Adeline的各类例子搜集贴（欢迎板油跟帖）

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好吧，巧妇难为无米之炊，例子的积累是一个循序渐进、永不能停息的过程，在积累例子的过程中，一点点了解美国文化，一点点思考那些美国人家喻户晓的事情背后所隐含的深层意义，然后熟练地运用到AW中去，是每一位备考者的必经之路。

1. 例子的来源：

   要积累例子，就要求我们能学会多发现，多思考。例子的来源很多，可能是你在浏览美国的每日新闻时看到的一个典型故事，可能是你逛寄托家园时看到别人写的例子，可能是你google时偶然看到的一个名人故事，无论什么都好，都需要我们有一双善于发现的眼睛，一种善于思考的习惯。

2. 例子的使用：

    什么样的例子适合什么样的话题，如何用这个例子去证明那个观点，当中怎么develop the ideas，这是一门技术，而且要自己总结出一些万能例子，运用的熟能生巧。

3. 例子的特点：

     个人认为，例子最好是一些美国人家喻户晓的名人或大事记，因为你要用这个例子去证明你的观点，如果rater连这个例子是什么都不知道，你又怎么去说服他呢？

此贴用于各类例子汇总，欢迎大家跟帖讨论或提供例子及分析。~

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占楼汇总

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Jim Craw Laws

After the American Civil War most states in the South passed anti-African American legislation. These became known as Jim Crow laws. This included laws that discriminated against African Americans with concern to attendance in public schools and the use of facilities such as restaurants, theaters, hotels, cinemas and public baths. Trains and buses were also segregated and in many states marriage between whites and African American people.

    With the demise of the institution of slavery, it was the hope of many that blacks would quickly rise in their citizen status. However, there were several problems with this hope. The first was the bitterness the South felt about the Civil War, the Emancipation Proclamation, the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, and the Radical Republicans. The second was basic prejudice. For centuries, most blacks had been relegated to a sub-human status, and that feeling, even among many Northerners, was not going to go away with slavery. Once the Southern states regained control of their own governments again, following Reconstruction, the Black Codes were quickly enacted.

    The 14th and 15th Amendments were actually national reactions to Black Codes enacted in the South just after the Civil War. Legally, constitutionally, blacks were equal. Many of the Black Code provisions were illegal under the new amendments, and black voters, and even legislators, gained power in the immediate aftermath. But to counter the freedoms gained, eventually new Black Codes were enacted, most of which aimed to deny blacks the vote by means that did not rely on race on their face, but which relied on race at their root. Organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan also rose, intimidating black voters from exercising their new suffrage rights. Poll taxes, literacy tests, and other tactics, both legal and extra-legal, were used to deny blacks the vote. With no voice in the government, the rate of black voters, and any sign of black legislators, quickly disappeared.

    Following the Plessy v Ferguson decision in 1896, where the Supreme Court ruled that while blacks had equal right under the law, but that separation of the races was legal as long as facilities were equal, throughout the South, and elsewhere, more laws were enacted to keep blacks on one side and whites on the other. These laws, known as Jim Crow laws, affected every aspect of the lives of blacks.

    The term "Jim Crow" comes from popular minstrel shows around the time of the Civil War. The Jim Crow character was a stereotypical black man. The term was picked up to describe laws which segregated whites and blacks in everyday personal life, and to describe laws aimed at denying blacks the vote. By 1910, each state that had been a part of the Confederacy had a complex and complete system of Jim Crow laws in place. This legal separation continued to be buttressed by extra-legal acts, such as widespread lynchings and other terrorist acts committed upon any one who spoke out, or, often, on random blacks for the sake of pure terror.

    The unfairness of the "separate but equal" doctrine seems obvious to us today, and the effects of the Plessy case on the lives of ordinary blacks seems to be very direct and incontrovertible. But it took 60 years before the courts were ready to part with the Plessy case. In that time, numerous people were killed, millions were denied the right to vote, some blacks being born and dying without even having voted, and segregation dug its claws ever deeper into American society.

    For example, a 1958 Alabama law stated that "It shall be unlawful for white and colored persons to play together ... in any game of cards, dice, dominoes, checkers, pool, billiards, softball, basketball, football, golf, track, and at swimming pools or in any athletic conference." Prejudice extended past the law into the jury box, too. According to the Jim Crow Guide, "three white youths who confessed to a Christmas Eve rape of a 17-year-old Negro girl at Decatur, Georgia, were nevertheless acquitted by the DeKalb County jury."

