【甚解小组】【TASK 4】原文抄抄抄之TRANSITIONS

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BBC News with David Legge

There have been violent clashes between protesters and the police in the Iranian capital Tehran as anti-government rallies were held in several different locations across the city. An Iranian news agency is reporting that one person was shot dead. Thousands of demonstrators took part in the protests, which were in part held to show solidarity with recent demonstrations in Tunisia and Egypt. Dozens of opposition supporters have been arrested, and electricity and mobile phone services have been cut off in central Tehran. Mohsen Asgari is a BBC employee in Tehran.

We can see hundreds of anti-riot police and security forces, and then they started to disperse the people by force, but people started to chanting slogans against the police. I could see a lot of clashes, severe clashes. Police started to launch tear gases and pepper gases. I myself was affected seriously.

Egypt has been hit by a wave of strikes and renewed protests, despite calls by the military authorities for a return to normality. In Tahrir Square in Cairo, crowds of new protesters thwarted attempts to remove the remaining anti-government demonstrators. Wyre Davies reports from Cairo.

Political reform may be coming in Egypt with the promise of free and fair elections, but there's realisation that economic reform may take much longer. In another televised address, the interim ruling military council appealed to all Egyptians to go back to work and warned that strikes and industrial disputes would damage the country. But across Egypt, thousands of largely working class state employees have been demonstrating for more pay.

A court in Ecuador has fined the American oil giant Chevron a reported $8bn for polluting a large part of the country's Amazon region. A lawyer for the plaintiffs said they'd been awarded the sum after accusing the Texaco oil company, which was bought by Chevron in 2001, of damaging swathes of the northern jungle. Chevron said it intended to appeal. Vanessa Buschschluter reports.

In 1993, lawyers representing 30,000 residents of the Amazon region argued that the Texaco oil company was responsible for dumping chemical-laden oil drilling waste in hundreds of small ponds in the Amazon river basin. The plaintiffs say the resulting pollution caused $27bn in damages from illness, deaths and economic loss. Now a judge has ruled in their favour, reportedly awarding them $8bn.

An assistant to the Russian judge who handled the recent trial of the dissident tycoon Mikhail Khodorkovsky has said the verdict and sentence were not his own, but were dictated to him. Natalya Vasilyeva, a spokeswoman for the court, made the claim in media interviews. The judge denied the allegation.

World News from the BBC

President Obama has laid out his annual budget, saying he's making tough choices to tackle the country's spiralling budget deficit, but there's already been a dismissive response from the Republicans. Adam Brooks reports from Washington.

The president said that under his new budget, government spending would be lower as a share of the economy than at any time in 50 years, and he said it would shrink the American government's enormous deficit. But Mr Obama's Republican opponents in Congress have already challenged these plans, saying they don't go nearly far enough to reduce government spending, and it's those Republicans, who now control the House of Representatives and hold the real power when it comes to spending. The budget always prompts a battle, but this one, which comes as America struggles out of recession and heads into a presidential election, will be more vicious than most.

The United States has accused the military-backed government in Burma of threatening the pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi and says this shows things haven't changed despite last year's election. A State Department spokesman said Burma claimed there was a new era but it was up to its old tricks. A commentary in Burma's state media said on Sunday that Aung San Suu Kyi and her party would meet what it called a "tragic end" if they stuck to policies including support for Western sanctions.

The United Nations Security Council has called for a permanent ceasefire between Cambodia and Thailand after clashes in their disputed border area killed at least eight people earlier this month. The council also expressed support for mediation efforts by Asean, the regional grouping of Southeast Asian nations.

Colombia says it's in talks with China to build an alternative to the Panama Canal, a rail link between Colombia's Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos told the Financial Times newspaper that the proposal was quite advanced. China has been increasing its investment and lending in Latin America.

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and then

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but there's already been...校园网抽风，超多网站没法登陆，能找到的几篇中TRANSITIONS一个比一个少，尴尬了，继续加油。

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Marine biology network launches into choppy waters
Sometimes good ideas take a while to be picked up. In 1872, Anton Dohrn, a pioneering German biologist, wrote a commentary in Nature proposing the foundation of "a net of scientific stations" along European coasts, focusing on marine biology (A. Dohrn Nature 5, 277–280; 1872 ). Almost 140 years later, an institute that bears Dohrn's name is leading a twenty-first-century realization of his idea.

