阅读帖by 米爆爆（小米+大米）

米爆爆UID：2892134

8.29tpo9 阅读

用时30minute 错5个。


It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age.说了美国人丛穿过beringia过来、接着就讲如何穿越 The first water craft theory 出现第一个theoey、后面会出现反驳
about the migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor n.走廊，通道stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was the midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the west-that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble vi.崩溃，瓦解when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon放射性碳 dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.指出why the theory incorrect Q1出题点。
文章的开头提出了一个thoery。然后通常后面都会出现反驳。这里也出现了。因此要注意后面的theory反驳原来的theory用的是什么原因（一般都会有考点。）
在以前人们相信美国人是从Asia 通过Beringia 迁徙过来的→water craft theory 解释了如何迁徙→（转折词）but Glen提出反对、接着说反对原因




Support is growing for the alternative另外的 theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest Coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americans prior to在…之前 the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s, most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americans because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged淹没的 part of the continent that extend into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of North America to what is today the state of Washington.
提出第二种可能性理论use watercraft从白令……（一条路线，我不太能看懂）能在冰雪融化之前进入美洲南部地区→直到了1 970年 考古学家不认为海岸线是一条迁移路线 （开始反对上面说的理论）、因为地理学家认为在冰河时代那海岸都是冰。。。（后面的我就没看懂）


The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmark's hypothesis received additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity in Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.
Knut Fladmark是海岸迁移路线最有影响力的拥护者。他的假设有例子来证实（美国西部地区语言的多样性）

More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age.信息点 反驳了第二段地理学家的想法 One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.
最近的研究→反驳第二段地理学家的想法。提出存在结冰地区和不结冰地区→在大概16000年前 冰开始融化给人和动物提供了海岸走廊


The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and others believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between 13,000 and 14,000 ago.
动物的发现→既然有动物，那么环境就适合人类生存→人类可能出现在13000-14000. 年以前。
The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction.



Q3 可以用的排除法。但是就算排除剩下了D。我还是觉得云里雾里的。求解释。
Q4. 结合上下文 结果理解错误，错选了B。正选A.
Q9. the discovery of the remains of large land animals supports the coastal hypothesis by providing evidence that
求解释
Q12 词汇题 impute 的意思是 促进 刺激。Incentive 刺激
Q13. 错了最后一个D.正选E.

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REFLECTION IN TEACHING









Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classroomspractice reflection的内容. Educators T. Wildman and J. Niles (1987) describe a scheme for developing reflective practice in experienced teachers. This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.作用
提出了practice of reflection 的内容和作用。


Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish-a subject on which there is little guidance指引 in the literature. They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years. They were concerned that many would be "drawn to these new, refreshing conceptions of teaching only to find that the void between the abstractions and the realities of teacher reflection is too great to bridge.why实验复杂的原因 Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy." The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent, manner.
W和N 做investigation。→发现问题所在void between the~~→
讲述了实验内容
Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner. They describe the initial understanding起初的理解、后面会有不同理解、容易形成对比题
in the teachers with whom they were working as being "utilitarian功利的...and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection." Teachers rarely have the time or opportunities to view their own or the teaching of others in an objective manner. Further observation revealed与前面观点不同。容易出考点 the tendency of teachers to evaluate评估 events rather than review the contributory factors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing outside the situation.
Reflection
需要老师什么什么能力去客观对待一件事情。（对sound ability 表示不解。）→ W和N开始认为老师是因为太功利和不够仔细去反思。→further observations 表明
老师更喜欢评价事物而不是站在事件之外去观察。

Helping this group of teachers to revise修订 their thinking about classroom events became central. This process took time and patience and effective trainers. The researchers estimate that the initial training of the same teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection.
帮助老师改变他们对课堂事件的认为成为重点→过程需要20到30小时→然后pracice他们的反思技巧同样需要这么多时间。

Wildman and Niles identify three principles that facilitate
vt.使变得(更)容易，使便利

reflective practice in a teaching situation. The first is support from administrators in an education system, enabling teachers to understand the requirements of reflective practice and how it relates to teaching students. The second is the availability of sufficient time and space. The teachers in the program described how they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give themselves the time they needed to develop their reflective skills老师觉得不爽的方面. The third is the development of a collaborative environment with support from other teachers. Support and encouragement were also required to help teachers in the program cope with与..相适应 aspects of their professional life with which they were not comfortable. Wildman and Niles make a summary comment: "Perhaps the most important thing we learned is the idea of the teacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simply because it is a good or even compelling idea对实验总结出的结论。
W和N 提出教学反思三个重点→ 1. 得到教学管理层的支持、使老师明白反思与教学的联系。2. 足够的时间和空间。3.老师之间的互相鼓励和支持。→W和N总结、我们学到的最重要的东西是老师并不会因为这是好的idea而去反思。


The work of Wildman and Niles suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficulties of instituting建立 reflective practice. Others have noted this, making a similar point about the teaching profession's cultural inhibitions about reflective practice. Zeichner and Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher as a (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher as a technician技术员, putting into practice the ideas of others. More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation什么比什么重要。易出考点. Becoming a reflective practitioner requires extra work (Jaworski, 1993) and has only vaguely 含糊地defined goals with, perhaps, little initially perceivable reward and the threat of vulnerability. Few have directly questioned what might lead a teacher to want to become reflective. Apparently, the most obvious reason for teachers to work toward reflective practice is that teacher educators think it is a good thing.老师进行反思的原因 There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect-for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.
W和N的工作表明。认识到开展反思实验的困难的重要性。→Z和L 指出inconsistency between the role of the teacher as a (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher as a technician, putting into practice the ideas of others（看不懂）→然后问why老师想去进行反思，因为教育学者认为那是件好事情。

