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AW作文修改奖

16
发表于 2010-3-14 20:57:34 |只看该作者
本帖最后由 happy牧羊 于 2010-3-14 22:57 编辑

3、名词用法难点



一、 关于特殊名词的具体考点如下:、
  1.容易误用为复数的不可数名词:(这些名词一般不能用作复数,谓语动词用单数)
  advice 建议,忠告 living 生活,生计
  equipment 装备,设备 progress 前进,发展
  furniture 家具,设备 scenery 风景,景色
  information 通知;信息 machinery 机器,机械
  knowledge 知识,学问 traffic 交通流量
  baggage / luggage 行李,皮箱 trouble 烦恼,麻烦
  cash 现金 thunder 雷声,轰隆声
  apparatus 仪器 weather 天气,处境
  clothing 衣服 work 工作,劳动
  paper 纸,钞票 luck 运气,幸运
  technology 工艺,技术 jewelry 珠宝+
  2 复数形式的名词用于单数概念,其谓语动词用单数。(这些名词一般为表示学科或疾病的名词)
  economics 经济学 measles 麻疹
  physics 物理学 mumps 腮腺炎
  mathematics 数学 rickets 软骨病,佝偻病
  dynamics 动力学 news 新闻
  The United States 美国 The New York Times 纽约时报

二、与名词相关的主谓一致关系
  英语中,主语和谓语在数、性和格上+应该保持一致,但在实际应用中很容易被忽视,尤其是主语和谓语之间出现插入语,故考试中经常考到主谓一致。除了以上特殊名词谓语有特殊要求外,现将主谓一致的考点归纳如下:
  1 复数原则:两个或者两个以上的名词由and连接作主语时;主语由both and 连接时,谓语动词用复数。
  Baseball and swimming are usually summer sports.
  Both bread and butter are sold in that grocery. 那个杂货店既卖面包,也卖黄油。
  
2 就近原则: either or ; neither nor ; not onlybut also; or …; there be …等引导的主语, 谓语动词的单复数取决于最靠近动词的名词的单复数。
  Not only the students but also their teacher is invited to attend the party.

  3 就远原则:主语,+ as well as +另一个主语,谓语动词的单复数取决于第一个主语的名词的单复数。
  My mother, as well as my two brothers, has a key to the office.
  我母亲,还有我的两个哥哥都有一把办公室的钥匙。
  同例:-*with; together with; along with; including; in addition to; besides ; except; as much as; accompanied by ; rather than…等等

  4 表示时间、距离、价值、量度的复数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数。
  One hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor .
  Twenty days have passed since I met her last time.
  自从我上次见到她到现在已经过去二十天。 ( twenty days 这里不作整体看待, 故谓语动词用复数。)

  5 and连接两个名词表示一个概念做主语时,谓语用单数; 若表示的是多个不同的概念时,谓语动词用复数。
  War and peace is a constant theme in literature.
  战争与和平是文学中永恒的主题。(War and peace是一对概念,看作一个主题)
  同例: ham and eggs n.火腿蛋 steam and bread
  law and order
bread and butter

  apple pie and ice cream
folk and knife

  wheel and axle 轮轴
needle and thread

  love and hate
egg and rice
蛋炒饭

 
The writer and translator is delivering a speech in our university tonight. (指同一个人)
  The writer and the translator are delivering a speech in our university tonight. (指两个人)


A black and a white dog are playing in the yard. (
指两只狗)

  A black and white dog is playing in the yard. ( 指一只狗)

  6.动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句做主语时+单数谓语
   Early to bed and early to rise makes one healthy, wealthy and wise.
  ( 指“早睡早起”一件事)
  To work hard is necessary
  What I said and did is of no concern to you.
  Reading three classical novels and making some social investigations are assignments for the students during the holiday. ( 注意: 指不同性质的两件事,谓语用复数 )

  7 many a, more than one + 单数可数名词,尽管表示复数意义, 谓语仍用单数。
  Many a student has made such a mistake.
  More than one stranger agrees with me.
  [注意]
  在“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
  More persons than one have been involved. 卷入其中的远不止一人。

  8 every and every ; each and each; no and no; many a and many a 等连接的并列主语,谓语动词用单数。
  Every man and every woman working here is getting along well with me.
  No difficulty and no hardship has discouraged him.