The European Marine Biological Resource Centre (EMBRC) will launch this week at a meeting in Naples, Italy, with the Anton Dohrn Zoological Station in Naples (SZN) taking the lead. Linking 15 existing research centres in 8 countries (see 'Marine network'), the project will create an overarching organization for European research on marine biology, and provide model organisms for studying fundamental molecular biology and for screening drug candidates, for example. But the project has yet to secure the ambitious budget needed to realize its full potential.

Its goal is to make experiments on marine organisms as easy and common as those on mice or fruitflies. "Most of the molecular biology we know today comes from terrestrial species," says SZN president Roberto di Lauro. "Genetics has mostly focused on Drosophila or the mouse because they are very easy to grow in a lab." Yet, he points out, most of the world's genetic diversity is found at sea, and some marine species are becoming useful model organisms. The sea squirt Ciona intestinalis, for example, is one of the closest invertebrate relatives of humans and has had its genome sequenced, making it useful for a range of studies. Interest in marine organisms such as Ciona is growing rapidly outside the community of marine ecologists.



The EMBRC aims to select a few species as the best candidates to become modelo rganisms and develop technologies to grow them in artificial seawater, and to study and modify their genes. These organisms will be made available to other institutes or companies, along with the technology and support needed to study them. The centre could also produce strains of genetically modified organisms on request for institutes that want to grow them on their own premises, as now happens with rodents.

In the preparatory phase, lasting 3 years,

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'Walking cactus' is arthropods' lost relative
A clue to how arthropods — the group of more than a million invertebrate species that includes insects, spiders and crustaceans — evolved their distinctive jointed legs has been discovered in southwestern China.
Nicknamed the 'walking cactus' because of its spiny appearance, the Diania cactiformis fossil find is reported in a paper published today in Nature1. The animal belongs to the Lobopodia, a now-extinct group of animals resembling worms with legs, which may have been a relative of today's velvet worms. But it is the first species of that group found to have the jointed legs typical of Arthropoda.

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"A lot of scientists had long suspected that arthropods evolved from lobopodians," says Liu Jianni, a palaeontologist from the Early Life Institute at Northwest University in Xi'an, China, and currently at the Free University of Berlin, who led the work. "But we did not have a single fossil we could point at and say, 'This is the first lobopodian with jointed legs'."
She adds, "Now, with the 'walking cactus', we do. It is important because it could be seen as a missing link from lobopodians to arthropods."

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Legs before bodiesThe creature, which dates from around 500 million years ago, is about 6 centimetres long. It resembles a thin, soft-bodied worm, similar to the lobopodians. But it is also arthropod-like in that it has jointed legs — ten pairs in total. The researchers believe the legs had hardened surfaces, not unlike the tough surfaces of the articulated limbs of crustaceans or insects.

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The finding adds to our understanding of Arthropoda, a group that contains more than 80% of all known living animal species, and makes up the bulk of the tree of life. It could imply that arthropods developed hardened limbs before hardened bodies, say the researchers.

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Palaeontologist Simon Conway Morris of the University of Cambridge, UK, says the discovery of D. cactiformis provides important insights into the flourishing of new animal body plans during the period dubbed the Cambrian explosion, the sudden appearance — in geological time — of most major phyla around 530 million years ago.

Conway Morris says that the fossil "offers crucial evidence about the key step of moving from an effectively soft-bodied construction to an articulated exoskeleton — a breakthrough that would ultimately lead to such biological designs as the crab claw and the praying mantis".
Liu adds that the development of jointed legs was only one of three "critical steps" in the evolution of arthropods from lobopodians. She now hopes to find further Lobopodia fossils that show the development of both the arthropods' head and jointed body.

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Child Burial Provides Rare Glimpse of Early Americans
About 11,500 years ago, at a seasonal base camp in central Alaska, a 3-year-old child died. Its family burned the small body, perhaps ceremonially, in the house's central hearth, and then they moved on, never to use the home again.

Last year, archaeologists discovered the remains of the house and burial, providing a rare slice of life of the first Americans. Some aspects of the burial resemble those in both Siberia and North America, but in other respects the new find is completely unique. And it may ultimately reveal any genetic links between these early Alaskans and other so-called Paleoindians in North America.

