而不表示个人对骑自行车的评价。
其它的常见的漏用还体现在与if引导的状语从句一起连用的主句中， so that或者 in order that引导的从句，或者是与without, in case of等介词短语连用的主句，不论条件还是目的都是写作中经常出现的句式。如:
If I have time tomorrow, I drive to pick you up.
Xiao Zhang gets up very early so that he catches the earliest bus to work.
Without enough time to stay inside campus, college students don't have time to improve themselves.
其次是情态动词的误用，主要问题是中国学生在亮观点时对“can”情有独钟，而英式的学风历来讲究严谨，像can 这样语气过于绝对的表达最好换成may/ will, 或者是语气更委婉的might/would probably等，同时还要搭配一定程度的副词，如：
indulgence in computer games can lead to social violence especially of teenagers.上句中can不如might用起来更加客观，因为几乎每个小孩都玩游戏，但绝不是每个人都会犯罪。
另外一个容易误用的词是should，多表示根据社会风俗习惯个人的责任，而在比较正式的议论文写作中，多数句子是以客观事物做主语的， 所以用should就有些不太恰当，如：
To tackle the problem of youth crimes related with computer games, advertisement enterprises should restrict the large-scale promotion.
一般我们会用另外一个更客观性的短语be to do来代替， 或者是shall，但是这里的shall不是用于第一人称后的将来时符号，而表示的是一种情态。
至于must, 因为语气实在强硬，所以一般在社会性的问题的论述上我们要慎用，建议多换成need/ shall/ be to do 或者是be expected to do形式。如：
To help students get better employment, universities must increase the skillful courses.
虽然情态动词不是关系是否上6分的语法项目，但也会在一定程度上影响到分数，所以希望能引起足够的重视。

1. Jean have kept his promise. I wonder why he changed his idea.
A. must B. should C. need D. would

解析：选B. “should have +过去分词” 表示“过去本来应该(但没能)做某事”；
keep one’s promise 意为“信守诺言”。

2. Jane have come to the party, but she not find the exact time.
A. could; could B. might; could C. should; could D. should; would

解析：选A.“ could have+过去分词表示过去本来应该(但没能)做某事

3. So many mistakes in your homework! You more careful.
A. may be B. had to C. would be D. should have been

解析：选D. “You should have been more careful”. 意为：你本来应该更细心的。

4．Her brother be at home now, because he was seen playing basketball in the stadium just now.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. shouldn't

解析：选C. can’t be at home 意为：不可能在家。

5．---I can’t understand why our boss is late.
---He the early bus.
A. could miss B. may have missed
C. can have missed D. might miss

解析：选B. “may have+过去分词”表示对过去动作的判断，意为：可能做了某事。注意：can表示可能时，只能用于疑问句和反问句。

6. She didn't answer the phone, she ______ asleep.
A. may be B. must be C. should have been D. must have been

解析：选D. 表示：对过去发生的事情的肯定推测。

7．The little girl’s eyes were red. She ______.
A. may cry B. must cry C. must be cried D. must have been crying

解析：选D. 意为：她刚才肯定一直在哭。对过去某事正发生的推测。

8．He______ his supper now, for the dining hall is still closed.
A. can’t be having B. needn’t be having
C. mustn’t be having D. shouldn't be having

解析：选A. 对现在正在发生的事情的否定推测。

9．I parked my bike behind the building, but now it is gone. It ________ .
A. may be stolen B. must be stolen
C. must have been stolen D. must have stolen

解析：选C. 对过去发生的事情 的肯定推测的被动式。

10. ______ Mr. Black_______ go to work by ferry before the bridge was built?
A. Did; used to B. Use; to C. Did; use to D. Does; use to

解析：选C. used to do的疑问式，可以是Used+主语+to do ?或Did +主语+use to do?

11. The hotel is only a stone’s throw away, you ______ take a bus.
A. need not to B. not need to C. don't need D. need not

解析：选D. 说话人认为不必要乘车, need 为情态动词。

12. I am busy now, _______ my brother do it for you ?
A. Will B. Shall C. Must D. May

解析：选B. 在疑问句中shall 用于第三人称，也表示征求意见。

13. ---You needn’t do it right now, need you?
---Yes I am afraid I ______ .
A. need B. needn’t C. Must D. mustn’t

解析：选C. Yes的意思是：不。意为：恐怕我必须现在就做。

14.My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared . Who _____ have taken it?
A. should B. must C. could D. would

解析：选C. could/can have done 用于否定推测和疑问推测。

15. ---The room is so dirty._______ we clean it?
----Of course.
A． Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do

解析：选B. shall 用在疑问句中，常用于第一，三人称， 表示征求意见或请求指示。

16. If you have something important to do, you ______ waste any time.
A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. may not D. won’t

解析：选B. 根据句意用mustn’t

17. If you want to borrow a football after school, your student card______ here.
A. has to leave B. must leave C. has to be left D. must be left

解析：选C. have to 表示客观需要，must表示主观需要。学生证必须放在此是客观需要。

18. “ Did you scold him for his carelessness?”
“Yes, but _____ it”
A. I’d rather not do B. I’d rather not have done
C. I shouldn’t do D. I’d better not do

解析：选B. would rather 加完成时表示对完成了的或过去了的事情的态度。意为：当时是不情愿做的。

19. “ Don’t get near to it . It is too dangerous!”
“_______” .
A. Yes, I won’t B. No, I don’t C. No, I can’t D. No, I won’t

解析：选D. A为错误的表达方式；B和C没有直接回答对方的问候。

20. He must be in the classroom, _______ he?
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. isn’t D. can

解析：选C. 对表否定的must进行反意疑问时，要用句子的实义动词

21. He________ be in the garden. He must be in the room.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. will no tD. may not

解析：选A. 否定推测用can’t不用mustn’t

22. “Do you have to leave now?”
“I am very sorry, but I really______.”
A. can’tB. haveC. shouldD. must

解析：选D. 回答have to 的疑问句用must作肯定回答。

23. “Let’s go to the library, shall we?”
“_________?”
A. No, I can’t B. Yes, I will C. Yes , thank you
D. No, we’d better not

解析：选D. A,B,C都 不能回答shall we, 此处D的语气比较婉转客气。

24. “Can I take it away?”
“ You ______ better not.”
A. should B. Could C. Would D. had

解析：选D. had better 与不带to 的不定式构成谓语，可以变成疑问句：Hadn’t you better----

25. You _______ have brought your camera. They all had theirs with them.
A. couldn’t B. needn’t C. wouldn’t D. mustn’t

解析：选B. 本来不必要做某事.

26. See who is there!______ it be May?
A. May B. Must C. Can D. Will

解析：选C. 表推测时A，B都用作疑问句。

27. John______ be a basketball player. He is much too short.
A. may B. mustn’t C. can’t D. should

解析：选C. 断然的不定推测用can’t

28. The Chinese teacher looks so pale. She ______ be ill.
A. must B. mustn’t C. Can D. need

解析：选A. 表示有把握的肯定推测用must

29. Something______ to save our earth. Do you think so?
A. can do B. must do C. has to do D. must be done

解析：选D. “something must be done” 意为：必须采取措施。

30. Look at what you have done! You ______ be more careful.
A. ought B. Can C. would D. should

解析：选D. ought 后应用to

happy牧羊UID: 2662770

前言——

很简单么？最最最普通的a， an， the
大家能写得完全对么？
可能你会说“我很注意区分a和an区别的~”
呵呵还不够 真的
因为你忽视了一个最最大的陷阱，那就是the的应用
几乎我改的所有文章，都会出现或多或少的the的误用，很多情况下，不完整的英语思维会促使大家有意无意的在自己的作文里狂加the，但是其中真的该加的地方往往会出现疏漏。
不严重么？真的很干扰rater阅读时候的流畅性，同时无形给自己作文的语法印象大打折扣。
所以这次的冠词，大家一定要好好好好看
至于数词，写作中倒是没有太多需要叮嘱的，大家好好看看就行了~年代、倍数、岁数别写错就行，还有，要注意拼写

千万不要忽视冠词数词，很少有人在高度紧张状态下可以保证在这上面不出错的。
所以，务必用心去看

加油加油

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冠词

一.a和an的区别

不定冠词有a和an两种形式，a用于辅音(不是辅音字母)开头的词前，an用于元音(不是元音字母)开头的词前。
例如：a boy，a university，a European country；an hour，an island，an elephant

二. 不定冠词的用法

1.泛指某一类人、事或物；这是不定冠词a/an的基本用法。
2.泛指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。
3.表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。
4.表示“每一”，相当于every. 例如，I go to school five days a week.
5.用在序数词前，表示“又一”。例如，I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.

