进军美利坚tpo阅读疑难解答帖

AnyaAnyaUID：2695394

OG green icebergs

Icebergs are massive blocks of ice, irregular in shape; they float with only about 12
percent of their mass above the sea surface. They are formed by glaciers—large rivers
of ice that begin inland in the snows of Greenland, Antarctica, and Alaska—and move
slowly toward the sea. The forward movement, the melting at the base of the glacier
where it meets the ocean, and waves and tidal action cause blocks of ice to break off
and float out to sea.
Icebergs are ordinarily blue to white, although they sometimes appear dark or
opaque because they carry gravel and bits of rock. They may change color with
changing light conditions and cloud cover, glowing pink or gold in the morning or
evening light, but this color change is generally related to the low angle of the Sun
above the horizon. However, travelers to Antarctica have repeatedly reported seeing
green icebergs in the Weddell Sea and, more commonly, close to the Amery Ice Shelf
in East Antarctica.
One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion
when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun, but green icebergs stand out
among white and blue icebergs under a great variety of light conditions. Another suggestion
is that the color might be related to ice with high levels of metallic compounds,
including copper and iron. Recent expeditions have taken ice samples from
green icebergs and ice cores—vertical, cylindrical ice samples reaching down to great
depths—from the glacial ice shelves along the Antarctic continent. Analyses of these
cores and samples provide a different solution to the problem.
The ice shelf cores, with a total length of 215 meters (705 feet), were long enough
to penetrate through glacial ice—which is formed from the compaction of snow and
contains air bubbles—and to continue into the clear, bubble-free ice formed from
seawater that freezes onto the bottom of the glacial ice. The properties of this clear
sea ice were very similar to the ice from the green iceberg. The scientists concluded
that green icebergs form when a two-layer block of shelf ice breaks away and capsizes
(turns upside down), exposing the bubble-free shelf ice that was formed from
seawater.
A green iceberg that stranded just west of the Amery Ice Shelf showed two distinct
layers: bubbly blue-white ice and bubble-free green ice separated by a onemeter-
long ice layer containing sediments. The green ice portion was textured by
seawater erosion. Where cracks were present, the color was light green because of
light scattering; where no cracks were present, the color was dark green. No air bubbles
were present in the green ice, suggesting that the ice was not formed from the
compression of snow but instead from the freezing of seawater. Large concentrations
of single-celled organisms with green pigments (coloring substances) occur along the
edges of the ice shelves in this region, and the seawater is rich in their decomposing
organic material. The green iceberg did not contain large amounts of particles from
these organisms, but the ice had accumulated dissolved organic matter from the seawater.
It appears that unlike salt, dissolved organic substances are not excluded from
the ice in the freezing process. Analysis shows that the dissolved organic material
absorbs enough blue wavelengths from solar light to make the ice appear green.
Chemical evidence shows that platelets (minute flat portions) of ice form in the water and then accrete and stick to the bottom of the ice shelf to form a slush (partially
melted snow). The slush is compacted by an unknown mechanism, and solid, bubblefree
ice is formed from water high in soluble organic substances. When an iceberg
separates from the ice shelf and capsizes, the green ice is exposed.
The Amery Ice Shelf appears to be uniquely suited to the production of green icebergs.
Once detached from the ice shelf, these bergs drift in the currents and wind
systems surrounding Antarctica and can be found scattered among Antarctica’s less
colorful icebergs.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Several suggestions, ranging from light conditions to the presence of metallic compounds, have been offered to explain why some icebergs appear green.

Answer Choices
1. Ice cores were used to determine that green icebergs were formed
from the compaction of metallic compounds, including copper and
iron.
2. All ice shelves can produce green icebergs, but the Amery Ice Shelf is
especially well suited to do so.
3. Green icebergs form when a twolayer block of ice breaks away from a
glacier and capsizes, exposing the bottom sea ice to view.
4. Ice cores and samples revealed that both ice shelves and green icebergs contain a layer of bubbly glacial ice and a layer of bubble-free sea ice.
5. Green icebergs are white until they come into contact with seawater
containing platelets and soluble organic green pigments.
6. In a green iceberg, the sea ice contains large concentrations of organic matter from the seawater.