  9. all of, most of, half of , a lot of, part of 等加名词构成的主语,谓语动词的数取决于该名词的单复数。
   All of us are going to see the game.
  All of his time was spent on gambling
   Three-fourths of the people are illiterate.
   同例: plenty of…, one fourth of…, none of…, some of …, majority of …, percent of …, the rest of …, reminder of …。

  10. a number of ( a total of , an average of ) +复数名词,谓语动词用复数。
  the number of ( the total of, the average of ) + 复数名词, 谓语动词用单数。
  A total of ten thousand dollars were donated last month.
  The total of dollars donated last month was 100,000 dollars.
  同例: a / the variety ofa / the group of

  11. 定语从句的谓语动词注意与先行词保持一致,但注意the only one of 的用法。
   One of those men likes to drive fast.
   One of those men who like to drive fast is her son.
   He is the only one of those men who likes to drive fast.

  12. someany, noevery 构成的复合词如somebody, nothing, nobody, anything, everybody等代词作主语,谓语动词用单数;由each, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other作主语时,谓语动词用单数;由either, neither, each, every修饰名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。如:
  More than one example is necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly.
  Neither is satisfactory.
  Is either of the singers reading now?

  13. the + adj / v-ed 表示一类人时, 用复数谓语动词; 表示抽象概念时, 谓语动词用单数。
  The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
  病人得到了医治,失踪的也找回来了。
  同例: the poor / dumb / innocent / guilty / unemployed / aged / oppressed / exploited
  We can do the difficult first. The impossible takes a little longer.
  我们先从难题开始,不会的可能花的时间长一些。
  The best is yet to come. 好戏还在后头。

  14. a pair of + 由两部分物体构成的名词(如:shoes, scissors, glasses, jeans, pants, trousers)作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
  My new pair of pants is being altered. 我的一条短裤正在修改。

  15. 当主语被one ( a ) and a half 修饰时,谓语动词用数。

  One and a half apples is left on the plate.

  16. 当主语由 a series of…, a portion of …, a species of …, a kind of …, a sequence of …, a chain of…, a piece of 加名词(单数或复数)构成时, 谓语用单数。
  A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by Mr. Li.
  A large portion of her poems was published after her death.

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发表于 2010-3-14 20:58:28 |只看该作者

4、自测二


1 Mr. Smith always has_____to tell us.
A. some good pieces of news
B. some pieces of good news

C. some good piece of news
D some piece of good news


2. I’m hungry. Please give me ________
A. a bread
B. some breads
C. a piece of bread D. two pieces of breads


3. _______ turn yellow in autumn.
A. Leaf
B. Leafs
C. Leave
D. Leaves


4. ----Do you know ______ man in black?
----Yes. He’s a worker of the car factory.
A. the
B. an
C. a

D.\


5. It’s a good ______ to go to the cinema.
A. advice
B. idea
C. information
D. news


6. Lucy put a lot of _____ in ______of tea.
A. sugar the two cup
B. sugars the two cups
C. sugar the two cups
D, sugars two cups


7. He had something to write down and asked me for___________.
A. a paper
B. some papers
C. some pieces of papers
D. a piece of paper


8. Father went to his doctor for ______ about his heart trouble.
A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices

9. ----What can I do for you ?
----I’d like two _____
A. box of apple
B. boxes of apples
C. box of apples

D. boxes of apple


10. Please pass me _____
A. two glass of water
B. two glasses of waters
C. two glasses of water
D, two glass water


11. I just can’t see _____in playing the game.
A. a lot of funs
B. any fun
C a fun
D many funs


12. she bought her son _____
A. two pairs of shoes
B. two pairs of shoe
C, two pair of shoe
D. two pair of shoes


13. Tables are made of ______
A. wood
B. woods

C. wooden

D. some woods


14.---Can you lend me _____ money?
----Yes, but only _____ pounds.
A. few little
B. little few C a little a few
D, a few little


15. He is a success as a leader but he hasn’t ______ in teaching.
A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D. a lot of experience

16. _____is made of ______
A. Glass the glass B. A glass glass C. Glass glass D. A glass a glass

17. There is no _____ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.

A. rooms B. a room
C. room D. seats


18. Would you like _____tea ? No, thanks. I have drunk two _______
A. any; bottles of orange
B. some; bottles of orange

C. may; bottles of oranges
D. few; bottle of oranges


19. You should do more _____. Don’t always sit at the desk busy doing your ____
A.
exercise; exercises B, exercises; exercise C. exercises; exercises D. exercise; exercise