三.定冠词的用法

①用于上文已提到过的人或事物。例如：     
He has a new pen. The pen was bought in America. 他有一支新钢笔。这支钢笔是在美国买的。     
There is a book called “Gone with Wind”on my shelf. The book was written by a foreign writer.我的书架上有一本叫《飘》的书。这本书是一位外国作家写的。     
I saw a film last night. The fiim is very interesting. 昨天晚上我看了一部电影。这部电影非常有趣。     

②特指谈话时双方都熟悉的某（些）人或某（些）事物。例如：     
The bag on the desk isn’t mine. 桌子上的书包不是我的。     
The angry man on the screen is David. 在荧屏上出现的那个生气的男人是大卫。     
Is the city of Nanjing beautiful? 南京城漂亮吗？     

③用在世界上独一无二的事物前。例如：     
The moon is our satellite. 月球是我们的卫星。     
The world is changing always. 世界一直在变化着。     
The sun is far away from the earth. 太阳离地球很远。     

④用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only修饰的名词前。例如：     
The first lesson is as difficult as the last one. 第一课和最后一课一样难。     
This moon cake is the nicest of all. 这种月饼是所有的月饼中最好吃的。     
She is the only person who was late today. 她是今天惟一一个迟到者。     

⑤用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。例如：     
the Summer Palace 颐和园 the Communist Party of China 中国共产党  the People’s   Republic of China 中华人民共和国   the Great Wall 长城 the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会     

⑥用在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、群岛等的名称前。例如：     
the Yellow River 黄河the Black sea 黑海     
the West Lake 西湖 the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山     
the Tianshan Mountains 天山山脉 the Indian Ocean印度洋     

⑦用在姓氏复数前，表示“某某一家人”或“某某夫妇”。例如：     
the Greens 格林一家人   the Wangs 王家     
the Kings 肯一家人     
the Lis李家     

注意.   “the+姓氏复数”作主语，谓语动词用复数。 例如：     
The Greens are watching TV at the moment. 格林一家人现在正在看电视。     
The Whites do their cooking at home only at the weekend. 怀特夫妇仅在周末才在家做饭。      

⑧the后加某些形容词，表示一类人或事物。例如：     
the old 老人   the young 年轻人the rich 富人     
the poor 穷人 the clever 聪明人 the blind 盲人     

⑨用在乐器前面。例如：     
the piano 钢琴   the violin 小提琴     

⑩用在“the＋形容词比较级＋the＋形容词比较级”结构中，表示“越来……越……”。例如：   
The more trees, the better. 树越多越好。     
The more exercise you take, the healthier you will be. 你锻炼得越多，身体就越健康。   
The more we get together,the happier we are. 我们越是在一起，就越高兴。     

(11)当名词被一短语或从句所修饰时，该名词前用冠词。例如：     
The man under the tree is my grandfather. 在树下的那个男人是我的爷爷。     
The one on the left is a new kind of machine. 在左边的那一个是一种新型机器。     
The girl in white is Mary. 那个穿白色衣服的女孩是玛丽。     

(12)用在表示方向的名词前。例如：     
in the east 在东方 in the west 在西部     
in the northeast of China 在中国的东北部 in the south 在南方     

(13)用在单数可数名词前表示一类人或物。例如：     
The tree is a kind of plant. 树是一种植物。     
The camel is a useful animal. 骆驼是一种有用的动物。     
The computer is an interesting tool. 电脑是一种有趣的工具。     

(14)the常用于一些固定搭配中。例如：     
in the morning 在早上（上午） in the early morning 一大清早     
in the evening 在晚上 in the beginning 在开头（端）     
in the afternoon 在下午 by the way 顺便问     
in the end 最后，终于 the next day 第二天     
at the end of 在……快结尾的时候 the day after tomorrow 后天     
at the age of 在……岁的时候 in the front of 在……（内部）的前面     
the day before yesterday 前天 on the right(left)在右（左）边

四.零冠词的用法

1.在专有名词和不可数名词前。例如，Class Two，Tian’an Men Square，water

2.可数名词前已有作定语的物主代词（my，your，his，her等）、指示代词（this/these，that/those）、不定代词（some，any等）及所有格限制时。例如my book(正)；my the book(误)

3.复数名词表示一类人或事物时。例如，They are teachers.

4.在星期，月份，季节，节日前。例如：on Sunday，in March，in spring，on Women’s Day
(特例：如果月份，季节等被一个限定性定语修饰时，则要加定冠词：He joined the Army in the spring of 1982.)

5.在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如：Tom，Mum

6.在学科名称，三餐饭和球类运动名称前。例如：I have lunch at school every day.
特例：当football，basketball指具体的某个球时，其前可以用冠词：I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football？那只足球在哪儿？(指足球，并非“球类运动”)

7.在表特定的公园，街道，车站，桥，学校等之前。例如：No.25 Middle School

8.某些固定词组中不用冠词。

(1)与by连用的交通工具名称前：by bus\by car\ by bike\ by train\by air\by plane\ by sea\by ship，但take a bus，in a boat，on the bike前需用冠词
(2)名词词组：day and night日日夜夜；brother and sister兄弟姐妹;hour after hour时时刻刻；here and there到处
(3)介词词组：in surprise；on foot；on duty；at work；on time；in class；on show；in bed等
(4)go 短语：go home；go to bed；go to school ；go to work；go shopping/swimming/boating/fishing

六.用与不用冠词的差异

in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里
go to sea出海/go to the sea去海边
on earth究竟/on the earth在地球上，在世上
in front of在……(外部的)前面/in the front of在……(内部的)前面
take place发生/take the place(of)代替
at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁
by sea乘船/by the sea在海边
in future从今以后，将来/in the future未来
go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…)/go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去
on horseback骑着马/on the horseback在马背上
two of us我们当中的两人/the two of us我们两人(共计两人)
out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能的，办不到的
next year明年/the next year 第二年
a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人)/a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)



数词

一.基数词

基数词相当于名词，在句中可做主语、表语、定语、状语等。如：
Three of my classmates are from Shanghai.
I am twenty this year.
They have four classes in the morning and three in the afternoon.

二.序数词

1)序数词的构成：
★大多数的序数词是由基数词加-th构成。如：seven—seventh；ten—tenth
★以-t结尾的基数词只在词尾加-h。如：eight—eighth
★以-ve结尾的基数词改-ve为f再加-th。如：five—fifth；twelve—twelfth
★以-y结尾的基数词改-y为-ie再加-th。如：twenty—twentieth，thirty—thirtieth
★几十几的序数词只在个位数体现。如：twenty-one—twenty-first；thirty-three—thirty-third
★特殊的序数词：
one—first；two—second；three—third； nine—ninth

2)序数词在句中同样可做主语、表语、定语、状语等。如：
June the first is Children’s Day.
When did you first meet each other?
She was the last to arrive.

三.数词的用法：

1)表示年、月、日，“年”用基数词，“日”用序数词。如：May eleventh，2007
2)表示时间。如： It’s eleven twenty.
3)表示编号。编号既可以用基数词表示，也可以用序数词表示。区别是基数词用在名词之后，序数词位于名词之前，并加定冠词。如：Lesson Nine；the Ninth Lesson
4)介词 in one’s+整数数词的复数形式，表示年龄。如：
She is in her early forties.(她四十出头。)
5)序数词前加冠词“a”表示“再一次”。如：Can I try a second time?
6)在hundred，thousand，million，billion前有数词时为实数意义，它们的词尾不能加复数。前无数词时为虚数意义，hundred，thousand，million，billion可加复数，并可和of连用，构成短语。如：five hundred students；millions of people

四.分数的构成

分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母加s，如：
1/5：one fifth
2/3：two thirds
2-：two and three quarters

五.小数的表示法

0.09：point zero nine
2.7：two point seven

六.百分数的表达法

90%：ninety percent
0.5%：point five percent

七.倍数表达法

表示两倍时用twice，表示三倍以上的倍数时用times。如：
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
This desk is twice as large as that one.