AnyaAnyaUID：2695394

为什么4会是对的，我觉得4就算是对的也只能算是细节

求大侠帮助！

caoxuemeiUID：2629828

153# AnyaAnya

Green Icebergs (OG Test 2)
Icebergs are massive blocks of ice, irregular in shape; they float with only about 12 percent of their mass
above the sea surface. They are formed by glaciers!alage rivers of ice that begin inland in the snows of
Greenland, Antarctica, and Alaska!aand move slowly toward the sea. The forward movement, the melting
at the base of the glacier where it meets the ocean, and waves and tidal action cause blocks of ice to
break off and float out to sea.

Icebergs are ordinarily blue to white, although they sometimes appear dark or opaque because they carry
gravel and bits of rock. They may change color with changing light conditions and cloud cover, glowing
pink or gold in the morning or evening light, but this color change is generally related to the low angle of
the Sun above the horizon. However, travelers to Antarctica have repeatedly reported seeing green
icebergs in the Weddell Sea and, more commonly, close to the Amery Ice Shelf in East Antarctica.
One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion when blue ice is illuminated
by a near-horizon red Sun, but green icebergs stand out among white and blue icebergs under a great
variety of light conditions. Another suggestion is that the color might be related to ice with high levels of
metallic compounds, including copper and iron. Recent expeditions have taken ice samples from green
icebergs and ice cores!avertical, cylindrical ice samples reaching down to great depths!afrom the glacia
ice shelves along the Antarctic continent. Analyses of these cores and samples provide a different
solution to the problem.

The ice shelf cores, with a total length of 215 meters (705 feet), were long enough to penetrate through
glacial ice!awhich is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles!aand to continue int
the clear, bubble-free ice formed from seawater that freezes onto the bottom of the glacial ice. The
properties of this clear sea ice were very similar to the ice from the green iceberg. The scientists
concluded that green icebergs form when a two-layer block of shelf ice breaks away and capsizes (turns
upside down), exposing the bubble-free shelf ice that was formed from seawater.
  
A green iceberg that stranded just west of the Amery Ice Shelf showed two distinct layers: bubbly
blue-white ice and bubble-free green ice separated by a one meter-long ice layer containing sediments.
The green ice portion was textured by seawater erosion. Where cracks were present, the color was
light green because of light scattering; where no cracks were present, the color was dark green. No air
bubbles were present in the green ice, suggesting that the ice was not formed from the compression of
snow but instead from the freezing of seawater. Large concentrations of single-celled organisms with
green pigments (coloring substances) occur along the edges of the ice shelves in this region, and the
seawater is rich in their decomposing organic material. The green iceberg did not contain large amounts
of particles from these organisms, but the ice had accumulated dissolved organic matter from the
seawater. It appears that unlike salt, dissolved organic substances are not excluded from the ice in the
freezing process. Analysis shows that the dissolved organic material absorbs enough blue wavelengths
from solar light to make the ice appear green.
Chemical evidence shows that platelets (minute flat portions) of ice form in the water and then accrete
and stick to the bottom of the ice shelf to form slush (partially melted snow). The slush is compacted by an
unknown mechanism, and solid, bubble free ice is formed from water high in soluble organic substances.
When an iceberg separates from the ice shelf and capsizes, the green ice is exposed.  

The Amery Ice Shelf appears to be uniquely suited to the production of green icebergs. Once detached
from the ice shelf, these bergs drift in the currents and wind systems surrounding Antarctica and can be
found scatteroed among Antarctica!ˉs less colorful icebergs.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Com
the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas i
passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that ar
presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