    In the end, as prejudices were seen to be as arbitrary as they are, the tide began to turn, especially in higher legal circles. In the North, organizations like the NAACP were formed to better the lives of blacks, and in doing so, they brought more and more legal challenges to segregation. When black soldiers returned from Europe after World War One, they were shocked to return to segregation, which did not exist across the Atlantic. These men were the first large group to agitate against segregation. In World War Two, threats of unrest in the military industry and within the ranks forced President Roosevelt to equalize, though not desegregate, jobs and ranks. Blacks were enticed away from the South by the promise of jobs in the Mid-West and Northeast, where they enjoyed much more freedom.

    Eventually, the federal courts, the Supreme Court in particular, began to see cases of segregation and discrimination as counter to the 14th Amendment and one by one, entire categories of Jim Crow laws began to fall. White opposition in the South to many of the rulings, such as those integrating schools and universities, was strong and militant. In several cases, U.S. Marshals or National Guardsmen had to be called out to protect pioneering black students.

    Finally, the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act were passed, in 1964 and 1965 respectively, ending legalized segregation and disenfranchisement. Jim Crow was dead, at least in the law. The last vestiges of legalized slavery were removed from the American legal system, for good. Jim Crow does live on, however, in the continuing, but seemingly dwindling, personal prejudice. America will not be able to say that the legacy of slavery has truly been eradicated until race is as irrelevant as eye color. In this, we still have work to do.

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the Emancipation Proclaimation: order made by the US. President Abraham Lincoln to free all the southern slaves

Radical Republicans:

Black Codes

suffrage rights poll taxes, litercy tests

Plessy decision/case: the Supreme Court rulled that while blacks had the equal rights under the law, the separation of races is legal as long as the facilities were equal.

Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act

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American Civil War

The American Civil War (1861–1865) was a sectional conflict in the United States of America between the federal government (the "Union") and 11 Southern slave states that declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America, led by President Jefferson Davis. The Union, led by President Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party, which opposed expansion of slavery, rejected any right of secession. Fighting began April 12, 1861 when Confederate forces attacked a Federal fort at the Battle of Fort Sumter.

In the first year, the Union asserted control of the border states and established a naval blockade as both sides raised large armies. In 1862 the large, bloody battles began. After the Battle of Antietam in September 1862, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made the freeing of the slaves a war goal, despite opposition from Copperheads who supported slavery and secession. Emancipation ensured that Britain and France would not intervene to help the Confederacy. In addition, the goal also allowed the Union to recruit African-Americans for reinforcements; a resource that the Confederacy did not dare exploit until it was too late. War Democrats reluctantly accepted emancipation as part of total war needed to save the Union. In the East, Robert Edward Lee rolled up a series of Confederate victories over the Army of the Potomac, but his best general, Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson, was killed at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863. Lee's invasion of the North was repulsed at the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania in July 1863; he barely managed to escape back to Virginia. In the West, the Union Navy captured the port of New Orleans in 1862, and Ulysses S. Grant seized control of the Mississippi River by capturing Vicksburg, Mississippi in July 1863, thus splitting the Confederacy.

By 1864, long-term Union advantages in geography, manpower, industry, finance, political organization and transportation were overwhelming the Confederacy. Grant fought a number of bloody battles with Lee in Virginia in the summer of 1864. Lee won in a tactical sense but lost strategically, as he could not replace his casualties and was forced to retreat into trenches around his capital, Richmond, Virginia. Meanwhile, William Tecumseh Sherman captured Atlanta, Georgia. Sherman's March to the Sea destroyed a hundred-mile-wide swath of Georgia. In 1865, the Confederacy collapsed after Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House and the slaves were freed.

The full restoration of the Union was the work of a highly contentious postwar era known as Reconstruction. The war produced more than 970,000 casualties (3% of the population), including approximately 620,000 soldier deaths—⅔ by disease. The causes of the war, the reasons for its outcome, and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering controversy even today. The main results of the war were the restoration and strengthening of the Union, and the end of slavery in the United States.