八.算式表达法：

5+6：five plus six(or five and six)
7-6：seven minus six
2×3：two multiplied by three(or two times three)
8/4：eight divided by four

九.与数词相关的主谓一致原则

1)当名词词组中心词为表示时间、路程、金钱或重量等复数名词时，往往根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看做一个整体，谓语采用单数形式。如：
Twenty dollars is not enough.
Two months has passed before we realized.
但是如果“数词”单用，表示人或物，谓语动词一般用复数。如：
Three were killed and ten were missing in that accident.

2)如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数+of-词组”，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of-词组中名词或代词的单、复数形式：如果of-词组中名词或代词是单数或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式；如果of-词组中名词或代词是复数，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：
Two thirds of the earth is covered with water.
Two thirds of the people present are against the plan.

3)如果主语是many a，more than one+单数名词构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：
Many a student in this class has hoped a long break.

4)a+单数名词+or two做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。one or two+复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
A word or two is missed in the sentence.
One or two words are missed in the sentence.

happy牧羊UID: 2662770

冠词练习题

1．--Does Jim have _______ ruler？
   --Yes，he has _______．
A．an；some   B．a；one   C．a；／   D．any；one

2． _______ apple a day keeps the doctors aw ay．
A．The    B．A    C．An    D．Two

3．--How many books do you have？
   --I have _______  book．That's _______  English book．
A．a；an  B．a；one C．one；an   D．one；one

4．At that time Tom was _______ one-year-old baby．
A．a      B．an      C．the      D．／

5． _______ tiger is _______  China．
A．The；a    B．A；the    C．The；from    D．The；the

6．We can't see _______  sun at _______  night．
A．the；the B．the；／   C．a；／      D．／；／

7． _______ old lady with white hair spoke _______  English well at _______ meeting．
A．An；an；a   B．The；／；an  C．The；／；a   D．The；／；the

8． _______ new bridge has been built over _______  Huangpu River．
A．The；a  B．A；／       C．A；the    D．An；the

9． _______ woman over there is _______  popular teacher in our school．
A．A；an   B．The；a      C．The；the  D．A；the

10．He used to be _______  teacher but later he turned _______  writer．
A．a；a    B．a；the      C．／；a     D．a；／
10．D。第一个空是泛指；第二个空用“零冠词”是因为 turn 后面的名词前一般都不加冠词。

11．They made him _______  king．
A．a      B．the      C．an     D．／
11．D。表示某人的职位时可用"零冠词"。

12．Does Tom often play _______  football after _______  school？
A．／；／  B．／；the   C．the；／   D．a；／

冠词用法专项练习答案与详解

1．B。第一空是泛指；第二空的 one 是不定代词，用以替代前面的 ruler。
2．C。这是一句谚语，意思是“一天吃一个苹果，用不着看医生。”
3．C。one 强调数量，用以回答“How many …？”问句；第二个空是泛指，故用 an。
4．A。one 虽以元音字母开头，但以辅音音素［w］开头，故填 a。
5．C。此句意为：“这只老虎来自中国。”
6．B。在“太阳、月亮、地球”的前面一般都加定冠词 the；at night“在夜晚”，注意该短语中没有冠词。
7．D。第一个空填 the，是特指那个“白发老太太”；第二个空不填冠词，是因为在语言名称前面一般不加冠词。English 后面如有 language，就得说 the English language。“在会议上”应为 at the meeting。
8．C。第一个空是泛指，用 a；第二个空是河流名称，故用 the。
9．B。第一个空：“那边的那个妇女”，是特指；第二个空是指那个妇女的身份、职业，是泛指。
10．D。第一个空是泛指；第二个空用“零冠词”是因为 turn 后面的名词前一般都不加冠词。
11．D。表示某人的职位时可用"零冠词"。
12．A。after school 放学以后。

数词练习题
1.Could you tell us how to read the number 18,306,211?
　　A.eighteen million, three hundred and six thousands, two hundred eleven
　　B.eighteen million, three hundred and six thousand, two hundred and eleven
　　C.eighteen millions, three hundred six thousands, two hundreds and eleven
　　D.eighteen thousand, three hundred and six, two hundred eleven

2.Shakespeare was born in ______。
　　A.1660s        B.1660’s
　　C.the 1660s    D.the 1660’s
2.D。英语表示“……世纪……年代”时应为：“in the+年代’s”，如：在二十世纪八十年代=in the 1980’s，表示从1980—1989这期间的10年；如果是in 1980=在1980年，一年的时间。


3.Bill said they were going to have _____ holiday。
　　A.a two-weeks’
　　B.a two-week
　　C.two weeks’
　　D.two weeks

4.Over ______ of the articles on education have been published。
　　A.two thirds
　　B.two third
　　C.seconds three
　　D.seconds third
4.A。分数的构成：分子是基数词，分母是序数词；分子大于一，分母加s。

5.My father left home at about __。
　　A.six thirty
　　B.thirty six
　　C.thirty to six
　　D.six past thirty
5.A。观察选项，理解句意，就可只要选择“6：30”这个时间的正确表达形式。有两种：half past six和six thirty

6.We all think that the ______ century will bring us more hopes。
　　A.twenty-first
　　B.twentieth-first
　　C.twenty-one
　　D.twentieth-one

7.——What’s your room number?
　　——It’s ______。
　　A.The 601 Room
　　B.601 Room
　　C.The Room 601
　　D.Room 601

8.______ the students usually surf on the Internet and get information。
　　A.60 percents of B.60 percent
　　C.60 percent of D.60 percents

9.Several _______ new books were sold out last week。
　　A.of thousand    B.thousands
　　C.thousand of    D.thousand
9.D。several表达有三四个那样的基数词，thousand是数词时，前面有基数词，它本身也不加s；thousand是名词时构成短语thousands of，这个短语的前面不用基数词。

10.Which is right?
　　A.2009, June 25
　　B.25th June, 2009
　　C.June 25, 2009
　　D.June 25st, 2009
10.C。年月日的表达法：“月份+日期，年代”，日期写序数词或基数词都可，一般都习惯写基数词，但读时要读成序数词。

11.We have stayed at this school for _______ 。
　　Which following choice is wrong?
　　A.two and a half years
　　B.two years and a half
　　C.two years and half a year
　　D.both A and B
11.C。几个半的表示法有两种：
　　“基数词+单位名词(复数)+and a half”
　　“基数词+and a half+单位名词(复数)”


数词用法专项练习答案与详解
1.B。读数字时要先从右边开始确定出数位，右边开始数第三位要读thousand，再往前数三位读million，接着往前再数三位就是billion；hundred， thousand，million和billion都是数词不加s，百位和十位之间读时要加and；如果十位是0，也读and。
2.D。英语表示“……世纪……年代”时应为：“in the+年代’s”，如：在二十世纪八十年代=in the 1980’s，表示从1980—1989这期间的10年；如果是in 1980=在1980年，一年的时间。
3.B。holiday是个可数名词，所以前面不能丢了冠词；形容词放在a holiday的中间，这个形容词由数词和名词复合而成，复合后名词不能加s，two-week——“两周的”。
4.A。分数的构成：分子是基数词，分母是序数词；分子大于一，分母加s。
5.A。观察选项，理解句意，就可只要选择“6：30”这个时间的正确表达形式。有两种：half past six和six thirty。
6.A。世纪的表示法：“in the+序数词+century”。21的序数词是基数词twenty后加first。
7.D。房间号的表达属于专有名词类，也不用冠词，所以首字母要大些，号码用阿拉伯数字表达。第几排也是同样的表达方法，如：第5排=Row 5。
8.C。百分数的表示法：“基数词+percent+of”。不给percent加s。
9.D。several表达有三四个那样的基数词，thousand是数词时，前面有基数词，它本身也不加s；thousand是名词时构成短语thousands of，这个短语的前面不用基数词。
10.C。年月日的表达法：“月份+日期，年代”，日期写序数词或基数词都可，一般都习惯写基数词，但读时要读成序数词。
11.C。几个半的表示法有两种：
　　“基数词+单位名词(复数)+and a half”
　　“基数词+and a half+单位名词(复数)”

happy牧羊UID: 2662770

前言：

虚拟语气，在academic writting中，用好了会很受欢迎，用不好就会很不academic
同时对于effective writting更是这样
至于应该如何去用呢？
首先我们要弄清楚的是，虚拟语气的基本用法。
在知道了如何去用之后，我们就要去通过自己行文的逻辑，以及预期的读者思维，通过这个“虚拟”去做良性诱导。
同时脑袋里时刻绷紧一个弦——过犹不及
鬼子的脑袋很瘫很残，虚拟语气他们用的少，因为用过度了之后，rater的脑袋会顿时跳闸
所以，文章中要去适量应用他们可以理解并且熟悉的虚拟语气

