[28/08T][lghscu][T备考部分记录]

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开始上手T
--------lghscu. Jun 13, 2010

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1 经验摘抄

建议花1～2天，把OG听说读写的例题做完，看看每个题的考查主旨。这样就可以去除你心理上的拦路虎

考试时听力我感觉是比较轻松的，这很大程度是归功于scientific american的那个60s听力...认认真真完成...每天听抄一段，花40分钟把它完整的听下来。这样的长期积累（其实也就1个月不到吧）我觉得对于我最后的成绩还是有很大贡献...每天持之以恒的进行听抄训练，这是打基础....然后再统筹安排真正的听力题目训练，那是练招式。

在听力的基本功基础之上，针对题型，针对ETS的出题思路仔细研究

口语...不管你准备时离考前还有多少天，总之从准备的那一天起就练习，总是有用的
...
最好的口语训练时间就是你开头的那一刻。一分积累才有一分收获，踏踏实实准备才好

在对思路积累了一定了解的时候，可以一下统计错题，然后再翻看OG，OG上面有出题的考察意图。之后就分析“考察哪一方面的题目”你容易错

思考分析，不能一味光做...需要用一贯性的思路去抓住细节。一方面利用训练材料找题感提高水平，另外一方面，针对错题，建议结合OG里对题型的介绍分析你错题的出题类型和出题意图

--------------------------------------一木菩提(掩面逃走~~)

想考托福得一个好成绩，要刻苦，想要得到很好的成绩，要痛苦

找些东西来学，比如收音机、PBT听力之类的进行跟读，重复listening scripts之类的

CD的IBT报分口语普遍高于GTER，而CD的海外考生相当多，由此可以知道主要的差异就存在于语言环境的差异上

philosophy in composition

http://www.scientificamerican.com/

2 贴子链接
寄托iBT资料下载大门
KAPLAN，BARRON，DELTA，LONGMAN，OG及真题比较
iBT经验及教训
●BARRON 巴朗--最接近真实环境的模考软件● 模考环境CD+音频CD+讨论
有关6G之后准备IBT的一些建议
个人很推荐的两篇考试经验谈
水晶小鱼的练习听力好方法——五遍精听法——很好用

jiang08UID: 2391146

这样总结会很有收获的，希望LZ坚持！

lghscuUID: 2552043

做TPO听力太慢了！
一天只能做一个conversation或lecture

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我前面6天比较严格“做题、听抄、模仿、听/跟读”做了TPO1，但基本上一天只做一个conversation或才lecture，速度太慢了
现在听力状态是：conversation听懂50%左右，lecture 10%左右
我打算第一个月全力突破听力：07:00-22:00，除了吃饭和午睡
22:00-23;15-->1500个单词，一篇短GRE阅读
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总之，我感觉这速度太太慢了，这样下去，一个月只做5套TPO，也不知道最后有效果没


望有经验人士勇提意见

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似乎有效果了，加快节奏！！[/color]

我是chineseladyUID: 2662783

:victory::victory:

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被打击中

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zhe shi Speaking Task
fa dao zhe li, tongzhi men ting ting ba

any suggestion is welcomed
================================
Speak about a person, place, object, or event that is familiar to you.

1 place
Well, my favorite place is my previous campus where I once studied for two years. And there are several reasons as follows.

The most important thing is its amazing natural feature. Remarkable is a wide and beautiful river, around which are willow trees with long branches moving gracefully in the wind. Also, you know, sometimes, several birds dance on those branches.

What’s more, this place evokes my unforgettable memory. During those two years, with my friends, I often sit under the willow trees, cracked jokes to each other, and laughed our heads off, you know. What a happy time and place.

So, that’s why this campus is my favorite place.

2 object
Well, I’d like to have a computer. And there are several reasons as follows.

First, computer is a practical tool, enhancing my academic performance. You know, specializing in EM, I cannot solve complex problems only with a pen. ‘Cause those problems are always calculated a thousand times. Only can a computer make it.

Also, as an entertainment tool, a computer provides me with a good way to relax. I mean, after a day of tiresome work, I could enjoy lively music, appreciate beautiful landscape on line. These things easily take my mind out of exhaustion.

So, that’s why I want to have a computer.