20. What____! Where did you get them?
A. big fish
B. a big fish C a piece of big fish D. big a fish


21. Have you received ______ of his coming ?
A. a word
B. words
C, the word

D. word


22. This is a photo of my aunt when she had ______, and now she has a few ______
A. short hair; grey hair B. short hair; grey hairs
B. short hairs; grey hair D. short hairs; grey hairs

23. This table is made of ______.
A. many glass
B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass


24. Last night, there was a food accident. Ten _____ were ill, but no _____ were lost.
A. child, lives
B, children, life
C. children, lives
D. child, life


25. He likes eating _____
A. pork; tomatoes and rice
B. chickens; potatoes and breads

B. chicken; tomatos and bread
D. beef; pear and cakes


1~10答案:B C D A B
C D B B C

11~25答案:B A B C B
B C B A A
D B D C A

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AW作文修改奖

18
发表于 2010-3-14 21:00:50 |只看该作者
======================                          
                         前言
======================

如果说虚拟语气、从句、倒装等等结构用好之后,文章句式和思路可以得到很好展现。那么,代词就催生这一美景最大的一个基础元素。

这里有物主代词指代,要知道effective writing有一个及其重要的技巧就是关键点重复,代词指代是其中一个很好的手段。

代词和名称、动词、数词不同,其蕴含的东西单从名字是很难推断出来的,但是让我展开一下吧:

请问你能回避掉国内同学写作文最爱出现的the呢?

大家能准确区分,并且在自己的作文中熟练驾驭么?

在高心理压力的现实考试条件下,大家能熟练应用many, much不?

下面的这些词之间的区分和应用呢?

few, little, a few, a little, both, either, neither, all, any, none, anyone/any one;no one/none;
every/each
one/another/the other, one,that,
it,none, few, some, any, one, ones, every , no, all, both, neither, nor

代词这一部分,真的是包罗了超过半数大家写作盲点~

一定 一定要好好看!

======================
                        
正文

======================

因为体系很完整,所有我就全文转载了洪恩在线的轻松英语语法大全
http://news.hongen.com/news/show_34_10_1.html


以下分不同颜色

对阅读听力很重要的部分
对口语很重要的部分
对写作部分很重要的部分


代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。


一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、
"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化


如:He is my friend.他是我的朋友。
It's me.是我。


二、物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种。

如: I like his car.
我喜欢他的小汽车。

Our school is hereand theirs is there.
我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。



三、指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。
如: That is a good idea.那是个好主意。


四、表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我们自己"、"你们自己"和"他们自己"等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为"反身代词"。
如: She was talking to herself.她自言自语。


五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other 和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。
如: They love each other.他们彼此相爱。
六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody, something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。
如:
--- Do you have a car?--你有一辆小汽车吗?
--- Yes,I have one.--是的,我有一辆。
--- I don't know any of them.他们,我一个也不认识。


七、疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)
如:Tell me who he is.告诉我他是谁。


八、关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。
如: He is the man whom you have been looking for.他就是你要找的那个人。

3.1
人称代词的用法

1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语,例如:
John waited a while but eventually he went home.
约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。
说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如:
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
约翰一到就直接去银行了。

2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语,例如:
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾 语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语)

a. -- Who broke the vase? --
谁打碎了花瓶?

b. -- Me.--
我。(me做主语补语= It's me.)
说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I。


3.2
人称代词之主、宾格的替换

1) 宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。
---- I like English.--我喜欢英语。
---- Me too.--我也喜欢。
---- Have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗
?
---- Not me.--我可不要了。

b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.

2)
主格代替宾格
a. 在介词 but,except 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。
b. 在电话用语中常用主格。
---- I wish to speak to Mary. -- 我想和玛丽通话。
---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。
注意:在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
I thought it was she. 我以为是她。(主格----主格
)
I thought it to be her.(宾格----宾格
)
I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。(主格----主格
)
They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格
)

3.3
代词的指代问题

1)不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one,及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用 he, his, him代替。

Nobody came, did he?
谁也没来,是吗?

