本帖最后由 海王泪 于 2010-3-21 14:40 编辑
顺便放上一小部分自己关于逻辑链的心得体会，3月临考前结合AW INTRO写的其中一篇，没有来得及修改，草稿而已，直接扔上来好了。
楼主再来看看，难道我有否认你分析逻辑错误的主线吗？事实上，那是共识！
我首先，根本不怀疑作者的前提的正确性，因为那是作者的立论之本。如果这个都去怀疑整个逻辑无须多论了，因为要么作者就是胡说，要么就是我们在找歪理。
再次重复下我分析逻辑错误的主线：
前提-中间结论-最后结论
showkid 发表于 2010-3-21 09:54 
TOPIC: ARGUMENT173
The following is a memorandum issued by the publisher of a newsmagazine, Newsbeat, in the country of Dinn.
"Our poorest-selling magazine issues over the past three years were those that featured international news stories on their front covers. Over the same period, competing news-magazines have significantly decreased the number of cover stories that they devote to international news. Moreover, the cost of maintaining our foreign bureaus to report on international news is increasing. Therefore, we should decrease our emphasis on international news and refrain from displaying such stories on our magazine covers."
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一、作者逻辑链
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【论据1】过去三年里，销量最糟糕的几期有一个共同特征：IN作Cover
【论据2】同一时期，竞争对手们纷纷削减了在IN作Cover的次数
【论据3】驻外机构开支上升
一、【论据1】or【论据2】à【推断1】过去三年里IN题材销量不好à【结论】减少IN做Cover的次数
二、【论据2】+【假设】竞争对手策略Apply to我们à【结论】跟着减少对IN做Cover的次数
三、【论据3】+【假设】成本Increase是Burdenà【推断1】我司要抑制成本上升+【假设】减少对IN的关注能抑制成本Increaseà【结论】减少对IN的关注
不要忽略“一、”里面其实是有两个小假设的：
【论据1】+【假设】IN题材不受欢迎à过去三年里IN时常销量不好
【论据2】+【假设】竞争对手也因为销量不好à过去三年里IN时常销量不好
à【结论】减少让IN做Cover的次数
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二、逻辑错误类型
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一、Correlation as Cause and Effect
二、False Analogy
三、Hasty Generation
P.S.回应时应抓住下划线的部分，即AW Intro中所说的：
In addition, you should consider the structure of the argument—the way in which these elements are linked together to form a line of reasoning; that is, you should recognize the separate, sometimes implicit steps in the thinking process and consider whether the movement from each one to the next is logically sound.
Implicit steps就是红色部分的假设或推断
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三、本题回应
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省略。。。
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补充知识（Argument材料四要素）
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In reading the argument, you should pay special attention to
• what is offered as evidence, support, or proof
【论据】
• what is explicitly stated, claimed, or concluded【结论】
• what is assumed or supposed, perhaps without justification or proof【假设】
• what is not stated, but necessarily follows from what is stated【推断】
依次从上往下看，我们可以很清晰地看到何谓审题。Special attention是必须的！
1.【论据】Offered，是给定的，最好不要反驳。（下文有具体考证，稍等 ^_^）
2.【结论】推理的终点，Argument材料中多是有关“采取某一行动”或者“对某事的解释”
3.【假设】攻击点！Without justification or proof！这才是我们需要谋杀的对象，而非给定的Reasons and Evidence。
4.【推断】攻击点！Necessarily follows from what is stated but not stated. 这里是指逻辑链中间空缺的推理部分，是根据事实或前提推论出来的，通常被作者隐蔽掉的中间结论。（小TIPS：紧跟着论据，即思考作者提出Evidence的目的何在，能快速找到需要批驳的通往Conclusion之路。）
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补充知识（何谓Argument Task）
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回头我们看看Argument Task要求我们做些什么
The task consists of a brief passage in which the author makes a case for some course of action or interpretation of events by presenting claims backed by reasons and evidence. Your task is to discuss the logical soundness of the author's case by critically examining the line of reasoning and the use of evidence.
这里明确地给了我们指示：作者的结论是Backed by reasons and evidence，而我们所要做的不是Reasons和Evidence本身，而是批判性地仔细检查逻辑链和论据的使用
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补充知识（Argument Task的为之不可为之）
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下面我们再好好看看，看清楚Argument的禁区！好好记住！
An important part of performing well on the Argument task is remembering what you are not being asked to do.
You are not being asked to discuss whether the statements in the argument are true or accurate; instead, you are being asked whether conclusions and inferences are validly drawn from the statements. You are not being asked to agree or disagree with the position stated; instead, you are being asked to comment on the thinking that underlies the position stated. You are not being asked to express your own views on the subject being discussed (as you were in the Issue task); instead, you are being asked to evaluate the logical soundness of an argument of another writer
第一条，不是让你去判断Statement(Proof, evidence)的真实性，而是让你去考察结论和推断是否正当合理地从这些Statement中Draw出来。
第二条，不是让你同意或反对某个立场，而是让你对（作者）立场的成因发表看法
第三条，不是让你对话题发表观点，而是让你去评价作者的逻辑是否严谨。
How to Interpret Numbers, Percentages, and Statistics in Argument Topics
（这个非常重要，建议反复看3~5遍，印在脑袋里）
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补充知识（Argument Task的回应形式）
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回应时则可能有以下策略：
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think of as many alternative explanations and counterexamples as you can
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think of what additional evidence might weaken or lend support to the claims
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ask yourself what changes in the argument would make the reasoning more sound
P.S.上述都是草稿，错误疏漏可能都存在，所以一直没好意思发到版上。
发在楼主你的贴子里，是表达我对于你的敬意与欣赏～
对于逻辑链的重视，是ARGUMENT TASK的基础。这一点，是毫无疑问的。
顺便BLESS楼主早日找到最舒服最流畅最易读懂的行文方式，考完后，记得回来寄托上分享心得体会哦！ ^_^ | 
GO
楼主: showkid
发表于 2010-3-21 07:54:12
发表于 2010-3-21 14:08:12
转发