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The Watergate Scandal

by Staff Writer
Watergate and Richard Nixon’s Resignation


On August 8, 1974, Richard Nixon became the first President in United States history to resign from office. Nixon’s downfall was largely due to the Watergate scandal, which began on June 17, 1972. The Watergate scandal is the famous term given to the illegal activity that took place at the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate Hotel complex in Washington, D.C.
Five men were arrested at the Watergate complex in 1972 when they were caught breaking into the national headquarters of the democratic fund. These men were Bernard Barker, Virgilio Gonzalez, Eugenio Martinez, James W. McCord Junior and Frank Sturgis. E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy were also accused of illegal activity. Hunt was a member of the White House “Plumbers,” a secret panel that was assembled to stop government leaks. Liddy, who had been general counsel to the committee to re-elect the President, helped plan the Watergate break-in, he was also a White House “Plumer.” Liddy refused to answer FBI questions about Watergate. And Nixon’s seven associates were indicted on charges of burglary, conspiracy and wire-tapping and were later sentenced to prison terms.
The Deputy Director of the committee to re-elect the President told several prosecutors that men in Nixon’s inner circle were involved. He said they destroyed incriminating evidence and gave false testimony.
In early 1973, the United States Senate established an investigative committee led by Senator Sam Erwin. Nixon’s Ex-Counsel, John Dean, told the committee that Nixon knew all about the cover-up even though this was denied to a great extent by Nixon. In July 1973, a former White House Official testified that Nixon had secretly tape-recorded his conversations. The tapes were subpoenaed but Nixon citing executive privilege and refused to provide the tapes, and ordering that the subpoena be dropped.
On March 1st, 1974, a federal grand jury indicted the seven men including H.R. Alderman, Nixon’s chief of staff and John Erlichman, Nixon’s assistant for domestic affairs; both were close advisors of Nixon, and John Michel the former Attorney General. They were charged on terms of conspiracy to obstruct justice.
On April 30th, Nixon released edited transcripts of the tapes but they contained suspicious gaps. Federal Judge John Sirica subpoenaed additional tapes and when Nixon refused, the case went to the Supreme Court. The court unanimously ruled against Nixon 8 to 0. The house judiciary committee recommended that the charges of the Richard Nixon impeachment be on; obstruction of justice, abuse of Presidential powers and trying to impede the impeachment process by defying committee.
Nixon finally released three tapes on August 5th 1974. One revealed clearly that a cover-up was established by Richard Nixon. Impeachment of Nixon became inevitable. Nixon finally resigned from the Presidency.
President Nixon spoke the following about his resignation:
“I shall resign the Presidency effective at noon tomorrow. Vice-President Ford will be sworn in as President at that hour in this office. As I recall the high hopes for America with which we began their second term, I feel a great sadness...”
The worst political scandal in United States history was finally over. Though the public was deeply troubled by the reckless actions of Nixon, the White House and the Watergate scandal in general; most Americans took comfort in the fact that the federal system of the government did work. Nixon’s resignation was proof of that. Because the illegal activity at Watergate was so closely tied to Nixon; Watergate and Nixon will forever be associated with one another.
After the Watergate scandal new laws were created leading to widespread changes in campaign economics. Laws requiring new monetary disclosures by government officials were also created after the scandal. Media also changed a great deal after the events of Watergate. The media became much more aggressive and obtrusive in reporting detailed activities of presidential leaders and political events in general.

(law; media; leader)

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官方6分范文第二篇的最后一段，补补看~

While the media helps change people's attitude toward racism and gender, it also help uncover the lies of governments. President Nixon's Watergate Scandal incited great changes in the media industry. Since the scandal, media has become much more agressive in reporting detailed activities of presidental leaders and political events in general, which help improve the political environment in America. With the obtrusive report of media, political leaders become much more careful in their political life and try their best to solve problems meeting the general public. That's how the media help creat a better and cleaner government in America.

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Kate Moss (media)

Kate Moss，提到这个名字，如果你不知道，只能说明你离开潮流和时尚太久了，她，就是时尚和潮流的代名词，这位为14个产品担任广告女郎，上了15本杂志的封面，2006年收入300万英镑。只有她的名字，也只有她的新闻，能和政治家、恐怖事件、自然灾害并列在报纸头条。


　　一个绝对可以称得上Style Icon并且跨越了好几个超模时代的模特－－她的瘦骨嶙峋和淡棕色的无神眼睛勾勒出足够另类并且让人着迷的气质，不得不被她的颓废感所吸引。