3 event
Well, I would never forget the time when I participated in an Oral Presentation in high school. It’s that experience that made me become courageous. Before the participation, I was a bit shy. I mean, I was afraid of looking into other’s eyes when speaking, let alone making a presentation in public. Fortunately, my English teacher Jason told me that ‘Boy, don’t be shy, you’re the expert on what you’ll do, have a try.’ And then, I tried my best to prepare for the oral presentation. Finally, to my surprise, I made it. You know, I made a wonderful presentation with unbelievable courage. I’ve been no longer shy since then. So, this event is unforgettable.

4 person
Well, my college teacher teaching physics influenced me most. And there are several reasons as follows.

The most influential thing is his perseverance. I mean, he never gives up when facing challenging problems. For example, last semester I encountered a difficult issue that several teachers couldn’t deal with. However, he made it through a month of search and contemplation. Consequently, I learned from him a spirit of persistence.

What’s more, he always works hard, although he’s pretty knowledgeable. You know, his diligence sets a good example for me.

So, that’s why I was most influenced by him.

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刚才听了sample response，发现我上面那些偏离比较严重
---------1用词太书面，偏离口语化；
---------2developed太深，考试现场做不了
---------3recording中几乎没有打顿，实际上ETS不太注重um...是否多，在内容

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The report's authors also went beyond their specific review of the IPCC processes and procedures to suggest further reforms that might strengthen future outcomes, including setting up a web-based system for including and synthesizing the latest research or further staggering the release of the various working group's reports to allow those on impacts and mitigation to make full use of the report from the working group on the physical science of climate change
现实中的长句

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http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=shaky-grounds


Shaky Ground: Can Seismologists Be Charged with a Crime for Not Predicting Deadly Quakes?
The fault lies not in ourselves but in the faults

The adage “damned if you do, damned if you don’t” does not quite capture the following pair of situations. It’s more like “damned if you could (but you can’t), damned if you couldn’t (but you kind of did).”

First, the “damned if you could (but you can’t)”. On April 4 at 3:40 p.m., a magnitude 7.2 earthquake rocked Baja, Mexico, and was felt well north. The event elicited the following post on Twitter 16 minutes later from New Age lifemeister Dee pak Chopra: “Had a powerful meditation just now—caused an earthquake in Southern California.” (Lawrence Krauss, too, lays into Deepak on page 36 for his lack of understanding of quantum physics. There’s plenty to bust Chopra about.) Three minutes later Chopra added, “Was meditating on Shiva mantra & earth began to shake. Sorry about that”. Sadly, at least one person died in the quake. Fortunately for Chopra, although ignorance of the law is famously no excuse in court, ignorance of the laws of nature is, and would almost certainly trump his public confession. Some tweets later, on April 7, Chopra denied responsibility for the temblor, saying of his previous claim, “Was bad joke”. If only Chopra’s mentor, luxury car aficionado Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, were still alive, we could have asked if the shake rattled his Rolls. (I’ll do the bad jokes around here, thank you.) Meanwhile Italian scientists are in the unfortunate “damned if you couldn’t (but you kind of did)” camp. These legitimate seismologists, volcanologists, physicists and engineers are being threatened with charges of manslaughter for failing to definitively predict an earthquake of magnitude 6.3 in the city of L’Aquila on April 6, 2009, which took more than 300 lives and injured an additional 1,600 area residents. The scientists find themselves in legal peril even though anything other than a loosely probabilistic assessment of earthquake risk is currently impossible, even with state-of-the-art meditation techniques. The threatened researchers belong to the Major Risks Committee, an advisory group to the Civil Protection Agency. Major risk number one: membership in the Major Risks Committee. After a series of tremors in late March, the committee met, after which a government official informed the press that “the scientific community tells us there is no danger, because there is an ongoing discharge of energy,” apparently referring to the aforementioned tremors. Unfortunately, that was like concluding, while taking down your house’s Christmas lights, that each little slip down the sloped roof somehow protects you from sliding off completely. (See a wide variety of slapstick movies that illustrate the physics of numerous small changes in roof-based potential energy followed by one major ground-state transition.) The official then prognosticated that “the situation looks favorable,” a remark that perhaps reveals his previous experience with the Magic 8-Ball.

