[1010G精英组] AW冲刺帖 by Group Energy

xingfuhbjUID: 2769976

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53Thirteen years ago, researchers studied a group of 25 infants who showed signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice. They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn, a time when their mothers' production of melatonin—a hormone known to affect some brain functions—would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a follow-up study conducted earlier this year, more than half of these children—now teenagers—who had shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy. Clearly, increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life.
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疯了疯了...都写第三遍了还超时...呜....
Grounding on a research of 25 infants and a follow-up study of them, the arguer come to the conclusion that the increased levels of melatonin(M) before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life. However, both the research and the follow-up study have several questionable facets, and I’ll explain each of them in turn.


First and foremost, the arguer provides little information about the M to verify its influence on infants. We just know that M is a hormone known to affect some brain functions, and it will increase in autumn. But we can’t exactly know whose brain--the mother’s or the infant’s will be exactly suffered from M? If M mainly affects the brain of mother, then it may not contribute to the shyness of infant. And if it affects the brain of infant indeed, then what area of brain will M affect most?
The nerve system, or the sense organ, or else? Without a particular experiment which studies the sole effect of M, we can’t jump to the conclusion so hastily.

Secondly, the unscientific selection of experimental subjects lessens the credibility of the research. On one hand, 25 infants is a number too little to give strong support to the conclusion. Figures are convincing when they meet the statistic regularity, which occurs when the experimental subjects are large. For instance, mathematicians throw a coin over thousand times just to verify the mere fact that roughly half will come up heads and half tails. Then how could a research based on only 25 infants to be convince enough to verify the casual relationship between the M and the shyness? On the other hand, the research doesn’t assure the premise that all infants are almost at the same healthy condition. Thus there comes up a question that whether their brains, sense organs, and blood pressure or something else are in the same condition? We know that sensitive as infants are, little distinction can make big difference. For example, a higher temperature will make one infants shows more unusual signs than another infant.

Last but not the least, the absence of detail information about the follow-up study makes this study unconvincing. As we could assume, the family ambience of a child plays a pivot role in forming his/her characteristic. Usually, the children grow in a divorced family are inclined to be more negative than children grow in a normal family, thus the former ones are more possible to be shy, or to recognize themselves as shy. Besides, some unexpected accidents, such as a car accident a child once suffered may also influence his/her mental status a lor, and can turn a shine boy into a shy boy.

All in all, the argument would be more favorable if the arguer conduct some alternative researches and seek more detail information of the follow-up study. Otherwise, the argument could just be regard as a hypothesis.

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88"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."
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Since we have stepped into the Information age, technology, which means the science and the application of it, has entered into and became the great mass of our life. From small to large, behaviors to minds, local to global, technology do substantially influence us a lot. And there is no exception for social customs and ethics. But since such two things are the offspring of humanity, and were formulated during a considerable time -- hundreds of even thousands of years, it is not so easy for technologies to bridle them.

Admittedly, technologies play a vital role in changing our social customs and ethics. Take the aspect of social customs first. By making our lives more convenient, technologies have already altered the lifestyle of plenty people. For example, due to the electricity, the word "dark and silent" is not along with "night" any more. Now, night is even brighter and more clamorous than the day, and few people still sack out at 9 or 10. Theaters, bars, casinos are the most welcome recreational places. And with various vehicles, people now would prefer to take a trip instead of staying at home when having their limited holidays. And thanks to the mobile phone and the Internet, we have no longer need to spend several days waiting for a letter from the friends thousand miles away. In fact, now the Internet has already earns a nomination for the 2010 Noble Prize, for "helping advance dialogue, debate and consensus". From which we could recognize the irreplaceable impact of technologies.