2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he, she,带有亲切的感情色彩。


Give the cat some food. She is hungry.
给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。


3.4
并列人称代词的排列顺序

1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:
第二人称 -> 第三人称 -> 第一人称
you
> he/she; it -> I
You, he and I should return on time.
2) 复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:

第一人称 -> 第二人称 -> 第三人称
we->you -
>They
注意: 在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。

a. 在承认错误,承担责任时,

It was I and John that made her angry.

是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b. 在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称, 如:
I and you try to finish it.
c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时,

d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。

3.5
物主代词

1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:

John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的--'s属格结构,例如:
Jack's cap意为
The cap is Jack's.
His cap 意为
The cap is his.

2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能

a. 作主语,例如:
May I use your pen? Yours works better.
我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。

b. 作宾语,例如:
I love my motherland as much as you love yours.
我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。

c. 作介词宾语,例如:
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
d. 作主语补语,例如:
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours.我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。


3.6
双重所有格

物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。
公式为:
a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如:
a friend of mine.
each brother of his.

3.7
反身代词
1
) 列表

2)做宾语

a. 有些动词需有反身代词

absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave

We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.
我们昨晚玩得很开心。

Please help yourself to some fish.
请你随便吃点鱼。
b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词

take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.

I could not dress (myself) up at that time.
那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注:有些动词后不跟反身代词, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up 等。
Please sit down.请坐。
3) 作表语; 同位语
be oneself: I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。
The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。

4) 在不强调的情况下,but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:
No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意:
a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(
) Myself drove the car.
(对) I myself drove the car.我自己开车。

b. 但在and, or, nor 连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。
Charles and myself saw it.

5
)第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。
You should be proud of yourself.你应为自己感到骄傲。

3.8
相互代词

1)相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的,例如:
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。

2) 相互代词的句法功能:
a. 作动词宾语;
People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。
b. 可作介词宾语;
Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other, 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多,例如:
He put all the books beside each other.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
He put all the books beside one another.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other.
这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
c. 相互代词可加-'s构成所有格,例如:
The students borrowed each other's notes.
学生们互借笔记。

3.9
指示代词

1) 指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,例如:
单数复数
限定词:
This girl is Mary. Those men are my
teachers.
代词:
This is Mary. Those are my
teachers.

2) 指示代词的句法功能;


a.
作主语
This is the way to do it.
这事儿就该这样做。


b.
作宾语
I like this better than that.
我喜欢这个甚至那个。


c.
作主语补语
My point is this.
我的观点就是如此。


d.
作介词宾语
I don't say no to that.
我并未拒绝那个。
There is no fear of that.
那并不可怕。
说明1:指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人,例如:
(对)That is my teacher.那是我的老师。( that作主语,指人)
(对)He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)
(错)He is going to marry this.(this作宾语时不能指人)
(对)I bought this.我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语
)

说明2:

That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:
(对) He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
(对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
(错) He admired that who danced well.(that作宾语时不能指人)
(对) He admired those who danced well.他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)
(对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)

3.10
疑问代词

1) 疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:
指人:
who, whom, whose
指物:
what
既可指人又可指物:
which

2) 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较:

疑问代词:
Whose are these books on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?

What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
限定词:
Whose books are these on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?

What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
说明1:
无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:
Which girls do you like best?

你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
What girls do you like best?

你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
说明2:
Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如:
Who(m) did you meet on the street?
你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
Who(m) are you taking the book to?
你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词 后,不能用who取代。)
说明 3:
疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例如:
For what do most people live and work?
大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)
What are you looking for?
你在找什么?(现代英语)
说明4:
疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:
I can't make out what he is driving at.
我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。

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发表于 2010-3-14 21:01:14 |只看该作者
3.11 关系代词

1) 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。(该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。)
2) 关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that 可指人也可指物,见表:
限定性非限定性限定性
指人指物指人或指物
主 格
who which that
宾 格
whom that that
属 格
whose of which/whose of which/whose

例如:

This is the pencil whose point is broken.

这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
(whose 指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语
)

He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他回来取他丢下的书。

(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)
3) 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,例如:
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
说明: 关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略, 例如:
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.

我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was.

他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。

3.12 every , no, all, both, neither, nor


1)不定代词有
all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。

2) 不定代词的功能与用法
a.除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。
I have no idea about it.

b. all
都,指三者以上。
all 的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
All goes well.一切进展得很好。
all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说 all the book,而说 the whole book。
但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all day,all night, all the year; 但习惯上不说 all hour,all century。
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如 all China,all the city,all my life,
all the way

3)both都,指两者。

a. both 与复数动词连用,但 both… and…可与单数名词连用。

b. both, all 都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前, be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。
Who can speak Japanese?We both (all) can.