至于如何让他们理解呢？写对
至于如何让他们熟悉呢？不要自创，要去广泛阅读，积累好的素材语料

废话尽量少说，大家自己先通过这里，熟悉虚拟语气基本用法，尤其是和时态、倒装绑定的用法

这是你在文章中，加深文章深度的一个必要基础

——by 草木也知愁


==================================
==================================

很难很混乱，试图用尽量简单的方法来介绍。

虚拟语气TOEFL考点中处于相对次要地位，但在英文中是比较活跃的用法，对其有所了解, 对读题和写作是会很有帮助。

一、介绍：虚拟语气是英文中一特殊的语言现象，主要用于表达与事实相反或者对尚未发生的事情进行假设的陈述，常表达强烈愿望、遗憾、感慨、后悔、责备、规劝等语义。

可大致分为三类：

1、对现在事实的虚拟 从句时态向前推一个 对现在的虚拟，从句变成过去（同理其他）
基本形式：If + were /did等过去式…, …would /could /should /might + do
例句：If I were a bird, I would fly to the moon.
(事实上，I’m not a bird, so I will not fly to the moon.)
If she knew who you are, she would go out of joy.
(事实上，She doesn’t know, so she still feels joyous.)
If they were here, they would help you.

2、对过去事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done
例句：If she had been warned earlier, she wouldn’t have broken the rules.
(事实上：She was not warned earlier and she broke the rules.)
If it hadn’t rained, the match would have seemed more fascinating.
(事实上：It rained and the match was less fascinating.)
If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.　　
The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.　
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.
含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.

3、对将来事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思类似汉语中的“万一”

If + were+ 不定式…, …would+ do; Should+ 动词原形   ★
例句：If he should forget the date, I might teach him a good lesson.
(事实上：他不大可能忘记那个日期)
If it should snow this afternoon, we could make a snowman.
(事实上不大可能会下雪)
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

happy牧羊UID: 2662770

其他一些重要的语言点：



4、虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
例句：Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.

Had you come earlier, you would have met him.=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.　

Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
Should my car fail, I would have to return home on foot. = If my car should fail, I would have to return home on foot.
Had the letter been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship. = If the letter had been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.

5、wish的用法
1）用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
　　

	真实状况	wish后
从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为were)	现在时	过去时
从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had+过去分词）	过去时	过去完成时
将来不大可能实现的愿望	将来时	would/could+动词原形

　　　
例句：
I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一样高。
　　　
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
　　　
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
2）Wish to do表达法。
例句： Wish sb / sth to do
　　　 I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
　　　 I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)

6、比较if only与only if：
only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
例句：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
　　　If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　当时闹钟响了，就好了。
　　　If only he comes early.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。

7、It is (high) time that
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
例句：It is time that the children went to bed.
　　　It is high time that the children should go to bed.

8、need "不必做"和"本不该做"
didn't need to do表示：
过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
needn't have done表示：
过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
例句：John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)


9、as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构。
例句：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

注意1：部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气，形式为should do, 其中should常被省略。
此类动词有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request, command等表示命令、建议、要求等.
例句： We all insist that we (should) not rest until we finish the work..
The professor suggests that the students (should) collect enough materials before they work on this project.
上面的动词如果以名词形式出现（如以表语从句，同位语从句形式出现）时，后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气
例句：He gives me the suggestion that I (should) eat breakfast every morning.
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
　
　I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

注意2：在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟，来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情
这类习语有：as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only, for fear that, unless, in case, lest等

例句： But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.
(如果没有你的帮助，我就不能准时到达)
Without your help, I would not arrive here in time.
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.

注意3：在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气(should) do，但是由于 should经常被省略，所以实际上用的就是动词原形。
这类形容词有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/ advisable等 + that
例句：It is necessary that he (should) realize his situation.

注意4：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，
即在从句中be用were代替。
例句：If I were you, I would go to look for him. （如果我是你，就会去找他。）
　　　If he were here, everything would be all right. （如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。）

注意5：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
例句：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

happy牧羊UID: 2662770

二、试题及解析：

1．Were it not for the snowy weather, we all right.

A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be

2. more careful, his ship would not have sunk.

A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been

C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been

3. If he me tomorrow, I would let him know.  ?

A. should call B. should not have been able

C. were not able D. are not able
条件句表示与未来事实的虚拟。

4. If you asked your father you permission.

A. may get B. might get C. should have called D. maybe get

条件句表示与未来事实的相反。

5. today, he would get there by Friday.

A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
条件句表示与现在事实的虚拟。

6. ______I you, I would go with him to the party.

A. Was B. Had been C. Will be D. Were

7.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______all practical value by the time they were finished.

A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost

8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.

A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be
这道题目是一个混合虚拟语气的句子。条件句省略了if，把助词had提前到主语前面，表示对过去情况的假设，而主句中now表明了对现在情况的假设，所以应选would(should, could, might)+动词原形这种表达形式。四个选项中只有（D）是正确表达形式，故为正确答案。

9. If you Jerry Brown until recently, you’d think the photograph on the right was strange.

A. shouldn’t contact B. didn’t contact C. weren’t to contact D. hadn’t contacted
until recently，因此（D）是正确答案，而主句是隐含的对现在情况的假设，该句是一个混合虚拟条件句。

10.he English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday

A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for

11. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I your advice

A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed

12. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.

A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. hadn’t contacted

13. If the horse won today, it thirty races in five years.

A. would have won B. won C. must have won D. did have won

14. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _______a sudden loud noise.

A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been

15. The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.

A. had to be printed B. should have been printed

C. must be printed D. should be printed

16. Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed

C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed
在表示要求、的愿望、的建议、的请求、的命令等含义的名词同位语从句中，从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气形式，即should(可以省略)+动词原形。


17. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I ______ fully occupied the whole of last week.

A. were B. had been C. have been D. was

18. I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.

A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended

19. If you hadn’t taken such a long time to get dressed, we’d there by now.

A. be B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
该句也是一个复杂条件句（或称作混合虚拟条件句）。条件句表示对过去情况的假设，而主句表示对现在情况的假设，但事实上却与此相反，所以正确答案应该是（A）。

20. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun ________round the earth.

A. were circling B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
as if引导的从句要求用虚拟语气，表示同时或将来的情况，动词要用过去式（be动词用were）或would(could等)+动词原形，本句话中指的是当时的情况，所以要用过去式，故（A）是正确答案。


21. If the Watergate Incident Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency.

A. did not occur B. had not occurred C. was not occurring D. be circling

22. I hadn’t expected James to apologize but I had hoped .

A. him calling me B. that he would call me C. him to call me D. that he call me

23. George would certainly have attended the proceedings .

A. if he didn’t get a flat tire B. if the flat tire hadn’t happened

C. had he not had a flat tire D. had the tire not flattened itself
表示对过去情况的假设，主句动词形式为would(should, could, might)+have+过去分词，条件句为过去完成式，if可以省略，但要把had提前主语前面。（B），（D）的表达不符合英语表达习惯，所以（C）是正确答案。


24. The teacher suggested that her students experiences with ESP.

A. write a composition on their B. to write composition about the

C. wrote some compositions of his or her D. had written any compositions for his

25. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he ______a Chinese.