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At least 14,000 years ago, humans began moving from Siberia into Alaska, crossing a land bridge over what is now the Bering Sea and then colonizing both North and South America. But the bones and burials of these ancient Alaskans are vanishingly rare, as are the remains of their houses. While excavating at the site of Upward Sun River, near the Tanama River in central Alaska, archaeologist Ben Potter of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, and his colleagues discovered the outlines of the foundation of a circular house, including a scattering of stone tools and animal bones on the floor and traces of posts that may have held up the walls and roof. As the team reports in this week's issue of Science, the center of the house was taken up with a large circular pit containing the fragmented, partially burnt bones of the child.

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Underneath the human burial, the team found the charred remains of fish including salmon, small mammals such as ground squirrels, and birds such as grouse—all apparently cooked in the hearth before the child was buried in it. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal puts the pit at about 11,500 years old; the eruption of the child's teeth suggests that it was about 3 years old when it died. The burial contained no grave goods, but two small pieces of ochre may have been part of a ritual burial ceremony.

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The team surmises that the site served as a summer residence for a small social group, in contrast to more temporary hunting camps typical of many other Paleoindian sites. The pit probably served as both a cooking hearth and a place to dispose of food scraps. But once the child died and its body was cremated there, the people apparently abandoned this house and hearth.

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From this era, archaeologists know of only one other burial in Alaska and also only one in Siberia. Two children were buried, one with ochre, in separate houses at the 13,000-year-old Siberian site of Ushki, although those bodies were not cremated. Cremations are known from two North American sites slightly later than Upward Sun River, Marmes in Washington state and Spirit Cave in Nevada, but they were not in houses. Upward Sun River is the only known site with a cremation inside a house, Potter says. "The constellation of behaviors is thus far unique in North America."

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Archaeologist John Hoffecker of the University of Colorado, Boulder, agrees. "It's a tremendously interesting find," Hoffecker says. "This is the first time we've seen anything like this so early."
Thanks to good cooperation with local Native peoples, who in some other cases have been wary of scientific analysis of ancient remains, Potter and his team are now analyzing ancient DNA from the child's bones, about 20% of which were not burned. (The local Healy Lake Tribe named the site Upward Sun River, or Xaasaa Na' in the local Athabascan language, and Potter changed his own name for the site to reflect theirs.) If scientists succeed in getting DNA from the child's bones, they might be able to compare it with other Paleoindian bones found farther south. That could give more detailed clues about the routes that the earliest Americans used as they spread down through North America and how closely related these early Alaskans were to ancient humans of the lower 48. "That would be a bombshell," Hoffecker says.

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Brain damage on the playing field
On 17 February, retired American-football player Dave Duerson committed suicide. The 50-year-old former defensive back for the Chicago Bears left this haunting note for his family: "Please, see that my brain is given to the NFL's brain bank." Then he shot himself in the chest, leaving his brain intact.

The brain bank Duerson referred to, located at Bedford VA Medical Center in Massachusetts, is funded by the US National Football League (NFL) and run by Ann McKee, co-director of the Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy at Boston University in Massachusetts. She and her colleagues have spent the past several years examining athletes' brains for signs of a neurodegenerative condition called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).

Whether Duerson had the disease is still unknown. But his note seems to imply that he feared the worst. Nature examines what researchers know about CTE, what they have yet to understand and what is being done to protect athletes.

What is chronic traumatic encephalopathy?
CTE is a neurodegenerative disease caused by repeated trauma to the head. "The head trauma usually occurs years, maybe even decades before the person become symptomatic," McKee says.

Symptoms of CTE tend to appear in midlife, after most athletes have retired. The signs may be subtle at first — apathy, depression, irritability. "A lot of times the spouse will notice that the husband — usually it is the husband — just isn't the person she married," McKee says. "They may have a short fuse. Small things make them go off." CTE can also cause cognitive problems and memory lapses. As the disease progresses, individuals with CTE may develop tremors, speech problems or dementia. Suicide and erratic behaviour also seem to be associated with the condition.