4)neither
两者都不
a.neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
b. 作定语与单数名词连用,但neither… nor 用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。
c.可用于下列句型,避免重复。
She can't sing
neither (can) he.

neither 与
nor
d.如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而不用 nor。

If you don't do it,neither should I.如果你不干,我也不干。
e. 如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither。
He can't sing,nor dance,
nor skate.

3.13 none, few, some, any, one, ones


一、 none 无
1) none作主语,多与of 构成短语 none of。在答语中,none可单独使用。
Are there any pictures on the wall?None.
2) none
作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语一致。
It is none of your business.

二、few 一些,少数
few 作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句。
三、some 一些
1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
2) 当做"某一"解时,也可与单数名词连用。(= a certain)
You will be sorry for this some day.
总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。
A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.
某些人不同意你的看法。
注意:
(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。
(2)some用于其他句式中
:
a.肯定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。

Would you like句式中,表委婉请求或建议,如:
Would you like some coffee?
b.
在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时,如:
If you need some help
let me know.
c.some位于主语部分
,
Some students haven't been there before.
d.当否定的是整体中的部分时,some可用于否定句。如:

I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.
这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
1)any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。
当句中含有任何的意思时,any可用于肯定句。
Here are three novels. You may read any.这有三本小说,你可任读一本。
五、one, ones 为复数形式
ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some, any,而不
用 ones。
Have you bought any rulers?Yes
I 've bought some.

3.14
代词比较辩异 one,that 和it

one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定
)
我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。

The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个
)
你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。


I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it. ( 同一物
)
我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。


3.15 one/another/the other


one… the other只有两个
some… the others有三个以上
one… another
another…
some… others,
others…
others = other people/things
the others = the rest剩余的全部


1) 泛指另一个用 another。
2) 一定范围内两人(物),一个用one,另一个用the other。
3) 一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one (another),第三个可用the other,a third。
4) 一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others。
5) 泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others。


3.16 “the”
的妙用

He is one of the students who help me.
He is the one of the students who helps me.
他是帮我的学生之一。
第一句定语从句与the students 一致。
第二句定语从句与the one 一致。

3.17 anyone/any one
;no one/none;every/each
1.anyone 和 any one
anyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。


2.no one 和
none
a)none 后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no one只单独使用,只指人。

b)none 作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。

None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。
---- Did any one call me up just now?-- 刚才有人打电话给我吗
?
---- No one.--没有。


3.every 和
each
1)every 强调全体的概念, each强调个体概念。


Every student in our school works hard.
我们学校的学生都很用功。

Each student may have one book..
每个学生都可有一本书。

2)every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。

3)every 只作形容词,不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。

Every student has to take one.

Each boy has to take one.

Each of the boys has to take one.

4)every
不可以作状语,each可作状语。

5)every 有反复重复的意思,如 every two weeks等; each没有。

6)every 与not 连用,表示部分否定; each 和not连用表示全部否定。
Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。

3.18 both, either, neither, all, any, none

这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后,行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。
1)both (两者都),either (两者中任何一个), neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。
Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。

2) both
either
both与复数连用,either与单数连用。

Both the boys are clever.两个男孩都很聪明。
Either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
(
两岸
)
There are flowers on either side of the street.
(岸的两边
)
路边长满了野花。

3) all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一个), none (都不)。以上词使用范围为三者以上。
All the flowers are gone.所有的花都谢了。
I don't like any of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。
I like none of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。
注意:all与none用法一样。跟单数名词,用单数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。
All of the students are there.
所有的学生都在那。
All (of) the milk is there.
所有的牛奶都在那。

3.19 many, much
Many,much都意为"许多", many + 可数名词,much + 不可数名词。

How many people are there at the meeting?

How much time has we left?

Many of the workers were at the meeting.

Much of the time was spent on learning.

3.20 few, little, a few, a little

(a) few +
可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点
few / little为否定含义,没有多少了。
He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。
He has few friends.他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。
典型例题
:
Although he 's wealthy,
he spends___ on clothes.
A. littleB. fewC. a littleD. a few
答案: A. spend所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用little表示几乎不。

固定搭配
:
only a few (=few)not a few (=many)quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold.
卖出了许多书。

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