A. were B. had been C. is D. has been

26. As usual, he put过去式 on a show as though his trip a great success.

A. had been B. has been C. were D. was
as though引导的与过去相反的虚拟。

27. Looking round the town, he felt as though he away for ages.

A. has been B. was C. is D. had been

28. John is so strongly built that he looks as if he as elephant.

A. lifts B. is lifting C. lifted D. could lift

29. He described the town as if he it himself.

A. had seen B. has seen C. saw D. sees

30. Most insurance agents would rather you anything about collecting claims until they investigate the situation.

A. do B. don’t C. didn’t D. didn’t do

31. Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they the experience of meeting.

A. hadn’t B. didn’t have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have

32. Without electronic computers, much of today’s advanced technology .

A. will not have been achieved B. have not been achieved

C. would not have been achieved D. had not been achieved

33. He told her to return the book in time so that others a chance to read it .

A. may have B. will have C. would have D. might have
33．（D）连so that引导的从句中要求用虚拟语气，表示一种假设，形式为might+动词原形。

34. It is time that the government measures to protect the rare birds and animals.

A. takes B. took C. has taken D. taking

34．（B）It is time that是一种要求从句用虚拟语气的常见句型。虚拟语气形式为动词的过去式。

35. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he to the meeting.

A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come

35．（C）otherwise用来表示一种含蓄的虚拟假设，因为是对过去(yesterday)的情况的假设，所以应该用would have come形式。






答案与详解

1．A．条件句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟。

2．B．条件句表示与过去事实的虚拟。

3．A．条件句表示与未来事实的虚拟。

4．B．条件句表示与未来事实的相反。

5．C．条件句表示与现在事实的虚拟。

6．D．条件句表示与现在事实的虚拟。

7．B．这个句子中含有一个省略if，把助动词提前到主语they之前的虚拟条件句，该条件句表示对过去情况的假设，而主句中by the time they were finished 表明主句也应该是对过去发生的情况的假设，因而应该选（B）would have lost为正确答案。

8．（D）这道题目是一个混合虚拟语气的句子。条件句省略了if，把助词had提前到主语前面，表示对过去情况的假设，而主句中now表明了对现在情况的假设，所以应选would(should, could, might)+动词原形这种表达形式。四个选项中只有（D）是正确表达形式，故为正确答案。

9．（D）until recently，因此（D）是正确答案，而主句是隐含的对现在情况的假设，该句是一个混合虚拟条件句。

10．（B）假设的情况有时不是用一个条件句表示，而是隐含在一个由介词如but for、的but that、的without, 由连词but、的副词otherwise 、的比较级、的形容词、的独立主格等表示的上下文中。本句主句表示对过去情况的假设，但事实上由于英语考试而没有去成，即若不是因为英语考试，我本可以去听音乐会，所以应选But for为正确答案。

11．（C）题目中的第一句话表示的是现在真实的情况，而第二句话中所要表达的是应该做但事实上没有做的事，这种情况导致第一句话中真实情况的发生，故If only条件句假设的是过去一种情况，因此应该用had +过去分词，所以正确答案是（C）。

12．D．注意主句now表示现在的时间状语，所以主句是对现在虚拟，从句是对过去虚拟。

13．A．从句对过去的虚拟。

14．B．从句表示虚拟，而主句是事实。

15．（D）it是形式宾语，urgent是宾语补足语，that引导的从句是真正的宾语从句，该从句的内容被认为是urgent（急迫的），这样从句的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气形式，即should（可以省略）+动词原形。因此，本题正确答案是（D）。

16．（C）在表示要求、的愿望、的建议、的请求、的命令等含义的名词同位语从句中，从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气形式，即should(可以省略)+动词原形。

17．（D）本道题目的前半句话是对过去情况的一种假设，但事实上并没有发生，而事实上没有发生的真实原因是句子的后半部分由but引导的转折句所表述的真实。因而but所引导的句子中应该用表示志过去事实相符合的表陈述的时态，即一般过去时。

18．（B）此题要求在if从句中选择适当的动词形式，以主句中的动词apologize(抱歉)来看，if从句中表达的内容应该是过去做的事，因此可以排除（A），因为（A）是现在时。（C）中should+have+过去分词结构表示本来应该做却没有做的事，在此不合题意。（D）选项中的might+have+过去分词表示对过去发生的事情很不肯定的猜测，它表达的内容还不能成为事实，所以藉此道歉真是不知从何说起，因此此处也不合题意。（B）had offended表示当时已经发生了的动作。这是复杂条件句：apologize 是现在，而条件句是表示对过去假设的条件句。

19．（A）该句也是一个复杂条件句（或称作混合虚拟条件句）。条件句表示对过去情况的假设，而主句表示对现在情况的假设，但事实上却与此相反，所以正确答案应该是（A）。

20．（A）as if引导的从句要求用虚拟语气，表示同时或将来的情况，动词要用过去式（be动词用were）或would(could等)+动词原形，本句话中指的是当时的情况，所以要用过去式，故（A）是正确答案。

21．（B）had not occurred表示对过去的虚拟，条件句中要用过去完成式，主句中要用should(would, could, might)+动词原形的过去分词。

22．（B）had hoped是常见的要求其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气的句型,虚拟语气would+动词原形。

23．（C）表示对过去情况的假设，主句动词形式为would(should, could, might)+have+过去分词，条件句为过去完成式，if可以省略，但要把had提前主语前面。（B），（D）的表达不符合英语表达习惯，所以（C）是正确答案。

24．（A）suggest后面的从句要用虚拟语气形式，其形式为should（可以省略）+动词原形。

25．A．表示与现在相反的虚拟。

26．A．as though引导的与过去相反的虚拟。

27．D．felt是过去式，所以该句是由as though引导的与过去相反的虚拟。

28．D．as if引导的与现在事实相反的虚拟。

29．A．as if引导的与过去相反的虚拟。

30．（D）would rather后接从句要求用虚拟语气，形式为过去式，表示对现在或将来的假设，或为过去完成式表示对过去的情况的假设。

31．（C）who引导的定语从句中的现在完成时表示动作业已发生，所以主句中表示的虚拟是针对已经发生了的行为，所以应该用过去完成式表示对过去的虚拟。

32．（C）这是一人含蓄虚拟条件句，通过介词短语without,表示潜在的一种假设，而主句中的情况也早已经发生，所以是对过去情况的一种假设，因此用would not have been achieved这一形式。

33．（D）连so that引导的从句中要求用虚拟语气，表示一种假设，形式为might+动词原形。

34．（B）It is time that是一种要求从句用虚拟语气的常见句型。虚拟语气形式为动词的过去式。

35．（C）otherwise用来表示一种含蓄的虚拟假设，因为是对过去(yesterday)的情况的假设，所以应该用would have come形式。

happy牧羊UID: 2662770

前言：

.

关于倒装的语法应用，在AW这种高层英语考试中，运用得当可以达到很精彩的效果。

.

不过对于大多数的同学，因为平时很少写东西，以及本身语言文化习惯的因素

.

对于英文写作里的倒装没能很好的掌握

.

这样一来，不仅仅是写作中文字先得简单单调，更会影响AW之后对GRE阅读、填空的理解

.

所以，大家务必要把基础知识掌握，尤其是否定倒装、从句倒装还有同虚拟语气结合起来的倒装

.

此三点，尤其是前两点，是很多很多同学在写作中经常疏忽而导致错误的

.

很大程度上chinglish就是语序的问题，语序的问题很大程度上是该倒装的地方没有倒装，不该的地方反倒乱用

.

今天这期，是从倒装的基础讲起，是bernina挑选后一字字敲上来的，真的很辛苦

.

为了bernina的辛苦，为了AW版全体版主的苦心，为了AW的好成绩，为了后期笔试复习的顺畅，为了将来生活学习不会在细节受制，大

家真的要把这一期好好掌握。

.

注：以下皆为主要规则，并没有过多对于AW级别写作给出例句，希望大家看到好的句子之后，也贴上来和大家分享，会有奖励的昂~

.

by 草木也知愁

.

===========================

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.

.

