进军美利坚tpo阅读疑难解答帖

wuqian0801UID：2637709

104# fly小米
阅读里当然一般能找到契合的choice和原文对应,但是如果不够明确那么就用排除法做。。
对不?

闪闪硕硕UID：2825715

TPO7 罗马，希腊的那个阅读。10题，为什么选C呢？非常感谢


Paragraph 4 Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thorough disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans.” had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist?

According to paragraph 4, intellectual Romans such as Horace held which of the following opinions about their civilization?
○Ancient works of Greece held little value in the Roman world.
○The Greek civilization had been surpassed by the Romans.
○Roman civilization produced little that was original or memorable.
○Romans valued certain types of innovations that had been ignored by ancient Greeks.

wuqian0801UID：2637709

107# 闪闪硕硕
这题错的原因主要在于对原文的理解不到位。
定位句一：For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was the inventor;
定位句二：had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist?
题目问：Romans such as Horace held what opinions about civilization？
那么这题的重点在于Horace对于civilization的态度. 那么很明显的civilization的态度 可以从定位句二来表明..即：如果Greek对待novelty和我们一样也是如此的disdain(鄙视)的话 那么现在还会有什么样的work存在捏?  注意 这里的言下之意就是：Greek的态度和Romans完全不一样..
但是我们并不明确Greek的态度是什么 因此 我们需要再次关注Greek的态度是什么。。 所以这里 定位句一的理解就很关键了. Roman是很好的模仿者，Greek是发明者
说到这里，答案相比很明朗了。。
请看:
Choice 1: Greece held little value in Roman world => 与原文不符 人家都说了是模仿Greek的
Choice 2: G优于R => 虽然说到G是创造者 但是没有提到优不优的问题
Choice 3: R很少有原创的成分 => 符合原文吧? !
Choice 4: R valued certain types .. that G ignored => 唉。。扯淡嘛。。
综合所述： Choice 3 is the correct answer.

希望我解释的 你可以明白吧。。 (我再一次废话这么多.. 歹势。。)

闪闪硕硕UID：2825715

108# wuqian0801

非常感谢，真强悍，呵呵，我在做题的时候总是很急，慌慌张张的，
怕时间不够，很多时候都想不到位:dizzy:

wuqian0801UID：2637709

109# 闪闪硕硕
别慌 或者也可能是不够熟练.. 总之冷静些 再做题 感觉可能不一样~

lihan96163UID：2810524

楼主人好好啊 我来问几道
TPO13
        Paragraph 2：People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance
4. Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?
        ○ Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.
        ○ Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.
        ○ Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.               
        ○ Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.
       
这道题选第一个
是根据simply cooperate判断的吗？？可是我理解的simply是指：“只是为了达到结果 而不形成关系”，和“是否合作”无关   这道题怎没考虑呢？

lihan96163UID：2810524

同样是TPO13的：
        Paragraph 7：Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from us behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.
        11. According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?
        ○ To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group
        ○ To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group
        ○ To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the group
        ○ To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation?
这道题选第一个

这是怎麽从上下文推断出来的呢？

lihan96163UID：2810524

Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.
       
        8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
        ○ Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.
        ○ Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.
        ○ Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns        ○ Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.
       
这道题选第三个 我就很纳闷了
我觉得social solidarity  和society's cultural pattern  在原话中是并列关系，用and连接   可选项中都改成因果关系了，怎么还选第三个呢？


谢谢！！

lihannikiUID：2849719

TPO12       
Paragraph 7：Water does not remain immobile in an aquifer but can seep out at springs or leak into other aquifers. The rate of movement may be very slow: in the Indus plain, the movement of saline (salty) ground waters has still not reached equilibrium after 70 years of being tapped. The mineral content of groundwater normally increases with the depth, but even quite shallow aquifers can be highly saline
        11. The passage supports which of the following statements about water in the desert?
        ○ The most visible forms of water are not the most widespread forms of water in the desert.
        ○ Groundwater in the desert cannot become a source of drinking water but can be used for irrigation.
        ○ Most of the water in the desert is contained in shallow aquifers that are being rapidly recharged.
        ○ Desert areas that lack endogenous or exogenous rivers and streams cannot support life.

