GMAT 逻辑讲义

勇气的生活UID: 2834617

第一章 做题步骤

一、先读问题

二、再读文章

三、再看选项

第二章 五大题型

一、归纳题公共元素直推法。
if A then B 表示A充分的推出B（A→B）；

only if A then B 表示只有A才有B（ B→A）；
规则：和only if 最接近的元素一定是必要条件，是箭头所指方向。

by A in order to B 表示A 推出B（A→B）；
must by A in order to B 表示B 推出A（ B→A）；
规则：和must 最接近的元素一定是必要条件，是箭头所指方向。

If only A, then B表示只有A才有B( A→B)；

Not A, unless B表示没有A 除非有B（A→B）；
A, unless B表示非B推出A或者非A推出B（→A, →B）；
A require B表示B是A的必要条件（A→B）；

A is necessary to B表示A是B成立的必需（B→A）；

A depend/draw/base on B表示B是A成立的必需（A→B）。



例1.所有的人都去了。我是人。
公共信息：人
直接推结论：我去了。

例2.To be mentally healthy, people must have self-respect. People can maintain self-respect only by continually earning the respect of others they esteem. They can earn this respect only by treating these others morally.

Which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from the statements above?
(A) People who are mentally healthy will be treated morally by others.
(B) People who are mentally healthy will have treated morally those they esteem.
(C) People who are mentally healthy must have self-respect in other to be treated morally by others.
(D) People can expect to be treated morally by others only if they esteem these others.
(E) People who have self-respect seldom treat morally those esteem.



例3. Most television viewers estimate how frequently a particular type of accident or crime occurs by how extensively it is discussed on television news shows. Television news shows report more on stories that include dramatic pictures such as fires and motor vehicle accidents than they do on more common stories that have little visual drama such as bookkeeping fraud.

If the statements above are true, it can be properly concluded that which of the following is also true?
(A) The time television news reporters spend researching news stories is directly related to the number of viewers who will be affected by events like those in the news stories.
(B) It is easier for crimes such as bookkeeping fraud to go unprosecuted than it is crimes such as arson.
(C) The number of fires and motor vehicle accidents greatly increases after each television news show that includes dramatic pictures of a fire or motor vehicle accident.
(D) Viewers of television news show tend to overestimate the number of fires and motor vehicle accidents that occur relative to the number of crimes of bookkeeping fraud.
(E) The usual selection of news stories for television news show is determined by the number of news reporters available for assignment.

例1. 马克思说：“这本书只从资产阶级的角度去考虑问题，是不正确的。”
问：从文中能推出马克思认为这本书应从什么角度考虑问题？
(A) 奴隶主阶级
(B) 地主阶级

(C) 工人阶级

(D) 无产阶级

(E) 资产阶级以外的阶级


例2：Experienced pilots often have more trouble than novice pilots in learning to fly the newly developed ultra light airplanes. Being accustomed to heavier aircraft, experienced pilots, when flying ultra light craft, seem not to respect the wind as much as they should.

The passage implies that the heavier aircraft mentioned above are

(A) harder to land than ultra light aircraft
(B) not as popular with pilots as ultra light aircraft
(C) not as safe as ultra light aircraft
(D) more fuel-efficient than ultra light aircraft
(E) easier to handle in wind than ultra light aircraft

二、演绎题
（1）前提结论结构类型的文章 第一种题型：假设题
例1New Jersey has one of the lowest motor vehicle fatality rates in the country, and it is one of the few states that require extensive annual automobile safety inspections. Therefore, all states should adopt similar safety inspection procedures. The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?(A) Most states tend to impose few rules and regulations on the automobile drivers operating within those states.(B) Most states are skeptical that annual automobile safety inspections can reduce fatality rates.(C) Annual automobile safety inspections contribute significantly to holding down New Jersey’s fatality rate.(D) Drivers in New Jersey are more safety conscious than are drivers in other parts of the country.(E) A smaller number of people die on the roads in New Jersey than in most other states.

例2The federal government expects hospitals to perform 10,000 organ transplants next year. But it is doubtful that this many donor organs will be available, since the number of fatalities resulting from car and motorcycle accidents has been dropping steadily over the past decade. The argument above makes which of the following assumptions?(A) A significant number of the organs used in transplants come from people who die in car and motorcycle accidents.(B) The number of car and motorcycle accidents will increase significantly during the next year.(C) No more than 10,000 people will be in need of organ transplants during the next year.(D) In the past the federal government’s estimates of the number of organ transplants needed during a given year have been very unreliable.(E) For any given fatality resulting from a car or motorcycle accident, there is a hospital in the vicinity in need of an organ for a transplant.


例3因为别人的老婆都有别墅， 所以我也应该有别墅。假设：我应该是别人的老婆。

例4“On the whole,” Ms. Dennis remarked, “engineering students are lazier now that they used to be. I know because fewer and fewer of my students regularly do the work they are assigned.” The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following assumptions?(A) Engineering students are working less because, in a booming market they are spending more and more time investigating different job opportunities.(B) Whether or not students do the work they are assigned is a good indication of how lazy they are.(C) Engineering students should work harder than students in less demanding fields.(D) Ms. Dennis’ students are doing less work because Ms. Dennis is not as effective a teacher as she once was.(E) Laziness is something most people do not outgrow.

例5A test of the National Weather Service’s stormdetecting radar systems found that the 1957 system is ten times more reliable than the new computerized system. Therefore the technology used in the new radar system must be less sophisticated than the radar technology used in the 1957 system.  The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following questionable assumptions?(A) The reliability of storm-detecting radar systems is determined by the frequency of breakdowns.(B) The level of sophistication of the technology used in storm-detecting radar system can be determined from the reliability of the system.(C) The reliability of storm-detecting radar systems is determined by their accuracy in predicting weather patterns.(D) Computer hardware is now a key component of the new storm-detecting radar systems used by weather forecasting services.(E) Most of the significant advances in stormdetecting technology were made in the 1950s.

（1）前提结论结构类型的文章     第二种题型：加强题
例1Because incumbent members of Congress are given a great deal of attention by the news  media and because they enjoy such perquisites as free mail privileges and generous travel allowances, incumbents enjoy an overwhelming advantage over their challengers in elections for the United States Congress. Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim above?(A) In the last congressional elections, incumbents met with a larger number of lobbyists than did challengers.(B) In the last congressional elections, 98 percent of the incumbents in the House of Representatives who were seeking reelection won.(C) Incumbent members of Congress are frequently critical of the amount of attention given to them by the news media.(D) The support that political station action committees provide to challengers for congressional seats often compensates for the perquisites enjoyed by incumbent members of Congress.(E) Of all incumbent senators surveyed before the last congressional elections, 78 percent said that their challengers did not pose a serious threat to their chances for reelection.

例2Which of the following, if true, would most strength the conclusion above?(A)Many businesses that provide health insurance for their employees also provide seminars on stress management.(B)Many businesses report a significant decrease in absenteeism during periods when employees feel pressured by management.(C)There is a marked decrease in the number if complaints presented at college infirmaries during vacation time.(D)There is a marked increase in the number of illness treated at college infirmaries around the time of examinations.(E)Most people report that being in a hospital or an infirmary is a stressful situation.