倒装

。
。
。

【什么是倒装】

如果句子谓语提前，则句子为倒装语序（inverted order），分为 完全倒装（full inversion）和部分倒装（partial inversion）

Full inversion: 整个谓语提前，如：
Down tell half a dozen apples
忽然掉下来五六个苹果。
There comes the bus
公车来了。

Partial inversion: 只有部分谓语提前，如：
How are you doing?
  。            

【一些常见的倒装句】

1，由引导词there 引导的句子：
There’s an outdoor concert tonight in the park
。
2, 由there , here, now, then 等副词引导的句子。
There comes the rest of the party.
。
3, 由so, neither, nor 引导的句子：
I like singing and so does Helen
I don’t eat meat and neither does Tom.
Nor will I deny that
。
。
【一些状语从句中的倒装语序】

1、有些有If引导的条件状语从句（主要包含有were, had, should 的从句），可以把IF省略，把上述动词放到主语前面去：
。
Weren’t it for their assitance, we wouldn’t be able to do so well.

Had we got there earlier, we would have caught the train.

Should Mary call, say that I'll be back in an hour.


2、有些让步状语从句中又是也有倒装的情况，（主要把标语或部分谓语提前）：★
。
Clever though he was, he couldn’t conceal his eagerness for praise.

Try as I would, I couldn’t make her change her mind.

Talented as he is, he is not yet ready to turn professional.

Search as they would, they could find no one in the wood



【某些副词或状语引导的倒装句】

1、些又否定意义的副词，若放在句首，句子常用倒装。
。
Never would he know what she had suffered.
Never before has such a high standard been achieved.
Scarcely was she out of sight when he came
。
2, 有个别其他副词放在句首时，又是也会有这个现象：

Often would she(she would) weep when alone.
Bitterly did he repent that decision. 他深深地悔恨那个决定。
Gladly would I give my life to save the child.
。
3, 有些短语，（特别是介词短语）移到句首时也可能引导倒装语序：

On no account must we give up this attempt.
Under no circumstances could we agree to such a principle.

一般这类的都是一些否定含义的短语，类似的还有：In vain, not until, at no point
还有表示唯一的，如：only in this way
So…that结构： So bright was the moon that the flowers were bright as by day.
。

。
【一些谓语前移的情况】

1、<状语前置>有些句子没有宾语且主语又比较长。有时可把状语提前，而把主语放在谓语后面去。

Before him lay miles of undulating moorland: 他前面是一片高低起伏的荒原

After the banquet came a firework display in the garden. 宴会后花园里燃放了烟火。

From the distance came occasional shots. 从远处传来零星的枪声。

In the distance could be seen the purple mountains. 远处可以看见紫色的群山。

2、为了描绘更生动，有些与介词同行的副词可以移到句首，把主语放在谓语后面。★

Up went the arrow into the air. 嗖的一声箭射上了天。

She rang the bell. In came a girl she had not seen before. 她按铃，进来一个她从未见过的姑娘。

Down flew the eagle to seize the chicken 老鹰飞下来抓小鸡。




【分词和表语移到句首的情况】

1、进行时态中的分词有时可移到句首，来对这个动作加以强调。
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about seventeen.
Standing beside the table was an interpreter
Watching the performances were mostly foreign tourists.
。
2, 已过去分词做表语的句子，过去分词有时也可以提前，把主语放到后面去。
The most widely distributed is the Hui people
Seated on the ground are a group of young people.
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, lead and zinc.
。
3, 作表语的介词短语有时也可以提前。
Among its products are farm machines and mining equipment.
Around the lake are a huge number of farms.
Near the sourthen end of the village was a large pear orchard.
。
4, 其他表语也可提前
Worst of all is the humiliations he suffered. 最不堪的是他经受的许多屈辱。
Below is a restaurant.
Higher up were forests of white birches. 在往上去是一片白桦林。
。。


【其他倒装句】

1，祝愿的句子:
Long live world peace! 世界和平万岁！
May you have a long and happy life. 祝你幸福长寿。

2、间接引语后的插入语，主语有时可放在谓语后面：
“I do hope,” said Nancy, “they haven’t all forgotten about it.”
。
3, 有时修辞上的考虑，表语也可以提前：
Very grateful we are for your help.
A very reliable person he is, to be sure. 他是个很可靠的人，没问题。

happy牧羊UID: 2662770

前言：

得从句者得天下？有些过了，不过失从句者，必失AW。

SU SY SO的精髓，很大程度上，在于此

GRE级别的阅读让广大同学头疼的两个主要原因——嵌套格式过多

但是，ETS也是不容易的，要在很短的篇幅内做好信息压缩，所以他们采用了比用的两个办法：

也就是“文章信息密度如何压缩”的答案——通过深度词汇 or 通过从句嵌套

没有要求同学们都在自己的文章中写超级嵌套句型

但是对从句，尤其是高级应用的熟悉，对于英语语感思维的养成，以及写作阅读实力的提升，是有充分且必要联系的

改过很多的文章，往往从第一段就可以看出作者的基础扎实与否，很大一个原因但就是句子松散，明显是凌乱堆砌而成

为什么呢？并非简单的词汇句式或者思维出卖了这个作者

实在是因为其句子实在是没有把握好从句的应用。

rater的水平自然是要比我高很多，想必要是想判断这个，应该会更厉害

同时，从句对于文章中思维的传递，也是有很大关系的

中国人的思维远远不是简单句可以承载

这也就是为什么很多很多同学写文章有茶壶里煮饺子的感觉

从句驾驭得当，可以五彩缤纷，如果和虚拟、倒装等用法结合，更是满足SU SY SO的精髓

不废话了

大家自己好好看，务必熟知基础用法，同时结合例句去揣摩

有了一定基础之后，通过GRE长难句教程的合理训练

不多时你的文章就可以发生很奇妙的变化的

when you be there, you'll see~

by 草木也知愁

=====================
=====================

从句

从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。

名词性从句主语从句
1. 主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有：

*It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that...
*It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that...
*It is clear\important\likely\possible that...
*It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that...
*It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation.
*It seems that the performance is very useful.

2. what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。
What we lack is experience.

3. what, who, when, why, whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。
How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.
I did know why I felt like crying.



宾语从句

1. 宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。
*I promised that I would change the situation.
*All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship.
*He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.
*This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.

2. 宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。
He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.

3. 在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。
He didn't think that the money was well spent.
表语从句 表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that, what, when, why, whether, how等引导外，还可由because, as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because.
Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America.
The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.
It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.


同位语从句

同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether, who, when, where, what, why, how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。
She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.
I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.
The news came that their team had won the championship.

用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：

　　　 a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is necessary that…　　有必要……
　　　　　It is important that…　　重要的是……
　　　　　It is obvious that…　　很明显……　　

　　　 b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is believed that…　　　　　人们相信……
　　　　　It is known to all that…　　　从所周知……
　　　　　It has been decided that…　　已决定……

　　　 c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常识
　　　　　It is a surprise that…　　 令人惊奇的是……
　　　　　It is a fact that…　　　　 事实是……

　　　 d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
　　　　　It appears that…　　　　　　似乎……
　　　　　It happens that…　　　　　　碰巧……
　　　　　It occurred to me that…　　 我突然想起……

形容词性从句（即定语从句）

定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。

限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that等。who, whom, whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。

The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations.
Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.
The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.

1)当先行词是all, anything, everything, something, nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first, last, any, few, much, some, no, only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。
That is all that I've heard from him.
He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.

2)关系代词的省略
在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。
This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up with.

3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。
Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.
No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day.
非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。

Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism磁性.
*“介词+which\whom\whose”引导的定语从句
“介词+which\whom\whose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。
This is the computer on which he spent all his savings
It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.

as引导的定语从句

as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语)


副词性从句（即状语从句）

时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：
1）when, whenever, while, as, after, before, since, till, until, once等。
We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.

2)as soon as, hardly(scarcely)...when, no sooner...than, each(every) time, the moment, immediately(that)等。
As soon as I sent an e-mail message, I received positive responses.
The moment he heard the good news, he jumped with joy.
地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是where, wherever.
Wherever she went, she took her little daughter with her.
Where I live there are plenty of trees.　　我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.   不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now(that),seeing that, considering that, in that等。
Considering that he is a freshman, we must say he is doing well.

比较：because, since, as和for

1）　because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
　 I didn't go, because I was afraid.
　 Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

2）　由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
　 He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
　 He must be ill, for he is absent today.
结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that, such...that, so that, that, so等。
Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.