　　被时尚界称为“混搭天后”的Kate Moss，这位时尚宠儿丝毫没有因去年的吸毒事件曝光衰退，相反今年又一次被英国人评为全世界最有穿衣品味的女人第一名。Kate Moss对服装的不同凡响的身体表现力，是全世界著名摄影师都喜欢她的原因之一。Kate Moss出众的镜头感和个性：毫不做作的，把时装和自己融为一体，不经意中创造出一种感觉，一种气氛和时尚。除了在专业领域独树一帜，Kate Moss在社交生活场合很会打扮，这在时尚界是出了名的。她的穿衣风格，不仅在高手如林的模特女孩圈里显得出类拔萃，成为众人的模仿对象，也给无数造型师，设计师带来灵感和启发。

　　喜欢Kate Moss，因为她的品味具有个性和创造力，总是出人意料，千奇百变，young、modern、chique、funky；有时甚至是反传统， 带着离经叛道的顽皮，非常独特、有趣。模
仿别人从来不是Kate Moss的习惯；相反， 她永远是潮流的引领者。无论出席正式场合或是在街头闲逛，Kate Moss的着装总是在向人们传达这样一个信息： 独一无二是我的追求！ 我不屑于模仿和抄袭。Kate Moss展现给我们的是她对时尚、服饰的一种智慧， 和特立独行的精神！

　　14就出道的Kate Moss，身高只有是1米64、那犹如未发育小孩的瘦骨嶙峋身形、还略带畸形的O型腿、脸上也浮现点点的雀斑，在众多人眼里的她并不算美女。可是Kate Moss从来就毫不掩饰脸上的小斑点， 而她的小雀斑和淡漠的眼神，总让人感觉到衣服后面强劲的生命力。KATE MOSS奇异的长相和表情神态，拨动着人们的心弦；她把复杂人性中的某种特点和品质，通过她的神态和容颜，传递给了众人，这就是她个人魅力的所在。也因此 14岁出道，如今已经31岁的KATE MOSS能在超模如云的世界里拼出自己的天地、红透半边天；成为世人眼中的‘流行符码’。

　　曾经在上世纪90年代中期掀起简约主义与病态美学的Kate Moss出生于1974年1月16日，14岁随家人度假的返英途中，被英国风暴(Storm)模特经纪公司的萨拉-多卡斯发掘。第一次做模特，便被英国杂志《The Face》大幅报导。

　　Kate Moss是设计大师卡尔文-克莱恩的宠儿，虽然个儿不高，而且也没有傲人的丰满身材，甚至有点瘦骨嶙峋，但时装大师都非常喜欢用她做时装表演模特。摄影师尼克-耐特认为，“MOSS有着美丽的外表，更有坚强的内心以及过人的聪慧。这些优点在她身上完美地融合在一起，所以她能吸引无数人为她痴迷，能保证自己一直屹立在时尚舞台的最前沿。”

　　Kate Moss的个人风格曾经影响了当代最重要的时装设计师、画家、设计师、化妆师、造型师，她抽烟、喝酒、戒毒，我行我素，她在任何场合下的着装都无懈可击，带动当时的流行风潮。然而一次过量吸食可卡因而晕到倒在T台，差一点毁掉了她的事业和前途。

　　还好，Moss迷们的支持帮她度过了难关，《名利场》杂志更是顶着压力将她作为9月号杂志的封面，32岁的她头戴俄罗斯式白色软毛帽、身穿黑色皮靴和白色长手套，以最简洁的时尚符号展示出她优雅的一面。《名利场》以大篇幅彩页向这位英国名模表达敬意，因为在该杂志同期推出的“2006年最会穿衣国际名人榜”上， MOSS毫无争议地排名第一。”

　　性感的封面女郎是MOSS重返T台的最新形象，杂志上的MOSS依然充满诱惑、气色极佳，完全没有“白粉妹”的落魄相。虽然自从吸毒照片刊登后，曾与她签约的时装品牌纷纷与她解约，但丑闻的负面影响在最短时间内烟消云散，KATE MOSS以一系列新的广告代言合同、再次登上各著名时尚杂志封面等形式，宣布了她依然是时尚界无可替代的宠儿。没有在KATE MOSS低谷时期放弃她的英国经典品牌“巴宝莉”立即与她续约，并且以她为主角，展开了最新一季的广告攻势。落拓后的MOSS像凤凰一样浴火重生了。