这道题选第一个 我很纳闷
从这段里读不出这样的信息啊？？？ 托福的阅读除了最后一道，不是不会垮段吗？？

谢谢

lihannikiUID：2849719

Biological Clocks
        Survival and successful reproduction usually require the activities of animals to be coordinated with predictable events around them. Consequently, the timing and rhythms of biological functions must closely match periodic events like the solar day, the tides, the lunar cycle, and the seasons. The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged. Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity—sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example—are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms. Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks. By isolating organisms completely from external periodic cues, biologists learned that organisms have internal clocks. For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biological activity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle. The continuation of biological rhythms in an organism without external cues attests to its having an internal clock.
       
        When crayfish are kept continuously in the dark, even for four to five months, their compound eyes continue to adjust on a daily schedule for daytime and nighttime vision. Horseshoe crabs kept in the dark continuously for a year were found to maintain a persistent rhythm of brain activity that similarly adapts their eyes on a daily schedule for bright or for weak light. Like almost all daily cycles of animals deprived of environmental cues, those measured for the horseshoe crabs in these conditions were not exactly 24 hours. Such a rhythm whose period is approximately—but not exactly—a day is called circadian. For different individual horseshoe crabs, the circadian period ranged from 22.2 to 25.5 hours. A particular animal typically maintains its own characteristic cycle duration with great precision for many days. Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly. Further evidence for persistent internal rhythms appears when the usual external cycles are shifted—either experimentally or by rapid east-west travel over great distances. Typically, the animal's daily internally generated cycle of activity continues without change. As a result, its activities are shifted relative to the external cycle of the new environment. The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.
       
        Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation. Yet despite this synchronization of the period of the internal cycle, the animal's timer itself continues to have its own genetically built-in period close to, but different from, 24 hours. Without the external cue, the difference accumulates and so the internally regulated activities of the biological day drift continuously, like the tides, in relation to the solar day. This drift has been studied extensively in many animals and in biological activities ranging from the hatching of fruit fly eggs to wheel running by squirrels. Light has a predominating influence in setting the clock. Even a fifteen-minute burst of light in otherwise sustained darkness can reset an animal's circadian rhythm. Normally, internal rhythms are kept in step by regular environmental cycles. For instance, if a homing pigeon is to navigate with its Sun compass, its clock must be properly set by cues provided by the daylight/darkness cycle

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
       
        The activity of animals is usually coordinated with periodically recurring events in the environment.
        ●
        ●
        ●
        Answer Choices
        ○ Most animals survive and reproduce successfully without coordinating their activities to external environmental rhythms.
        ○ The circadian period of an animal's internal clock is genetically determined and basically unchangeable.
        ○ Environmental cues such as a change in temperature are enough to reset an animal's clock.
        ○ Animals have internal clocks that influence their activities even when environmental cues are absent.
        ○ Animals are less affected by large differences between their internal rhythms and the local solar day than are humans
        ○ Because an animal's internal clock does not operate on a 24-hour cycle, environmental stimuli are needed to keep the biological day aligned with the solar day.




哎 我极其怀疑这道题啊  怎麽答案是1 2 6？为什莫啊？？尤其对第四个疑问很大

lihannikiUID：2849719

发了这麽一大段  太麻烦您了    感谢！

wuqian0801UID：2637709

111# lihan96163
sorry , I choose Choice 4。。。

wuqian0801UID：2637709

定位句：some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group.
你没有理解句子意思 就根据句子表面层次看 就不会选了.. 对吧?
Choice 1: To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group
和定位句是吻合的，即：可以social group 把shunning当做是一个device 让那些individuals被特殊组织所接受或允许...
说得细致些： practice=behavior  allow=accept

呵呵。。我不是楼主.. 路过了 还是帮你答吧.. 希望没让你失望..

wuqian0801UID：2637709

112# lihan96163
一不小心给弄丢了.. 只好重新发一次。。  晕死~~
定位句：some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group.
理解意思：social group用shunning让individuals的行为被group接受允许
那么很明显和choice 1是吻合的。。

更细致的说： practice=behavior  allow=accept

ps: 我不是LZ 呵呵 路过 给你解答一下 希望没让你失望..

wuqian0801UID：2637709

113# lihan96163
这是我读的部分~~
Sociologists view primary groups as bridges
Sociologists think primary groups

这题我就看了原文的句子 就开始选了..
注意：原文是说 社会学家把group看做是啥啥啥的...
再看choice 1   Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society  不是group 客体错误。干掉      
Choice 2 Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.  客体错误。干掉
  Choice 3  Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns        吻合了。留着。
Choice 4  Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups. 客体错误。 干掉
=> 只有一个客体吻合 就选choice 3呗...

中肯建议：别分析 越分析越错乱...