比较： so和 such

　其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
　so foolish　　　　　　　such a fool　　　　　　　
　so nice a flower　　　　such a nice flower　
　　
　so many / few flowers　 such nice flowers　　　　
　so much / little money. such rapid progress　　　
　so many people　　　　　such a lot of people　
　
（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）
　 so…that与 such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
　 The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
　 He is such a young boy that he can't go to school



目的状语从句

引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, lest等，从句常使用may, might, can, could, would等情态动词。
We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.
例如：
　　 You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
　　 He wrote the name down for fear that(lest)唯恐 he should forget it.
　　 Better take more clothes in case免得 the weather is cold.

条件状语从句

引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。
As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not.　
　 Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
　 If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.

典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.　
A. unless　 B. until　 C. if　　D. or
　答案A。
句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late.　B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.


让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though, although, whether, even though, even if, no matter what(when, how...),whatever(whenever, wherever, however....)等。though, even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语”。
No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.
Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he is young)
Child as he is,he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child)


1）though, although
　注意：
当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用
　Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.　
　虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
　He is very old, but he still works very hard.　
　虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
　Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
　伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。
（谚语）
典型例题
___she is young, she knows quite a lot.　
A. When　B. However　 C. Although　 D. Unless
答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。


2)　as, though 引导的倒装句
　 as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
　　Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
　= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意： a.　句首名词不能带任何冠词。
　　　　b.　句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
　　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
　 = Though he tries hard, he never seems…
　虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。


3)　even if, even though.　即使
　　We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.


4) whether…or-　 不管……都
　　 Whether you believe it or not, it is true.


5)　"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
　　 No matter what happened, he would not mind.
　　 Whatever happened, he would not mind.
　 替换：no matter what = whatever
　　　　 no matter who = whoever
　　　　 no matter when = whenever
　　　　 no matter where = wherever
　　　　 no matter which = whichever
　　　　 no matter how = however
　 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
　（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
　（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
　　　 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
　（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
　（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.　囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。方式状语

happy牧羊UID: 2662770

从句部分练习题（1）：

1. It was the belief _____ Alex Haley could find his “root” in Africa _____ made him decide to go to Gambia.
A. that; where        B.  where; that       C.  that; that        D.  how; which



2. I believe _____ you’ve done your best and _____ things will improve very soon.
A. whether; that        B.  不填; that       C.  that; which        D.  if; that



3. _____ was known to them that Bob had broken his promise _____ he would give them a rise.
A. What; what        B.  It; which       C.  As; that        D.  It; that



4. _____ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.
A. For now        B.  Since that       C.  Now that        D.  By now



5. I have been keeping the portrait _____ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my childhood in Paris.
A. since        B.  where        C.  as        D.  if



6. _____ he was, he sat up late studying last night.A. As tired        B.  Though tired       C.  Tired as        D.  Tired although



7. --- Would you like a cigarette?--- No. It’s several years _____ I gave up smoking.
A. after        B.  since        C.  when        D.  before



8. My favorite room is the tidy study with a fireplace, _____ we can watch TV and enjoy the nice scenery outside.
A. where        B.  when        C.  that        D.  which



9. It is an interesting story and one can’t put it down _____ one has finished reading it.
A. after        B.  when        C.  unless        D.  until



10. --- Will you go to Mary’s birthday party?--- No. _____ invited, I can’t go. I’ll be too busy then.
A. If        B.  Unless        C.  Even if        D.  When



11. Actually, girls can be _____ they want to be just like boys, whether it is a pilot, an astronaut, or a general manager.
A. wherever        B.  however        C.  whatever        D.  whoever



12. No sooner had they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre _____ the curtain went up.
A. than        B.  when        C.  before        D.  as soon as



13. We’ll start off as we planned _____.
A. no matter he will come or not       B.  no matter whether he will come or not
C.  whether is he coming or not       D.  whether he comes or not



14. To my delight, there was my purse in the back seat of the taxi, _____ the driver couldn’t possibly have seen it before.
A. that        B.  which        C.  where        D.  when



15. They wouldn’t let their cat outside _____ it would get run over.
A. otherwise        B.  supposing       C.  for fear that        D.  so that



CBDCB CBADC CABCC

从句部分练习题（2）

1. _____ is known to the world, China’s Liu Xiang became the first Asian in history to win the men’s 110m hurdles at the Olympic Games.
A. That        B.  Which        C.  As        D.  It



2. Living in the Central American desert has its problems, _____ obtaining water is not the least.
A. of which        B.  for what        C.  as        D.  whose



3. I don’t know the reason _____ you were absent from the meeting, but I am sure that someone will tell me the reason _____ you haven’t told me.
A. why; that        B.  that; why        C.  because; which        D.  of which; that



4. When she came back from abroad, Lucy told us about the cities and the people _____ she had visited.
A. that        B.  who        C.  where        D.  which



5. Because of the traffic jam _____ I was caught, I was late for the meeting.
A. by which        B.  in which        C.  that        D.  where



6. There are three things _____ make Sydney famous, its beautiful harbor, the Sydney Harbor Bridge and the Sydney Opera House.
A. what        B.  that        C.  when        D.  where



7. The painter lived more than a decade in Europe, _____ he could be in close touch with other artists.
A. where        B.  how        C.  when        D.  which



8. The soldiers had to sleep in their wet clothes, _____ most uncomfortable.
A. which I think it was       B.  which I think was
C.  which I think               D.  that I think was



9. The humans are destroying nature day by day, _____ of course, will cause severe punishment from it sooner or later.
A. who        B.  when        C.  where        D.  which



10. He knew the files could be of help to _____ took over the job.
A. whoever        B.  whomever        C.  whatever        D.  whosever



11. _____ China got the second place in the 2004 Olympic Games made the whole nation very excited.
A. Whenever        B.  Whether        C.  If        D.  That



12. An idea occurred to me _____ I might turn to my English teacher for help.
A. which        B.  that        C.  where        D.  when



13. _____ was of little importance.
A. Whether he passed the examination or not      B.  No matter he might pass the examination
C.  He might pass the examination                      D.  What he passed the examination



14. The thick smog covered the whole city. It was _____ a great black blanket had been thrown over it.
A. that        B.  because        C.  as if        D.  even if



15. Word came from Mr. Smith _____ he could arrive on the following Saturday.
A. about which        B.  that        C.  whether        D.  of which



(Keys: CAAAC  BABDA  DBACB)


从句部分练习题（3）

1. I’ll go to the party with you _____ you don’t wear those strange trousers.
        A. on condition that        B.  as soon as       C.  as though        D.  in this case



2. I like the city, but I like the country better _____ I have more friends there.
        A. so that        B.  in that       C.  so as to        D.  in order that



3. The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things _____ to teach you the art of learning.
        A. than        B.  rather than        C.  nor        D.  as



4. You may use my room as you like, _____ you clean it up afterwards.
        A. so far as        B.  as well as       C.  as soon as        D.  so long as



5. I shall take you back to France _____ you are well enough to travel.
        A. presently        B.  quickly        C.  directly        D.  at once



6. Let’s talk all this over again _____ we make a final decision.
        A. after        B.  while        C.  before        D.  when



7. Mr. Smith wanted to buy the house and he told me that _____ the house cost, it would be _____ it.
        A. however; worth        B.  how much; worth       C.  whatever; worth        D.  what; worthy



8. --- Why didn’t you try your best to get on the bus?
    --- I tried to, but _____ I could it started moving.
        A. until        B.  when        C.  before        D.  after



9. Perhaps _____ most separates the successful people from others is _____ they live on purpose.
        A. what; that        B.  that; what       C.  that; that        D.  what; what



10. I had not been reading for half an hour _____ I heard steps outside.
        A. when        B.  that        C.  while        D.  as



11. The parents were worried about their daughter because nobody was aware of _____ she had gone.
        A. to which        B.  the place which       C.  the place        D.  where



12. --- They don’t have much in their house yet.
      ---_____ they’re planning to live here only until Bob gets his degree, they don’t want to buy much furniture.
        A. While        B.  Although        C.  Since        D.  As far as