According to reporting in Scientific American’s sister publication Nature, minutes of the meeting show that the researchers were in fact much more circumspect, saying things such as “a major earthquake in the area is unlikely but cannot be ruled out” and “because L’Aquila is in a high-risk zone it is impossible to say with certainty that there will be no large earthquake.” They also noted that buildings should be examined to gauge their structural integrity, thus correctly focusing on the most dangerous aspect of quakes—dwellings that any large, malevolent wolf with decent lung capacity could easily demolish to acquire pork. Nearly 4,000 scientists from around the world have signed a letter to the president of Italy urging an end to the witch hunt. They want resources to be expended on “earthquake preparedness and risk mitigation rather than on prosecuting scientists for failing to do something they cannot do yet—predict earthquakes.” (Let alone cause them.) As one of the signatories, University of Oxford earth scientist Barry Parsons, says in the Nature piece: “Scientists are often asked the wrong question, which is ‘when will the next earthquake hit?’ The right question is ‘how do we make sure it won’t kill so many people when it hits?’” Prosecutors should query the researchers on this issue before ascertaining guilt or innocence using the tried-and-true method of determining their buoyancy.

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http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=wind-farm-radar-clutter

Wind Turbine or Airplane?

New Radar Could Cut Through the Signal Clutter

The push for wind as a renewable energy source has turbines sharing the same airspace as aircraft, with aging radar systems unable to tell the difference提出问题根源—共用空间资源

Wind turbines function best in wide-open spaces where they can capture airflow unobstructed by buildings or mountains. Unfortunately, these same conditions are also optimal for aircraft takeoffs and landings, creating tension between wind energy utilities and airports in a number of locations worldwide. Utility-scale wind turbines, many of which stand more than 100 meters tall, can interfere with the radar used to safely guide aircraft.进一步阐述资源矛盾问题

Radar works by emitting radio waves in a particular direction and gathering data about waves reflected back to the radar's position that can be used to identify the range, altitude, direction and speed of nearby objects. Wind turbines can defeat radar either by blocking signals or by creating unwanted reflections of the signals, resulting in clutter on radar maps.明确矛盾外在原因—Radar受到信号干扰

Aging radar technology and the demand for renewable sources of energy have complicated the situation, slowing and in some cases stopping the construction of new wind farms. The British Wind Energy Association (BWEA) estimates that 6 gigawatts of planned new wind capacity are being held back by objections over radar. (Britain's overall installed wind-power capacity as of the end of 2009 was 4.1 gigawatts.)明确矛盾外在原因—Wind farms组建受挫

In the U.S., new wind farms are threatening to interfere with surveillance radars used by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), the U.S. Northern Command and the Department of Homeland Security, said Deputy Under Secretary of Defense Dorothy Robyn in June at a House of Representatives Armed Services Committee hearing on the impact of wind turbines on military readiness (pdf). Long-range radars managed by NORAD and Northern Command to maintain airspace surveillance and air defense are decades old, and many still use analog signal processors, which are inherently less effective at removing wind turbine clutter, according to Robyn.内部原因—仪器老化，技术落后

Concerns over the impact of wind farms and aircraft radar must be resolved if the U.S. Department of Energy is to reach its goal of using wind energy to provide 20 percent or more of the nation's electricity (pdf), according to the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), a trade association representing business in the wind-energy industry.解决冲突的必要性

One approach to the problem is upgrading radar systems, which have been used to track ships and aircraft since before World War II, with advanced digital signal processors so they can manage larger amounts of data and thereby identify and filter out the signal scrambling caused by wind turbines. 解决冲突的方法一—改善Radar systems

Typically a radar system will send and receive a single beam of radio waves—either high or low radio frequency—that can be deciphered with a minimal amount of computer processing power. Concerned that wind farms would create disturbances that prevent conventional radar systems from distinguishing between signal clutter and aircraft in need of assistance, Britain's National Air Traffic Services (NATS) began working with Raytheon Company in 2006 to upgrade systems with advanced digital signal processors and data-processing software. The upgraded systems were designed to handle both high and low radio frequency beams concurrently, providing a wealth of data to better map signal clutter and distinguish between the Doppler signals (indicating movement) created by turbines and by aircraft.方法一可行性分析

In July and August, Raytheon and NATS worked with the Royal Netherlands Air Force to test an enhanced radar system at that country's Soesterberg Air Base and determine whether the system was effective at keeping the nearby wind turbines from cluttering air traffic control displays with false targets and obfuscating real aircraft. Once the results of these tests are analyzed, NATS plans to further test the new radar system at a civilian airport with nearby turbines in northern Scotland later this year.方法一具体实施策略