　　Kate Moss最重视自己的头发，她说一个美女最重要的就是清洁、美丽，加上一头柔美的秀发。也许你会认为她的一头漂亮的金棕色的头发是靠昂贵的洗发水洗出来的，其实不然，她使用的是天然的丁香精油，价格虽然比那些昂贵的保养品便宜，但从现实来看效果实在不错！看来，美丽并不一定昂贵。

　　Kate Moss喜欢我行我素，很多时候，她被狗仔队在街上抓拍到的镜头都是素面朝天，衣饰简洁，然而，她却屡屡被评为最会穿衣的名人，靠的是什么？当然是细节的点缀，也许是一副墨镜，也许是一个挎包，或者是那随意的系扣方式……“女神”的道行就化身在这奇妙的小细节中，迅即将这一处姿色平平的街景点化成为高端时尚杂志内的一页引人入胜的时装大片。时尚只会眷顾有心人，也许我们的衣服不起眼，但经过精心的细节点缀，我们也能成为街头的亮点。

　　人要想装扮出美丽，就要明白自己的缺陷，Kate Moss并没有高挑的身材，所以，超短设计再合适她不过了。黑色的吊带连衣裙没有繁琐的装饰，符合她一贯的着装法则，黑色本来就有收缩的效果，横向的收缩和纵向的拉长是成正比的，另外，超短设计也将她并不修长的双腿拉长了。这个着装妙招对于大多数东方人来说是最为实用的，不妨试试看。

　　如果你认为身材不高并且消瘦的人非要穿一些紧身的衣服才能让自己显得高一点、丰满一点的话，那么这个想法实在是太偏执了，Kate Moss可不这么认为，她会毫不在意地穿着宽松的罩衫上街，只不过她搭配了一条腰带和黑色的裤袜，丝毫没有造成显矮的局面。通过自己的智商将矛盾化为和谐，难怪，Kate Moss总会出现在“年度最会穿衣的国际名人榜”上呢。

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Calvin Klein (media)

Calvin Klein(简称CK)，是一个美国时装品牌，于1968年成立，创始者为同名设计师卡尔文·克莱因，曾经连续四度获得知名的服装奖项；其创始人Calvin Klein 1942年出生于美国纽约，就读于著名的美国纽约时装学院(F.I.T)。

从1968年开始建立自己的公司到现在，Calvin Klein已在时装界纵横了四十年，享有盛名，并被认为是当今“美国时尚”的代表人物。他认为今日的“美国时尚”是“现代、极简、舒适、华丽、休闲又不失优雅气息”，从70年代崛起至今，一贯的现代都会风格深受品味族群的喜爱。Calvin Klein的作品干净、细致剪裁，在典雅、中性色调的布料中，展现一种简洁利落的时尚风貌，这也是Calvin Klein的设计哲学。他说：“我同时发现美式风格的本质也具有国际化的特征。就象纽约，他并不是一座典型的美国城市，而是一座典型的国际都市。伦敦，东京或是汉城也是一样。居住在这些城市的人会对我的设计做出回应，是因为他们的生活和需求都十分相似。现代人不论居住在哪儿，都有其共通性。”


　　1968年，Calvin Klein首度推出女装大衣，立即受到纽约百货公司的青睐，并下了大量订单，让Calvin Klein知名度大开；之后，Calvin Klein线条干净与造型内敛的设计，不但掳获买家与时尚媒体的肯定，一种舒适愉快的穿衣态度，更奠定日后庞大时尚产业的基础。


　　Calvin Klein喜欢干净完美的形象，因此也表现在服装中，运用丝、缎、麻、棉与毛料等天然材质，搭配利落剪裁，呈现一种高尚的格调，直到今日也从未改变。Calvin Klein对于时尚的嗅觉相当敏锐，70年代后期，Calvin Klein推出原创的牛仔装系列，以漂亮宝贝布鲁克雪德丝为代言人，并在电视广告上说：“在我和我的Calvin之间什么都没有！”极具挑逗性的话语，立即刺激销量提升。同样地，1982年发表的Underwear内衣系列，搭配极具挑逗形象的广告（如马可华博格），改变全球对内衣的观感，一跃成为众人追求的时尚。香水无疑也是Calvin Klein的代表之作，80年代的Obesession、Eternity与