Q1 词汇题。Justified 的意思是有正当理由的
可证明的。所以正选A supported
Q2 问的是反思的作用。正选B
Q3 词汇题 flourish 的意思是繁荣的。正选C succeed
Q4 不懂
求正解。我觉得A貌似没提到。
Q5 当时在B和D之间踌躇。后来才发现D说的是后面的内容。大家别被误导阿。
Q6 词汇题 objective是客观的公平的。正选A unbiased。
Q7 我选错了。正选C 当时我选的B。B是W和N认为的。并不是答案。
Q8 错选D.求正解为什么是A.
Q9 词汇题。Compelling 引起兴趣的（当时我觉得是强迫的意思。）persuasive。
Q10 当初用的是排除法。老觉得B怪怪的，可还是选了。现在还是觉得怪。求解释
Q11 句子信息意思。正选C
Q12 插入句。正选C.个人觉得没太大疑问。
Q13.个人问题。选错一个。

S酱UID：2883188

咱来看看呵呵
以下是我的解答
第一篇
Q9 the discovery of the remains of large land animals supports the coastal hypothesis by providing evidence that 这句在说已发现的大型陆生动物的残骸支持了这种coast假说，通过…

第二篇
sound ability就是很好的能力的意思
Q4 01不是直接提到的，但你可以从最后一句提取出来，最后一句是通过训练让教师能够脱离别人帮助独立做出好的reflection
Q8 3段说教师在试验中有一堆问题，4段说因此需要训练xxx，5段说除此之外还需要3个条件；4是接着3说的，因此选1

米爆爆UID：2892134

tpo 9的最后一篇。
                                     用时30分钟。错4个 .
因为简单，我就不弄结构了，就标出重点就OK了。
THE ARRIVAL OF PLANT LIFE IN HAWAII
When the Hawaiian islands emerged from the sea as volcanoes, starting about five million years ago, they were far removed from other landmasses. Then, as blazing sunshine alternated with drenching rains, the harsh, barren surfaces of the black rocks slowly began to soften. Winds brought a variety of life-forms.

Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. 第一个~ These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the Sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae.两者作用 It is significant that the earliest出现比较级 living things that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.




Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces,
作用。preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. These plants propagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spores are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient.出现but 后面的内容要细看 Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however,转折 the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.

Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Island were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth出现另一种
信息点说的就是后者和前者的不同。: the seed-bearing plants. This was a wonderful biological invention. The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients. Thus, the seed's chances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked spore看到这段话要立刻回头看上一句。上一句是重点，. One type of seed-bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming vegetation. In the angiosperm the seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of
these coats are hard-like the shell of a nut-for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a cherry举例了。问题肯定在这里出。. In some angiosperm the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion and milkweed seeds. These new characteristics offered better出现比较级。考点。 ways for the seeds to move to new habitats. They could travel through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many months.

Plants with large, buoyant seeds-like coconuts-drift on ocean currents and are washed up on the shores. Remarkably resistant to the vicissitudes of ocean travel, they can survive prolonged immersion in saltwater. When they come to rest on warm beaches and the conditions are favorable, the seed coats softer. Nourished by their imported supply of nutrients, the young plants push out their roots and establish their place in the sun. 一路漂泊然后生长

By means of these seeds, plants spread more widely比较级 to new locations, even to isolated islands like the Hawaiian archipelago, which lies more than 2,000 miles west of California and 3,500 miles east of Japan. The seeds of grasses, flowers, and blooming trees made the long trips to these islands. (Grasses are simple forms of angiosperms that bear their encapsulated seeds on long stalks.) In a surprisingly short time, angiosperms filed many of the land areas on Hawaii that had been bare.
Q1 词汇题 at random
随意的。正选D。我选错了B。悲剧。词汇问题
Q2 问的是共存的问题，fungi 从 algae那里得到什么帮助。正选A Algae帮它储存能量。
Q3 提炼句子意思。正选C
Q4.词汇题 abundantly 是多的意思。与B plentifully相符
Q5.词汇题
propagate 从上下文推断就是繁殖的意思。所以选A。
Q6问的是Lichen 之间的关系。从文中可知Lichen为Fern创造了好的合适的生存坏境。，因此选A。
Q7 指代题。 D选项中的Development 和文中的evolved相符、produce seeds和文中的 seed—bearing相符。所以选D。
Q8 选了BD.正解BC.后来才发觉文中有提到extra protection。粗心啊。、
Q9.例子的作用。我觉得是因为前面有Some of Some are 之类的，。所以就是说多样性。
Q10。词汇题。错得N冤枉。因为 dormant是我认识的单词。看选项的时候不知道为什么把inactive 看成inattractive。所以选了C。正选B.
Q11 问的是椰子为啥能跑那么远去繁殖。因为他能漂浮和忍受海水
所以选B。
Q12 问的是spore 和 seed 的相同之处。我在文中只瞄到spore能被风传播。但是貌似没看到seed能。。。。悲剧。。。错选D。。正选C 求正解。






我杯具。因为粗心错两个。悔过。。。。