Whereas Raytheon advocates the upgrade of radar systems, others propose ways to make the wind turbines themselves less visible to radar. Denmark's Vestas Wind Systems, which makes wind turbines with blades as long as the wings of a Boeing 747, is working with QinetiQ Group (formerly part of the U.K.'s Defense Evaluation and Research Agency) to develop radar-absorbing coatings and composite materials containing conductive particles like iron and carbon for Vestas's turbines and towers. Vestas began testing prototype "stealth" blades about a year ago and plans to begin selling them next year. Although the company acknowledges that it cannot make its turbines invisible to radar, these radar-absorbing efforts could have an impact on whether companies get a green light from the government to build wind turbine fields.方法二—wind turbines的改进

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Scientific American Magazine -  August 27, 2010

100 Years Ago: Sleeping Sickness

Innovation and discovery as chronicled in past issues of Scientific American

By Daniel C. Schlenoff

SEPTEMBER 1960
“Mutation, sexual EVOLUTION OF MAN— recombination and natural selection led to the emergence of Homo sapiens(of, relating to, or being recent humans (Homo sapiens) as distinguished from various fossil hominids). The creatures that preceded him had already developed the rudiments of tool-using, toolmaking and cultural transmission. But the next evolutionary step was so great as to constitute a difference in kind from those before it. There now appeared an organism whose mastery of technology and of symbolic communication enabled it to create a supraorganic culture. Other organisms adapt to their environments by changing their genes in accordance with the demands of the surroundings. Man and man alone can also adapt by changing his environments to fit his genes. His genes enable him to invent new tools, to alter his opinions, his aims and his conduct, to acquire new knowledge and new wisdom. —Theo do s ius Dobzhansky” (制造工具与适应环境促进人类进化)

SEPTEMBER 1910

“ Prior to the SLEEPING SICKNESS— nineties, sleeping sickness was unknown in Uganda and its introduction is attributed to the entry of Emin Pasha [Eduard Schnitzer] and his 10,000 followers who were brought from the edge of the Congo territory, the center of the disease. The point arose as to how the parasite was distributed. It was known that the tsetse fly was responsible for the terrible rinderpest among cattle in south Africa, and a biting insect which thrives in great numbers on the shores of the lake was suspected. This is a member of the tsetse species, and is known as Glossina palpalis, recognized by the native authorities as the kivu. A map of where tsetse flies were collected was compared with another on which the area of the sleeping sickness was indicated: the territories coincided.” (SLEEPING SICKNESS起源)

“A sanitary drinking fountain（: a fixture with nozzle that delivers a stream of water for drinking） for use in schools and other public FOUNTAIN— places has been invented. As shown in the illustration, a series of tubes, which may be bent to any ornamental design, are trained to deliver the water to a common center. The impact of the water at this central point produces a geyser-like jet over which the drinker can apply his mouth, while unused water falls to the base of the fountain.”（公共饮水设施是innovation的一方面）

SEPTEMBER 1860
“A paper has just been POISON FISHING（？？？）— published (in England) on the capture of whales by the means of poison, the agent being hydro- cyanic or prussic acid. The subtle poison was contained in glass tubes, in quantity about two ounces, secured to a harpoon（a barbed spear or javelin used especially in hunting large fish or whales）. Messrs. W. and G. Young sent a quantity of these harpoons to one of their ships engaged in the Greenland fishery, and on meeting with a fine whale the har poon was skillfully and deeply buried in his body; the leviathan immediately ‘sounded,’ or dived perpendicularly downwards, but in a very short time the rope relaxed, and the whale rose to the surface quite dead. The men were so appalled by the terrific effect of the poisoned harpoon that they declined to use any more of them.”(使用Poison捕捉whale，导致whale死亡。人类工具的发展不断地改变环境)

“A Parisian, by the name of Étienne Lenoir, is creating INTERNAL COMBUSTION(: a heat engine in which the combustion that generates the heat takes place inside the engine proper instead of in a furnace)— a sensation among his countrymen by the exhibition of a caloric engine. Lenoir’s little shop, in a bye street, is every day besieged by a crowd of curious people from all classes—the Imperial downwards. According to Cosmos, and other French papers, the age of steam is ended—Watt and Fulton will soon be forgotten. This is the way they do such things in France. Lenoir’s engine is an explosion engine, in which air, mixed with hydrogen or illuminating gas, is exploded in the cylinder by an electric spark; the piston is thus shot forward and back. The practical objections to such motors are the jerks of its action and the accumulation of heat. Gas, although much dearer (as fuel) than coal, is so cleanly and manageable, that it will some day come into use for the multitude of small engines which will be found useful for driving sewing and other light machines.”(Steam Engine-->INTERNAL COMBUSTION人类工具不断地发展)

Lenoir’s engine is considered to be the first commercially [NOTE: practical internal-combustion engine.]