1 Ice cores were used to determine that green icebergs were formed from the compaction of metallic
compounds, including copper and iron.
2  All ice shelves can produce green icebergs, but the Amery Ice Shelf is especially well suited to do so.  
3  Green icebergs form when a two layer block of ice breaks away from a glacier and capsizes, exposing
the bottom sea ice to view.  
4  Ice cores and samples revealed that both ice shelves and green icebergs contain a layer of bubbly
glacial ice and a layer of bubble-free sea ice.  
5 Green icebergs are white until they come into contact with seawater containing platelets and soluble
organic green pigments.
6  In a green iceberg, the sea ice contains large concentrations of organic matter from the seawater.
为什么4会是对的，我觉得4就算是对的也只能算是细节2 E/ h* W1 o

caoxuemeiUID：2629828

154# AnyaAnya 自己顶一下！这两天忙，先把文档整理出来，今天晚上来回答。同学等一下哦！还有，一般这样的问题会涉及到细节和主旨的问题，在前面同学问问题的帖子里有详细的涉及过，同学可以翻来看看。

caoxuemeiUID：2629828

自己顶上去吧。

zenglingyuanUID：2773905

为什么我总是做不好最后一道多选题!!!! 为什么呢????
longxue26 发表于 2010-7-18 22:38

最后一道题 OG上有详解 你可以去看看 其实就是 文章的脉络 一般来说 不会是具体的细节和例子因为他们都是去支持更重要的中心，然后你要搞清楚 文章是什么类型 各段的中心是什么 结论是什么 （一般是第一句和最后一句）  段与段之间的关系  比如 文章是对象类 那你就要注意结论 对比的基础  对比项的定义 不同等
其实我也不太好 还是要慢慢悟 有什么不对的还请补充

zenglingyuanUID：2773905

越分析越觉得ETS出题淫X ，4个选项 2个NO mention 1个 incorrect ，no mention的类型越来越多，故意给人个错觉。。。也就是说如果你没找到正确答案在原文相对应的位子，你很容易把正确答案也当no mention 排除了，，，，彻底无语了 下面这个题我就是怎么都没在原文找到答案。。
Paragraph 2: The Biological Approach. Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. In response to certain stimuli, many animals show instinctive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals. In people, however, whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts.
1. According to paragraph 2, what evidence indicates that aggression in animals is related to the hypothalamus?
  1.Some aggressive animal species have a highly developed hypothalamus.   
  2.Artificial stimulation of the hypothalamus results in aggression in animals.
  3. Animals behaving aggressively show increased activity in the hypothalamus.
  4. Animals who lack a hypothalamus display few aggressive tendencies.
正确答案是 3

zenglingyuanUID：2773905

Paragraph 5: The Whigs, in contrast, viewed government power positively. They believed that it should be
used to protect individual rights and public liberty, and that it had a special role where individual effort was
ineffective. By regulating the economy and competition, the government could ensure equal opportunity.
Indeed, for Whigs the concept of government promoting the general welfare went beyond the economy.
In particular, Whigs in the northern sections of the United States also believed that government power
should be used to foster the moral welfare of the country. They were much more likely to favor
social-reform legislation and aid to education.


9. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about variations in political beliefs within the
Whig Party?
   1.They were focused on issues of public liberty.  
   2.They caused some members to leave the Whig party.  
   3.They were unimportant to most Whigs.
   4.They reflected regional interests. 正确答案
我选定第一个 我觉在原文里有对应 （Whigs the concept of government promoting the general welfare went beyond the economy. ） （ They believed that it should be used to protect individual rights）我觉得都是第一项的支持  关于OG上说 应为3项对"varitation"没有关联 所以不选。。没懂

反衬UID：2328867

Paragraph 5: The Whigs, in contrast, viewed government power positively. They believed that it should be zenglingyuan 发表于 2010-7-27 09:45

第一点：关注文章内在逻辑

第一句抽象，第二句具体，第三句具体，第四句转折（注意indeed, went beyond），提出与上文不同的现象，第五句具体 第六句具体。(indeed这个词到底是是转折还是递进不是关键。我们只需要把它理解为一个逻辑关系改变的标志。关键是你要读懂 indeed前后内容的差异点。economics vs moral welfare. whigs in general vs northern sections)

第二点：关注题干关键字
variations没有在文章直接提到，涵盖原文两种对象：policital beliefs (注意单复数)，需要自己总结。

第三点：关注迷惑项
A选项为迷惑项，因为只涵盖了一种对象。没有涵盖出两者的Variations.