Escape，为Calvin Klein增添许多话题，而1994年首度推出的cK One中性香水与之后的cK be，打破性别藩篱的概念，让品牌事业再攀巅峰。


　　“极简风格”是Calvin Klein在设计上的“注册商标”，也是现今的流行风潮，可是当“极简风格”不再是一种流行趋势时，他会改变吗？对这种疑问，自信的Calvin Klein曾说"我觉得我的设计哲学更趋向现代主义，我会继续专注于美学一一倾向于强调一种纯粹简单，轻松优雅的精神。我总是试着表现纯净、性感、优雅，而且我也努力做到风格统一，以及忠于我的梦想。我想人们会因此更了解我想要呈现的是什么，他们会欣赏，并积极地回应。


　　广告是Calvin Klein表现创意的最佳焦点，打从推出以来，强烈视觉印象所呈现的「性感」就一直是Calvin Klein广告的代名词，而Calvin Klein也相当擅长塑造人物形象，经由他一手捧红的超级模特儿如Christy Turlington、Kate Moss两人皆红透半边天。Calvin Klein相当偏爱裸体形象，无论在内衣、时装或香水广告上，经常可见模特儿也全裸或半裸姿态，大肆挑逗的视觉印象，十分性感而不低俗，也因此让Calvin Klein随时保持在流行第一线。


　　Klein的产品的重要风格之一就是性感，因此在他的广告中这一特点得到了淋漓尽致的发挥：他的广告常采用裸体人像，旨在创造完美的、艺术化的形象；但有时 Klein也会打些擦边球，比如在其内衣广告中启用一名似未成年的女模特摆出带色情意味的露底裤姿势，就引起了颇多争议，还遭到了英国广告标准署的干涉。在Calvin Klein的概念中性感是多种多样的，所以近来他的广告中不见了昔日的骨感与颓废，取而代之的是一群活力四射、青春健康、有着灿烂笑容的年轻人，那份热情的魅力轻易掳获了消费者的心。


　　Calvin Klein说他要为活跃于社交和家庭生恬，并在其中求取平衡的现代女性设计服装。她们是一群重视心灵，看起来亲切善良，但没有太多时间耗在穿衣镜前的女性。她们想要一种轻松、休闲而优雅的服饰，我相信这就是未来时尚所趋。就外貌来看，Calvin Klein女性，是清新、自然美丽的，不是一种不真实的魅惑力。


　　2003年，Calvin Klein出现重大转变，因股权出售案，由Italo Zucchelli与Francisco Costa分别担任男女装设计总监，Calvin Klein本人则退居幕后担任设计灵魂人物，并拥有重要的策略及决定权，不过从2004春夏来看，两人仍延续了Calvin Klein的精神，让经典风格永垂不朽。

林小乔UID: 2648630

伊萨克·列维坦（Levitan，Isaak Iliich)

        列维坦(1861—1900年)俄国19世纪下半期最杰出的风景画家。他1860年8月18日生于立陶宛基巴尔塔的一个犹太人家庭，父亲是铁路上的低级职员。列维坦幼年时父母就双亡，生活无着落。12岁时进入莫斯科绘画雕刻学校半工半读，师从萨符拉索夫和波连诺夫。1884年终以优异成绩毕业，作品在巡回展览画派展览会上展出，巴维尔·米哈依洛维奇·特列恰科夫以重金购买了他的毕业创作。从此他以独具风格的风景画家登上俄国画坛。1891年30岁时正式加入巡回展览画派。37岁开始回母校执教，是位优秀的教授画家。
　　列维坦的风景画一般以农村的平凡景色为题材，赋予大自然以特殊的涵意。24岁的年轻画家 与大作家契诃夫成了莫逆之交，在契诃夫的启发下，列维坦更加接近具有民主思想的人物， 使自己的风景艺术更具时代意义。
　　19世纪90年代，俄国民主运动高涨，积极地影响着画家的思想。他和契诃夫一样，在作品中表现出激动和喜悦的情绪和对生活的信心。列维坦创造的作品总是有纪念碑式的构图和朴实简练的艺术语言。他对自然景物进行高度的概括，创造出俄罗斯大自然具有深刻思想的综合形象。契诃夫说“他是一个伟大的独树一帜的天才，他的作品是那么清醒有力，本该引起一场变革，可惜他死得太早了”。他一生历经坎坷，但在他的画中却充满希望、欢乐，闪烁着 “能使疲倦的心灵愉快起来的阳光”。
　　列维坦1888年以前作品《伏尔加河组画》、《雨后》、《白桦丛》等，显示了他用抒情笔调再现大自然的才华。进入90年代，开始探索在风景画中表现时代的气息，代表作《弗拉基米尔卡》、《墓地上空》、《晚钟》等，均呈现一种悲怆和凄凉的气氛，表达了当时压抑的社会情绪。随着革命运动兴起，他又创作了《伏尔加河上的清风》、《三月》及《金色的秋天》等，流露出他喜悦和激动的心情。逝世前创作的《湖》运用明朗、轻快的色彩，对大自然的形象进行了高度概括，是他在艺术上不断探索的总结。