“A lady in an omnibus（: a usually automotive public vehicle designed to carry a large number of passengers : BUS) at Washington espied the great unfinished GAS WORKS— dome of the capitol (which don’t look much like a dome at present), and said, innocently, ‘I suppose those are the gas-works?’ ‘Yes, Madam, for the nation,’ was the reply of a fellow-passenger.”(工具的发展在继续)

Further Reading

• What Are Bedbugs? Are They Dangerous? [Re-post]
• What Comes Next: Experts Predict the Future
• Good Riddance: Human Creations the World Would Be Better Off Without
• Less Sleep Linked to Blues in Teens

• Me, Myself and I: How the Brain Maintains a Sense of Self
• 'Super-Earths': Could They Harbor Life?
• How Can You Control Your Dreams?
• Origins: Going Back to Where the Story Really Starts

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http://www.economist.com/node/16980314

An electric car that really works
In the zone
Seoul Sep 7th 2010

AMID(: in or into the middle of : surrounded by : AMONG <amid the crowd>) the hype(PUBLICITY especially : promotional publicity of an extravagant or contrived kind <all the hype before the boxing match>) about electric cars, one problem remains: their price. General Motors’ Volt, for instance, will cost $41,000, even after generous subsidies. It therefore remains an option more for early adopters than for normal motorists. Specialist vehicles such as the 200kph (125mph) Tesla Roadster are even more expensive.(提出problem所在：price)

Partly, this is the result of a desire by carmakers to create electric vehicles that match the standards of petrol-driven ones. Increasing their speed and range to do so, though, is costly and in most cases the technology is not really quite there yet. The Volt, for example, has an additional petrol-powered generator to run the car when the battery’s 65km (40 mile) range has been exceeded.(problem原因)

One South Korean firm, however, is taking a different tack. CT&T, whose main line of business until now has been making electric golf carts, is producing a range of battery-powered cars more suited to low-speed, short-distance urban driving than to cruising the freeways of the American West. Its flagship model, the eZone, is a quirky two-seater aimed at housewives, the elderly and those making the daily school run. It has a range of 100km and can clip along at 70kph if you really put your foot down.(通过problem提出与分析的铺垫顺理成章对比出本文主题--eZone, the electric low-speed, short distance urban driving cars：对比型写法)

Related items

Manufacturing electric cars: The lighter driveJul 8th 2010 Electric planes: High voltageJun 10th 2010
• Carbon-composite batteries: Making the bodyworkApr 26th 2010

It is a proper car, though. In particular, it is the only low-speed electric car to have passed international front and side crash tests, meaning that it can go on general sale. That will happen in Europe any day now, with a starting price between $8,000 and $16,000, and CT&T has plans to introduce the eZone into Hawaii (one part of the United States where journeys are, by definition, short) in two years’ time, when a local factory is up and running. It is also cheap to run. The firm claims that 1,500km of urban driving—about a month’s worth—will cost a mere $7 in electricity bills. (通过distance & price说明eZone优势，承接上段)

To obtain the full 100km between charges it is necessary to buy the version that runs on lithium-polymer batteries. A version that uses cheaper lead-acid ones, which manages half of that, is also available for real skinflints. This may not sound much, but CT&T claims that the average urban driver travels a mere 40-50km a day, so for that sort of usage buyers of even the lead-acid model should be able to make it home for an overnight recharge.(提出优势三：charge & distance关系)

Critics of electric cars frequently argue that their viability depends on government subsidies. Not so the eZone. CT&T’s use of simple, existing technology, as well as its country of origin—the South Korean government has shown a distinct lack of interest in handing out cash to electric-car drivers—means it is an exception which overthrows the rule.(优势四：自立更生)

lghscuUID: 2552043

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=snake-oil-in-the-supermarket

From the September 2010 Scientific American Magazine | 4 comments
Snake Oil in the Supermarket
Food makers should have to prove the validity of their health claims
By The Editors   