Who is at risk?
Signs of CTE were first observed in boxers more than 80 years ago. Back then, trainers described affected fighters as being "punch drunk" or "slug nutty". The first evidence of CTE in an American-football player emerged in 2002, when neuropathologist Bennet Omalu, now co-director of the Brain Injury Research Institute at West Virginia University in Morgantown (which houses a separate brain bank), examined the brain of former NFL player Mike Webster.

back then    那个时候

"Anyone who is exposed to mild repetitive head trauma is vulnerable," McKee says. That includes American-football players as well as rugby, football (soccer) and hockey players, boxers, wrestlers, soldiers, victims of physical abuse and 'head bangers' at rock concerts. A 2009 review1 by McKee and her colleagues even includes a case of CTE in a person with dwarfism, who had been knocked out a dozen times while participating in 'dwarf-throwing' contests.

as well as  也


Researchers are still trying to sort out how many hits it takes for an individual to develop the disease and how forceful those hits have to be. Worryingly, McKee's research suggests that even multiple mild blows that don't cause symptoms of concussion may be enough to trigger CTE. And some people may be more susceptible genetically than others.

How is the disease diagnosed?
The only way to definitively diagnose CTE is though a post-mortem examination of the brain. The disease leaves a distinct signature: microscopic clumps of tau proteins. Normally, tau proteins help to stabilize the hollow tubes called microtubules that help give cells their shape. But in patients with CTE, the tau proteins become tangled. This happens in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease as well, but the two conditions are distinct. People with CTE don't have the extensive plaques characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. And their tau clumps tend to be patchier, McKee says.

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McKee and her colleagues hope to be able to identify CTE in living athletes. One promising avenue of research involves searching for biomarkers such as tau proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients. Brain-imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or diffusion tensor MRI might also prove useful, she says.

How common is it?
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No one knows. In a paper published this year2, McKee and her colleagues note that 321 professional football players died between February 2008 and June 2010. The team examined the brains of 12 of those players. All 12 showed signs of CTE.
What is being done to reduce the risk of CTE?
The NFL acknowledges that a link exists between head injuries sustained on the field and the onset of neurodegenerative diseases later in life. In 2009, the league implemented a rule that players exhibiting any sign of concussion must be sidelined for the day. And on 23 February, the NFL announced that next season it will use a new evaluation tool to diagnose concussions that will include a symptom checklist, a limited neurologic exam and cognitive evaluation, and a balance assessment.

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Still, eliminating head injuries from football or other contact sports could prove exceedingly difficult, says Gary Solomon, a neuropsychologist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. "I don't think we're ever going to have a concussion-proof helmet."

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Friday Focus - Carling Cup final preview

Arsenal and Birmingham meet in Sunday's Carling Cup final both looking to end frustrating spells without silverware.

The Gunners have the chance to win their first trophy since the FA Cup in 2005 while Birmingham have not lifted a major honour since the 1963 League Cup.

"I don't know if not winning a trophy for a few years puts more pressure on us," said Arsenal boss Arsene Wenger.

"All I do know is that when you go into a final you desperately want to win it and we will try to do so."

In a Wembley showpiece final to be shown on BBC One, BBC One HD and this website, the Londoners are clear favourites but Blues manager Alex McLeish insists his team must believe they can upset the odds.

"Nine times out of ten Arsenal should win against Birmingham, but there is always the chance the bookies won't get it right and we plan that that to be today," he told BBC 5 Live's Sportsweek.


Wenger insists Arsenal's six-year trophy drought will not be a factor in the match, adding: "I don't know if not winning a trophy for a few years puts more pressure on us or not.

"All I do know is that when you go into a final you desperately want to win it and we will try to do so."

Arsenal are second in the Premier League, are in the FA Cup fifth round where they have a home replay against Leyton Orient on Wednesday and they lead Barcelona 2-1 going into the second leg of their last 16 Champions League tie at the Nou Camp on 8 March.

They have been defeated only once in their last 17 matches in all competitions.


FOOTBALL TACTICS BLOG
Personally I think you need to play a couple of strikers to really test Arsenal

Former Arsenal defender Martin Keown
"We have belief, confidence and are committed," Wenger added.

"How big this trophy is everyone will rate differently. I am confident that we've been, up to now, the most consistent team because we're still in everything. So it will convince the team they can deliver more."

Arsenal will be without injured captain Cesc Fabregas and winger Theo Walcott for the final , although Wenger is confident the squad's strength in depth will compensate for their absence.

"When you look at the squad we have and the number of players we have available, we have enough quality players to deal with that," he added.

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McLeish relishes chance of winning first English trophy
Defender Bacary Sagna insists the Gunners are not scared of finally seizing the opportunity for some silverware.

"Every year we have been really disappointed and it is hard to start the season knowing you could have won something in the past," the full-back said.