What's more, technologies have even brought a revolution to our ethics. Hundreds of years ago, women, black people and farmers owned little respect and civil rights. Things changed during this time period. Now, a brilliant woman -- Angela Merkel has became the Chancellor of German, and an African American -- Barack Obama has became the president of US, and myriad farmers have became rich and have ascended to the middle and upper class. Besides, superstition has almost eliminated. When experiencing a deluge, an eclipse of the moon, or some supernatural phenomena, people no longer kill animals or even young boys and girls as the sacrifice. Through science and technologies, they realized that everything happens for a reason and know how to tackle with those cataclysms. They know that the eclipse of the moon is not because the dog above was too angry to eat the move, but for the reason that the earth moved to a position right between the moon and the sun, thus the moon, which was shining by reflecting the light from the sun, can't receive enough light and darkened.

However, no indication has showed that technologies were able to determine social customs and ethics, nor will any in the future. (This sentence seems has some grammar errors, but I don’t know how to revise it.) Actually, the movie "Bicentennial Man" has just corroborated the fact. In this movie, the leading character is a robot with human intelligence and feelings. Though he could be regarded as a masterpiece of the technology, he was not allowed to marry his lover, for violating the social customs ad ethics. This cost him two hundred years to transform into a real person from a robot, to be able to seek his true love. And in the real world, the technologies also can't curl the two things too. Take Chinese as an example, they have a tradition that a family should reunite during the Spring Festival. Such an unalterable customs has led to the annual most large scale collective migration in the world. No matter how far the modern conveyances have taken them away from home, they will manage to back home during the Spring Festival.

All in all, unless people are willing to change, technologies will still be the tools that can only affect our minds a lot, but incapable to determine them. Besides, we should never let technologies become the hierarch of our minds.
   
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kingwyf87UID: 2457409

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Argument241 The following appeared in a memo at the XYZ company.
"When XYZ lays off employees, it pays Delany Personnel Firm to offer those employees assistance in creating resumés and developing interviewing skills, if they so desire. Laid-off employees have benefited greatly from Delany's services: last year those who used Delany found jobs much more quickly than did those who did not. Recently, it has been proposed that we use the less-expensive Walsh Personnel Firm in place of Delany. This would be a mistake because eight years ago, when XYZ was using Walsh, only half of the workers we laid off at that time found jobs within a year. Moreover, Delany is clearly superior, as evidenced by its bigger staff and larger number of branch offices. After all, last year Delany's clients took an average of six months to find jobs, whereas Walsh's clients took nine."

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In this memo, the author concludes that XYZ should use Delany instead of Walsh Personnel Firm (W). To strengthen his/her suggestion, the arguer points out that: 1) half of the workers found jobs within a year when XYZ was using W eight years ago, 2) D has larger number of branch offices and employees, and 3) D’s clients took less time to find jobs than W’s. This argument is not thoroughly well-reasoned. The main flaws of this conclusion will be discussed respectively.

To begin with, the author’s conclusion is merely based on the different charges between D and W, which turn out to be inconvincible. We may ask that is the charge the only factor which the company considers as the most important when they choose using D or W? The answer is of course not. The content of work provided by the D and D may play a vital consideration for XYZ. Maybe, D provides just creating resumes and developing interviewing skills, while W provides enhancing professional working skills for their clients. Although D’s clients may seem to be easier to get a new job opportunity, they may be fired eventually for their bad performance in the work. The situation can be different to the W’s clients. As they get the new professional working skills from W, they are competent in new job. Under this circumstance, the new jobs are more promising and stable for W’s clients than D’s.

What’s more, the author unwarranted assumes that the provided evidence can be trustworthy. Firstly, spending much more time to find new jobs eight years ago does not necessarily mean that W is not good as D. Perhaps, the whole country was suffering financial crisis and the unemployment rate was increasing dramatically at that time. Finding new jobs for the W’s clients is just as difficult as D’s or other people who lost their jobs. Maybe, thanks to the training of W, half of their clients found jobs within a year, while most D’s clients could not find at all. Secondly, having larger number of branch offices and employees does not make sure that all each client can always get as good service as the D committed. Perhaps, the workers are not enough because D may involve many other businesses, while W may insure that all the company will provides personal training program for every client, which will be great helpful for their clients to find new jobs. Thirdly, even if D's clients take an average of six months to find jobs while W’s need nine, the author cannot hastily assume that D is better than W. Maybe, the D’s clients finding job in six months are paid in a low salary, and turned out to be boring and uncomfortable, while the D’s clients may be on the contrary.