From cereals that boost immunity to yogurts that regulate digestion and juices that keep heart disease at bay(Unable to come closer; at a distance), grocery stores in the U.S. are brimming with packaged foods and beverages that claim to improve health. Such declarations are good for business: sales of “functional foods”—those that manufacturers have modified to provide supposed health benefits—generated $31 billion in the U.S. in 2008, a 14 percent increase over 2006, according to Rockville, Md.–based market research firm Packaged Facts. But consumers are getting a rotten deal. Although health claims for foods may appear to be authoritative, in many cases science does not support them and the government does not endorse them. Not only do these products, many of which are nutritionally bereft, fail to deliver on their promises, but they may also give consumers a false sense of security that discourages them from taking more effective measures to attain wellness, such as exercise or medication.(矛盾所在：Ad对economy/health的positive/negative影响，目的在于引出FDA的regulation)

In March the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued warning letters to 17 food and beverage manufacturers concerning false or misleading health and nutrition claims on their products. It was an unusually expansive crackdown(severely repressive actions) for the agency, whose regulatory power over food companies has declined over the past decades, thanks to Congress and the courts, which have tended to come down(: to place oneself in opposition <came down hard on gambling>) on the side of the food companies. The FDA’s move, accompanied by an open letter from Commissioner Margaret Hamburg about the importance of accurate nutrition labeling, was a significant step toward halting the exploitation of science by food marketers, but it does not go far enough in protecting consumers from deceptive marketing.(FDA & Congress/Courts的相背行动导致FDA's warning的不彻底，下段论证为何不彻底)

The FDA currently issues guide lines for what claims companies can make about their foods. It allows statements about how products affect the normal structure and function of the body but prohibits unauthorized claims about disease. The agency, though, does not review compliance before food is packaged and shipped. Food products arrive at the stores emblazoned with questionable claims. Cheerios can lower cholesterol 4 percent in six weeks, asserted the box label, until the FDA sent General Mills a cease-and-desist letter in May 2009. Redco Foods’s Salada Naturally Decaffeinated Green Tea promised to tackle Alzheimer’s, rheumatism and cancer, until the March crackdown. The agency is then forced to play catch-up. Meanwhile the snake oil sits on supermarket shelves.(采用T-R-I-I-R结构论证FDA does not go far enough.)

Holding health claims for food to the same scientific standards as those for drugs—and requiring manufacturers to convince the FDA of alleged benefits before releasing products for sale—would result in far fewer health claims on packaged foods, if recent developments in Europe are any indication. In 2006 Europe began holding food makers to rigorous scientific standards. Since then, the European Food Safety Authority has rejected, on the basis of insufficient evidence, a whopping 80 percent of the more than 900 claims they have assessed thus far. Among the rejects were claims about probiotic ingredients, which are commonly found in yogurt products and often touted for their alleged digestive benefits, and omega-3 fatty acids, which are frequently added to products ranging from orange juice to baby food and are often said to promote brain development. The simple act of asking for evidence is sometimes enough to reveal the shoddiness of a claim—some European firms drew supporting materials from Wikipedia, the American Heritage dictionary and the Bible.(T-I-R结构论证Europe采取不同strategy获得了更好的效果，暗示FDA可以learn from Europe)

Differences between the lenient U.S. system and the more restrictive European system are easily apparent. For instance, visitors to the Web site for Activia (www.activia.com)—a yogurt product from Dannon—will have a very different experience depending on which country they indicate they are from. The U.S. version prominently displays the product’s putative health benefits, asserting that it can “help regulate your digestive system by helping reduce long intestinal transit time.” (It does not say explicitly that the yogurt helps to alleviate constipation, which would be a clear violation of the FDA prohibition of unauthorized claims about specific medical conditions.) The U.K. version, on the other hand, says only that the yogurt contains an exclusive bacterial culture and, like other yogurts, is a source of calcium and vitamin B12.(T-I对比型论证difference: 本段与上段论证基于[email=OWL@Purdue]OWL@Purdue[/email] U介绍的写作方法。写作与阅读的相通性不言自明)

Industry representatives complain that having to prove claims about the health benefits of food would cost too much and take too long. It’s a lame(: lacking needful or desirable substance : WEAK, INEFFECTUAL<a lame excuse>) argument. The nation is currently engaged in a struggle against skyrocketing rates of obesity and other diet-related diseases that are among the leading causes of death in the U.S. In this context, unsubstantiated health claims on processed foods are a harmful abuse of science that we should not tolerate.(采用argument方式再次强调to prove validity的重要性，呼应题目)