第四点：关注答案与原文的关系：
第四个选项 并非原文的直接同义替换，而是将原文进行了抽象概括。

详细解释请看https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1126765-1-1.html

反衬UID：2328867

越分析越觉得ETS出题淫X ，4个选项 2个NO mention 1个 incorrect ，no mention的类型越来越多，故意给人个错觉。。。也就是说如果你没找到正确答案在原文相对应的位子，你很容易把正确答案也当no mention 排除了，， ...
zenglingyuan 发表于 2010-7-27 09:44

这道题不用管。 这道题OG出的不好。按照托福本身的考试原则，是没有答案的。只有按照GMAT的逻辑推理，才可选到C

反衬UID：2328867

Paragraph 5: The Whigs, in contrast, viewed government power positively. They believed that it should be
used to protect individual rights and public liberty, and that it had a special role where in ...

我选定第一个 我觉在原文里有对应 （Whigs the concept of government promoting the general welfare went beyond the economy. ） （ They believed that it should be used to protect individual rights）我觉得都是第一项的支持  关于OG上说 应为3项对"varitation"没有关联 所以不选。。没懂
zenglingyuan 发表于 2010-7-27 09:45

问题是你没读懂题干。 题干说的很清楚 Variations in policital beliefs. beliefs是复数。所以答案一定要讲出两种beliefs间的关系。第一个很明显只讲了第一个belief的内容。

caoxuemeiUID：2629828

越分析越觉得ETS出题淫X ，4个选项 2个NO mention 1个 incorrect ，no mention的类型越来越多，故意给人个错觉。。。也就是说如果你没找到正确答案在原文相对应的位子，你很容易把正确答案也当no mention 排除了，， ...
zenglingyuan 发表于 2010-7-27 09:44

其实，综合同学上下两个楼的问题，没有找到答案的题型在Indicate 和inffer的题目，这样的题目一般同学都要小推一下，也就是根据原文来总结一下要表达的小观点。这样，往往同学在正确答案里看不到原文中熟悉的词汇或者概念。
在Og里，同学能看到，有一种题目叫做推断题，就是这种题型。
在一楼，可以看到这样的信息（不是我写的，只是拿来用）        
推断题
应该说推断题属于难度比较大，混淆选项比较难排除的一种。但如果掌握一定的技巧也不是无章可循。OG的说明是：如果文章提到结果，很可能让你推断原因；如果提到二者比较，很可能问你比较的基础；正确答案不是文章明显提到的，而是明显可以推出来的。最重要的一句话就是：You should be able to defend your choice by pointing to explicitly stated information in the passage that leads to the inference you have selected。正确的答案一定要有原文某句话作支持。这为排除法提供了良好依据。因为错误选项往往就是在句中加入了与原文完全无关的些许成分。这些成分就成了我们戳穿谎言的标准。做这种题一定要本着抬杠的方法，只要说的不完美，含糊不清，故意夸大或隐瞒事实，无中生有，都算错。

caoxuemeiUID：2629828

Paragraph 5: The Whigs, in contrast, viewed government power positively. They believed that it should be
used to protect individual rights and public liberty, and that it had a special role where in ...
zenglingyuan 发表于 2010-7-27 09:45

首先同学要确定的是，问题中的variation是指原文中前半部分和Whigs in the northern sections 的变化。也就是说，同学借题的时候不能光看Whigs party 的政治观点，还要看这种variation 说反应出的问题。) G! B3 z  S6 q
1选项，只是原文前半部分此政党的一部分政治观点。和variation没有关系。
2选项，没有提到啊。  F/ N8 h- [0 Y9 `- {2 t  A
3选项，没有提到。
4选项，不管同学有没有推论出这个结果，排除也就排除出来了。（这个答案确实跟政治概念有点关系了，很不好推出来）

zenglingyuanUID：2773905

感谢两位帮忙 ～加油了！！

zenglingyuanUID：2773905

其实我觉得 楼主可以尝试把 已经解决的问题 方法总结归纳下 发在首页 这样就可以节约不少时间了