To sum up, the conclusion, which made by the editor who has disregarded or chosen to ignore several aspects of his conclusion, is on the basis of scant of credibility. In addition, the evidence provided the author seems to be flaw and cannot use to strengthen his assertion. To better bolster to the reliability of the arguer’s conclusion, the author must provide more convincible proof to demonstrate the company should use D instead of W. Only with further evidence can I reconsider the author’s conclusion in a better way.

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Issue008 "It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public."

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The issue is a complex and controversial one that whether it is necessary for political leader to withhold information from the public. Different people have their respective ways of looking at this issue. In my point of view, I strongly hold that the issue depends on whether the political leader is doing so furthers the public’s ultimate interests. My view will be greatly strengthened by the following discussion.

To begin with, it is wise for political leaders keeping information from public when they are dealing with some emergencies. The responsibility of political leaders is maintaining the orders of people’s daily life. However, such peaceful life may be jeopardized by some accidents, such as the terrorist threats. Supposing that political leader may be informed by the CIA or FBI that there may be a suicide bomber in downtown. It is wise for leader to withhold the information temporally form the public and order the police agents to try their best to find the bad guy and eliminate the threat. Otherwise, the terrorist may detonate the bomb in case of being arrested by the policeman because he/she may think that the action is compromised. Informing the threats in improper time may cause the panic and casualty. Under this circumstance, the leader is required to keep information from the public.

However, situation may change when it comes to the public affairs. The political leaders may get so much help form the local people to work out some tough issues if they let the public know and take advises from them. Nowadays, we may find that more and more local governments are taking the advantage of Internet, opening their own official websites. The political leaders put their past achievements and future plans for increasing local economic as well as some tough issues such as how to lower down the crimes effectively. On the one hand, people are satisfied and proud of the past achievements and make their own efforts for promising local economic if the government let the information go to public. On the other hand, people are willing to provide advises or take investments which will certainly help the political leader to handle some hot issues.

What’s more, it is benefit for political system itself if the leaders make some information open. The anti-corruption is a case of point. Many local governments have taken the measure that making known to the public about their leads’ private fortune that includes every year of earnings and savings. The purpose of opening such personal information is making sure the leaders are clean, honest and self-disciplined. Supposing that the wealth of a political leader is too large to make any sense, he/she may be questioned by the public. And he/she may go to jail, if he/she cannot explain the source of private property clearly. Therefore, this measure can be effective for preventing political leaders from corruption, if some of their private information is under the supervision of the public.

To sum up, whether political leaders should withhold information from public depends on the situation that whether they are on the behalf of public’s ultimate interests. Sometimes, leaders withhold information to avoid panic and casualty, while sometimes they are required to make the information go to public in order to look for public help. Either way, the political leaders should make sure that it is good for overall benefits of people.

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nanfeng25899UID: 2629871

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237The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper.

"According to a government report, last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent; at the same time, it began offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton. Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people. Therefore, the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to relocate here."


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The conclusion that providing tax incentives and other financial inducements will be the fastest way to boost the economy seems to be tenable and sound. However, there are several flaws in this argument, and them I will figure them out respectively.

To begin with, the reason why the two manufacturing companies moved to the Dillton(D) cannot be attributed to the reduce of tax and the relocation grants. There is a possibility that these two companies are labor-intense firms, which need dozens of workers at low cost. And the residents of D are just to meet their need, which leads to the relocation of them. In addition, odds are that these two companies, after a series of investigations, find out the potential markets in D thus moving there will be good for them to broaden their markets and enhance their profits. Hence, without providing any further information about the factors appealing to the two companies, hardly can the arguer draw a convincing conclusion.