AdelineShenUID: 2630498

Tea Party-law

Some conservatives in the United States have found a new voice. The Tea Party is not a nationally recognized political party. So far it is a movement loosely organized around a common identity. There are different, and in some cases competing, Tea Party groups around the country.
Some people accuse the movement of being controlled by the Republicans. Others say the activists are independent thinkers who will oppose any politician they see as supporting big government and big spending.
Tea Party activists see themselves as modern-day versions of the anti-tax protesters from before the American Revolution.
The Boston Tea Party was a protest of British taxation of tea. One night in 1773, a group of colonists went onto three ships in Boston Harbor. They threw tons of tea into the water.
The famous saying "no taxation without representation" expressed the anger of the colonists.
The new movement took shape last year. The activists gained national attention by protesting the health care reform efforts of President Obama and the Democrats in Congress.
Linda Hernandez is a Tea Party activist in Maryland. She spent many days last summer yelling at her television, she says, in reaction to the health care debate. Then she became involved with a local Tea Party group online.
She joined several busloads of Tea Party activists in Washington last week.
(SOUND)
They protested outside the president's health care meeting with Democratic and Republican lawmakers.
LINDA HERNANDEZ: "Today we're here because we're against the health care bill. We feel like it's wrong. It's a power grab for the government."
Ron Kirby is a member of the Northern Virginia Tea Party and Tea Party Patriots.
RON KIRBY: "Most of us don't feel that the government makes the best decisions for us. We would rather make our own decisions."
So what might those be? Political scientist John McGlennon at the College of William and Mary in Virginia says it is too soon to know.
JOHN MCGLENNON: "I think the Tea Party movement is a very amorphous one right now that is really a collection of people who are frustrated, angry or worried, but who don't necessarily either have the same basic objectives, nor necessarily agree with each other about the best ways to move forward. Their general uniting force is just that they're unhappy right now with the way things are."
Last month about 1,000 people attended a national Tea Party convention in Tennessee. They heard from former Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin.
SARAH PALIN: "The Tea Party movement is not a top-down operation. It is a ground-up call to action that is forcing both parties to change the way that they are doing business, and that is beautiful."
But conservatives are not the only ones organizing. Another new group has been growing through Facebook in reaction to the Tea Party. The Coffee Party Movement uses the slogan "Wake Up and Stand Up."
Its founder, Annabel Park, is a documentary film maker. She says the Coffee Party shares the Tea Party's unhappiness with Congress. But she says fixing the government does not have to mean making it the enemy.
Now the Tea Party and the Coffee Party can both pour their efforts into the congressional elections this November.

AdelineShenUID: 2630498

boston tea party The Boston Tea Party was a direct action by colonists in Boston, a town in the British colony of Massachusetts, against the British government. On December 16, 1773, after officials in Boston refused to return three shiploads of taxed tea to Britain, a group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor. The incident remains an iconic event of American history, and reference is often made to it in other political protests.

AdelineShenUID: 2630498

Sherrie Levine (b. April 17, 1947 in Hazleton, Pennsylvania) is an American photographer and appropriation artist.

Much of Levine's work is in the form of a very direct form of re-photography. A larger category of re-photography and collage is the impulse of artists using this kind of appropriation as its own focus — someone who pulls from the works of others and the worlds they depict to create their own work. Appropriation art became popular in the late 70’s although its tendency can be traced from the early Modernist works specifically using collage. Other appropriation artists such as Louise Lawler, Vikky Alexander, Barbara Kruger and Mike Bidlo all came into prominence in New York’s East Village in the 1980s. The importance of appropriation art in contemporary culture lay in its ability to fuse broad cultural images as a whole and place them toward narrower signs of personal interpretation.