13. It was an unforgettable moment that our volleyball team won the gold medal again.
        A. that        B.  which        C.  when        D.  while



14. --- Do you know _____ Mr. Black’s address is?
      --- He may live at No. 18 or No. 19 of Bridge Street.
        A. which        B.  where        C.  what        D.  that



15. When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the monkey exactly _____ he wants.
        A. what        B.  which        C.  when        D.  that



16. I’ll see you after the show and give you $20 for the tickets, or _____ much they cost.
        A. whatever        B.  whether        C.  no matter        D.  however



17. We should be able to do the job for you quickly, _____ you give us all the necessary information.
        A. in case of        B.  provided that       C.  or else        D.  as if



18. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, _____ something occurred, which attracted my attention.
        A. unless        B.  until        C.  when        D.  while



19. Determination is a kind of quality --- and that is _____ it takes to do anything well.
        A. that        B.  which        C.  why        D.  what



20. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _____ he can walk correctly and safely.
        A. when        B.  where        C.  which        D.  how



21. Many policemen on duty will not be able to spare one minute to watch the football match, _____ they might only be meters away from the action.
        A. because        B.  although        C.  if        D.  where



22. After five hours’ drive, they reached _____ they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of.
        A. that        B.  where        C.  which        D.  what



23. _____ you keep on trying, I don’t really mind whether you can come out top in your class.
        A. So long as        B.  As soon as       C.  Once        D.  The moment



24. There is no doubt _____ China is always trying to keep world peace and is against any war.
        A. that        B.  whether        C.  if        D.  when



25. There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck, out of _____ mouth tea is supposed to come.
        A. which        B.  that        C.  its        D.  whose



[reference keys]


ABDDC  CCCAA  DBACA  DBCDB  BDAAD

名  词

全文结构：
1、自测一
2、名词用法讲解
3、名词用法难点
4、自测二
======================================================================

1、自测一

填空
1.
A lot of _____deer______(deer) are eating grass at the foot of the hill.
2.
I think they are _____Tom’s_____(Tom) ,not yours.
3.
How many ____people_____ (people) are there in your family?
4.
What is the woman carrying? Some ______vegetables_____(vegetable).
5.
I like reading Lu Xun’s ____works______ (work)
6.
The _____Jaksons_____ (Jackson) are coming to dinner with me.
7.
How far is it from your home to your school? Not far. Just five __minutes'_____ (minute) walk.
8.
Do you know how many ___teeth______ (tooth) a person has.
9.
Today is ___Children's_____ (child) Day, boys and girls.
10.
The ___young_____ (young) should be polite to the __old______ (old).

单项选择
1. In autumn ______ turn yellow.
A. leaves
B. leafs
C. leaf
D. leafes

2 .Linda, I’ve bought several ________. Now let’s make the birthday cake.

A.fresh eggs

B. chocolate milk
C. frozen food
D. flour

3. They are ___________.
A. Kate and Mary mother
B. Kate and Mary’s mothers
C. Kate and Mary’s mother
D. Kate’s and Mary’s mothers

4. The teacher from American gave us ________ on how to learn English well.
A. an advice
B. some advices
C. some advice
D. a piece of advices

5. Would you like some ________? Yes, please. I’m a little thirsty.
A. bread
B. meat
C. beef
D. orange

自测一答案：
填空、1. deer 2. Tom’s 3. people 4. vegetables 5. works 6. Jacksons 7. minutes’ 8. teeth 9.Children’s 10.young; old
单项选择、1.A 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D

happy牧羊UID: 2662770

2、名词用法讲解

名词可以分为
专有名词（Proper Nouns）
和
普通名词 (Common Nouns）。
专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。
普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。

普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun，cup，desk，student。
　 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：class，team，family。
　 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：rice，water，cotton，air。
　 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：love，work，life。

个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns）；
物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。

归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：

名 词	专有名词
	普通名词	个体名词	可数名词
		集体名词
		物质名词	不可数名词
		抽象名词

1 名词复数的规则变化

情况	构成方法	读音	例词
一般情况	加 -s	1.清辅音后读/s/; 2.浊辅音和元音后 读 /z/;	map-maps bag-bags car-cars
以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词	加 -es	读 /iz/	bus-buses watch-watches
以ce,se,ze, (d)ge等结尾 的词	加 –s	读 /iz/	license-licenses
以辅音字母+y 结尾的词	变y 为i 再加es	读 /z/	baby---babies

2 其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：　
如：　two Marys
         the Henrys

monkey---monkeys　 holiday---holidays
比较：
层楼：storey ---storeys　 story---stories

2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
　　a. 加s，如： photo---photos
piano---pianos
　　　　　　　　
radio---radios　
　zoo---zoos；
　　b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes　tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes

3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
　　a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs　roof---roofs
　　　　　　　　 safe---safes　 gulf---gulfs；
　　b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves　　
　　　knife---knives　leaf---leaves　wolf---wolves
　　　wife---wives　life---lives　thief---thieves；
　　c. 均可,如：　handkerchief:
　　　　　　　 handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

3 名词复数的不规则变化
1）child---children
　foot---feet　
tooth---teeth
　　mouse---mice　　
man---men　 woman---women　
注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。
　如： an Englishman, two Englishmen.但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。

2）单复同形　如：
　　deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese
　　li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin　
但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
如:
a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters

3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。
　
如： people　police　cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说 a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。
　　　如： The Chinese are industries and brave.　中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
　　 a. maths, politics, physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
　　 b. news 是不可数名词。
　　 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
　　　The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
　　 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
　　　"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.
　　　<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。

5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)　trousers,　clothes
　
若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);　suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers


6）
另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼

happy牧羊UID: 2662770

4 不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词
　　a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
　　　
比较：　Cake is a kind of food.　蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)
　　　　　　　 These cakes are sweet.　这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
　　b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。
　　　This factory produces steel.　(不可数)
　　　We need various steels.　(可数)
　　c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。
　　　Our country is famous for tea.
　　　我国因茶叶而闻名。
　　　Two teas, please.
　　　请来两杯茶。

2）
抽象名词有时也可数。
　　four freedoms 四大自由
　　the four modernizations四个现代化
　　物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。
　　如：
　　a glass of water 一杯水　
　　a piece of advice　一条建议

5 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
　1) 用复数作定语。
　　
如：sports meeting 运动会
　　　　 students reading-room 学生阅览室　
　　　　 talks table 谈判桌　
　　　　 the foreign languages department 外语系

2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
　
如：men workers　　women teachers
gentlemen officials

3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。
　
如：goods train (货车)
　　　 arms produce　武器生产
　　　 customs papers 海关文件
　　　 clothes brush衣刷

4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。
　如：two-dozen eggs　两打/（二十四个鸡蛋)　
　
　 a ten-mile walk 十里路　

　　 two-hundred trees 两百棵树
　
　 a five-year plan.　一个五年计划
　　
个别的有用复数作定语的，如： a seven-years child

6 不同国家的人的单复数

名称　      　总称(谓语用复数）　一个人　　两个人

the                    a/an　　　　two

中国人　　the Chinese　　  a Chinese　 two Chinese 瑞士人　　the Swiss            a Swiss　　   two Swiss 日本人　　the Japanese　　a Japanese　 two Japanese

法国人　　the French　    a Frenchman　 two Frenchmen 英国人　　the English　　an Englishman　 two Englishmen

德国人　　the Germans　　a Germans　　two Germans

澳大利亚人Australians　　  an Australian　two Australians 俄国人　　the Russians　　a Russian　　  two Russians 意大利人　the Italians　　 an Italian　       two Italians 希腊人　　the Greek    　　a Greek　　    two Greeks 美国人　　the Americans　an American　  two Americans 印度人　　the Indians　　  an Indian　　 two Indians 加拿大人　the Canadians　a Canadian　 two Canadians 瑞典人　　the Swedish　　a Swede　  　two Swedes

7 名词的格
在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1）
单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，
如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。
2）
若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加"'"，
如：the workers' struggle　工人的斗争。
3）
凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，
如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4）
在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，
如：the barber's 理发店。
5）
如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。

如：John's and Mary's room（两间）　　John and Mary's room（一间）
6）
复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。
　
如：a month or two's absence