Also, even if the declining tax and financial inducement of D is the reason of the move, it does not mean that the same policies are bound to work in Beauville(B). Perhaps B is located in the mountain areas while D is near the sea. Therefore, although B lowers their tax rates by 15 percent or more, none of companies are willing to move to B because of the inconvenient transportation. Furthermore, if the majority of the residents own high degree, which is just contrary to the situation of the citizens in D, it is less possible that the new locating company will helps to solve the unemployment problems. Consequently, if there are no details about B and D, the conclusion will be weakened significantly.

Finally, granted that the policy functions in D, no evidence substantiate that the private companies will be appealed to B. For one thing, in this argument, the arguer does not claim that this two manufacturing companies are private ones, so how can he/she inform that the private will be eager to relocate in B. Even if they are privates companies, it is not to say that other private companies will have the same requirements as theirs. As a result, judging from the facts stated by the arguer, the conclusion of the relocation of private companies cannot convince us.

Overall, the reasoning behind the argument appears to be well-reasoned and ground. Without supplying the further information about the reason of the move, the fundamental introduction of B and D, and the concerning factors of private companies, the arguer cannot come at the conclusion.

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40"Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem."

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Should the researchers and scholars just pursue their own interests, ignoring whether the outcomes of their studies will make a contribution to the society? Admittedly, for them, the interests act as the most effective impetus to make great discoveries and inventions. However, it does not simply mean that their researches should waste the limited resources of the society, and what's even worse, pose a great threat to the society.

Undoubtedly, many significant discoveries and invention come into emergence in the process that the researchers and scholars pursue their own outlandish and even impossible ideas. With the intense interests in the specific realm, they will spare no effort to put their ideas into practice until it turns into reality. Think about Wrought Brothers. It was they that realized the dreams of flying in the sky which has been imagined by our ancestors for thousands of hundreds of years. Before they fulfilled their dreams, they perhaps never considered whether their inventions would contribute to the headway of the society. They just were loyal to the voices in their hearts. Therefore, if we overemphasize on the contribution of the works of the researchers and scholars, dozens of unusual but great ideas will be stifled before they are implemented.

However, it does not indicate that their works should make no contribution to the society. Given that the gross resources of a society is definitely limited, we have to take the opportunity cost into consideration, that is, the benefits you may gain from other available options. Owing to the restricted resources, it is unrealistic to allocate the money or other materials to every area. Only if we can make full use of those valuable resources in a moderate way can we give a shove to our nation's development. Hence, there we comes a question: How to distribute those precious and limited resources? There is no doubt that we will opt for the projects that will benefits our society most other than the most interesting but useless projects.

Furthermore, those researches for evil purpose must be blocked. If the consequences of the study are more likely to become a slow-burning fuse to future disasters, no matter how appealing it is for the scholars and researchers, it must be forbidden before things get worse. Take the nuclear technique as an example. Although nuclear power is one of the most effective means to generate electricity which can benefit every corners in the world, yet if some scholars, just for their interests, misuse this technology to make destructive weapons, this study will be the preclude of future strategy. Therefore, if so, it is not a sensible idea to let them chase their interests so freely.

Overall, I concede that giving the researchers and scholars more room to pursue their interests will be conducive to making new discoveries and inventions. Nevertheless, considering the limited resources in the society and the influence of those works, whether their works make a contribution to the society also ought to be neglected by us.

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kingwyf87UID: 2457409

〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓                              【1010G精英组】AW冲刺 Group Energy第04次作业                                                             〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓 ●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●                                  写作样式模板 ●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○● ===========      Argu题目 =========== ===========      习作正文 =========== ======================= Revised By =======================    ●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○● ===========     Issue题目 =========== ===========      习作正文 =========== ======================= Revised By =======================    ●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○● 拍文顺序 交完我再安排拍文吧。。。 说明：1-->2 表示1拍2的习作 ●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●○●