Levine is best known for the work shown in "After Walker Evans", her 1980 solo exhibition at the Metro Pictures Gallery. The works consist of famous Walker Evans photographs, rephotographed by Levine out of an Evans exhibition catalog, and then presented as Levine's artwork with no further manipulation of the images. The Evans photographs—made famous by his book project Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, with writings by James Agee—are widely considered to be the quintessential photographic record of the rural American poor during the great depression. By appropriating these images, Levine can be said to be raising questions about class, identity, the political uses of imagery, the nature of creativity, and the ways in which context affects the viewing of photographs. The Estate of Walker Evans saw it as copyright infringement, and essentially acquired and confiscated Levine's works to prevent any further sale of them.[1]

Other examples of Levine's art includes photographs of Van Gogh paintings from a book of his work; watercolor paintings based directly on work by Fernand Léger; pieces of plywood with their plugged knotholes painted bright, solid colors; and her 1991 Fountain, a bronze urinal, modeled after Marcel Duchamp's 1917 Fountain.

AdelineShenUID: 2630498

Art is didactic, the famous three-dementional film Avatar warns us the importance of protecting the environment and tells the power of love, faith and belief.

lynnuanaUID: 2772328

Machine translation


sometimes referred to by the abbreviation MT, is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of computer software to translate  text or speech from one natural language to another. At its basic level, MT performs simple substitution of words in one natural language for words in another. Using corpus techniques, more complex translations may be attempted, allowing for better handling of differences in linguistic typology, phrase recognition, and translation of idioms, as well as the isolation of anomalies.

Current machine translation software often allows for customisation by domain or profession (such as weather reports) — improving output by limiting the scope of allowable substitutions. This technique is particularly effective in domains where formal or formulaic language is used. It follows that machine translation of government and legal documents more readily produces usable output than conversation or less standardised text.

Improved output quality can also be achieved by human intervention: for example, some systems are able to translate more accurately if the user has unambiguously identified which words in the text are names. With the assistance of these techniques, MT has proven useful as a tool to assist human translators and, in a very limited number of cases, can even produce output that can be used as is (e.g., weather reports).

机器翻译vs人工翻译和二者局限性
Thanks to the internet, this is now a relatively flexible and cheap process. At the base of the translation hierarchy are free services offered by Google and others. Such services “learn” by analysing collections of documents that have been translated by humans, such as the records of the European Parliament, which are translated into 11 different languages. These collections are so big, and the machines that analyse them so powerful, that automatic translation (known in the jargon as “machine translation”) can usually convey the gist of a text, albeit it in a slightly
garbled manner. Google and its rivals focus on widely spoken tongues, but academics are working on machine-translation services for more obscure languages.
An army of volunteer translators occupies the next level up in the hierarchy. Several prominent English-language publications, including this newspaper, are regularly translated into Mandarin by groups of unpaid volunteers for the benefit of other readers (see ecocn.org/bbs). More formal projects also exist. At Global Voices, a kind of polyglot bloggers’ collective, around 200 volunteers select and translate their colleagues’ posts. Items on Meedan, a social network dedicated to the discussion of Middle East news, are translated into English or Arabic by machine and can then be tidied up by readers.
Paid human translators, unsurprisingly, still produce the best results. But even here costs are coming down, as the translation industry is shifting from project-based to piecemeal working. The methods are inspired by Mechanical Turk, an online service operated by Amazon that companies use to farm out mundane tasks to a pool of online workers. SpeakLike, which launched in late 2009, has a pool of 3,000 translators and can supply a translation of a given text within hours for $0.05-0.15 a word, depending on turnaround time. SpeakLike will even translate Twitter posts and send them to a parallel account within minutes for $0.25 a pop.


So how much closer is the dream of a unified web? Volunteer translators only cluster around popular sites, so the vast majority of blogs will remain untranslated, or only machine-translated. Most content producers are unable to pay for human translation, even at today’s prices. That leaves them reliant on  machine translation, too. It is getting better, but it still struggles with colloquialisms and idioms. As Ethan Zuckerman, co-founder of Global Voices and a researcher at Harvard University, puts it: “If you sound like an EU parliamentarian, we can translate you quite well.” Until computers learn how to cope just as proficiently with the outbursts of self-absorbed teenage bloggers or  snarky gossip columnists, machine-translated articles will struggle to attract readers. Clever technology can help lower the web’s linguistic barriers, but cannot yet eliminate them.