"But we have grown up as a team, we are wiser and now in the final. It has taken time, but we are on a good way to being successful."

McLeish, meanwhile, is confident that his team can surprise the favourites at Wembley.

"We have to play our own style and that can hopefully upset Arsenal. It's 11 v 11, they're not superhuman.

"I can't guarantee that we'll win it but I can guarantee that we believe we can, and we certainly can win it, and it will come down to the performances on the day."

The former Rangers boss added: "We have a plan. We can't play like Barcelona but we'll try to impose our own style and make it tough for Arsenal and be ready to nullify that brand of football. At same time we hope to give them problems overall.

"If every man gives it his all then I can have no complaints, whatever the result."

His side, who may be without injured ex-Arsenal midfielder Alexander Hleb for the final , are sitting only three points above the Premier League relegation zone.

However, McLeish said they will not be thinking of their predicament on Sunday.

"The league is the bread and butter and the consequences of falling out of it are costly," he continued.

"But we're in final and want to win that. It's a wonderful occasion but we want to make it more than that and make it successful."

Meanwhile, Blues winger Sebastian Larsson believes his former club now have that toughness about their game alongside their silky skills.

He said: "Arsenal are not the type of team you can kick off the park anymore.

"They are very physically strong now and you can forget about just playing that tactic. They have shown they have an extra hardness this season so that is not the approach we will take."

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Government starts high-speed rail consultation

The government is to begin its consultation on the proposed high-speed rail line from London to Birmingham.
The route would cut journey times by around half an hour, with work due to begin in 2015 if the plan is approved.

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Opponents argue that the £17bn scheme will be a waste of money and that updating the existing West Coast mainline would be a better investment.
But Transport Secretary Philip Hammond says the high-speed line (HS2) will mean a £44bn boost for the UK economy.

The project - introduced by Labour and continued by the coalition government - has proved highly controversial, with many living along the proposed route complaining that it will damage the environment.
'National interest'

Groups campaigning against the scheme will demonstrate their disapproval on Monday by lighting a chain of beacons at beauty spots through which HS2 is scheduled to pass.

Opponents include not only residents' groups and local councils but some Tory MPs, while the rail industry and business are in favour of the line.

Government documents being released later will give more details about the project.
Mr Hammond said: "HS2 will be a piece of national infrastructure which will bring benefits to Britain as a whole.
"Of course we will do everything we can to mitigate the impacts on areas like the Chilterns but projects like this have to be decided on the basis of the national interest and the overall net benefits it will bring to Britain."

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Mr Hammond will outline the case for HS2 at a conference in Birmingham.
There are plans to extend the line to Manchester and Leeds.
Last week almost 70 business leaders, including CBI director-general John Cridland and former British Airways chief executive Willie Walsh, gave their backing for HS2.
But Lizzie Williams, chairman of the Stop HS2 group, called the project "a complete waste of taxpayers' money when we can least afford it".

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Australia keeps rates at 4.75% as inflation fears abate

Australia's central bank has left interest rates unchanged as it forecast inflation will remain within its target this year.
The Reserve Bank of Australia left its main rate at 4.75%, the fourth month in a row that it has not altered borrowing costs.
It said a number of factors, such as a strong currency, were limiting price growth.

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However, analysts voiced fears that inflation may pick up in coming months.
Stephen Roberts of Nomura said that he expects to see more evidence of accelerating inflation over the next month or two.
"I see two rates hikes this year, with the second one around September," Mr Roberts added.

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Price pressure
Australia's economy has been growing steadily driven by a boom in commodities and low unemployment rates.
That has led to an increase in domestic demand, which some analysts fear could put upward pressure on consumer prices.
Earlier, the Australian Bureau of Statistics reported a stronger-than-expected increase in retail sales.

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Sales in January rose by 0.4% from the previous month, the bureau said.
At the same time, there are fears that the damage caused by extensive flooding in Queensland may also affect the prices of essential commodities, helping speed up inflation.

At the same time  同时

'Production losses'
However, the central bank played down these concerns.
"Production losses due to weather are temporarily raising prices for some agricultural produce, but these should fall back later in the year," the bank said.
"Overall, looking through these temporary effects, the Bank expects that inflation over the year ahead will continue to be consistent with the 2-3% target," it added.
The central bank added that other factors would also help keep prices in check, not least the exchange rate, an earlier decline in wages growth and strong competition in some key markets.

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