习作2篇，生平第一次写ISSUE.求修改。

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第一篇TOPIC: ISSUE160 - "The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little."
WORDS: 148
TIME: 00:45:00
DATE: 2011-2-21 20:55:24
看的出来吧，时间到时我才写了148个词，严重超时。
It is no doubt that committing to particular principles and objectives consistently are a noble quality in many situations. However it will lead to obstinacy and monopoly if leaders stick to their primary opinions excessively and reject others' advice. Insisting some principles and aims are essential quality with some measure and concrete context. I am disagreeable with the above viewpoint.
What is the most essential quality of an effective leader can not be thrown out easily. Necessary qualities that leaders should have are too much to state. It is hard and unwise to determine which is the most significant. In reality the quality is flexible according to diverse situations. On the way to the accomplishment people may be trapped in all sorts of predicaments, though they are facing same vexed problem. Why does this happen? Leaders are driven to different emotional world because of their respective characters when dealing with problems. I think about the responsibilities of general project managers as soon as I saw the argument. The duty of managers is leading team members to attain final goals through whatever methods. They must and have to adjust normal principles if reality improve the present way do not work on time. As the most smart and sophisticated person of the team, manager design their course and distribute the task to every member. What is more the whole team will discuss together and get feedback. The manager decide next step and whether change the directions to reach the aim according to people’s feedback. Thus the argument the leader influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little is not correct.
Maybe the emphasis of steadier and persistence are obstacles to hesitated people. The ability of insistence is the key point to learn of in future. When it comes to the circumstance that individual principles and custom are contradicted to the goals, the leader would make a decision whether dumping personal principles to carter to ordinary tastes or insisting their character to give the accomplishment they pursuit. Were the profits always made by only one powerful team taking orders from a single genius leader? No, collaboration and compromise are necessary for no expertise operates in a vacuum instead it interacts in ways that can be understood in context of variety of disciplines. The key figures governing their affairs are increasingly playing a role of intermediary among many aspects and are taking the responsibilities of corporation. Whether in politic scene or economic realm, leaders consider their directions profoundly if being eager to accomplish something. Committing to internal principles or accepting to be influenced by popularity were resulted from sense and logics.
In sum up, it is wrong to sticking to selfhood for enjoying the feeling of being authentic. How to making the right choice are determined by reality and reasoning not for protecting dignity. Sharing taste and ideas with popularity is not beneath leaders’ dignity. Truth may be mastered by both common people and elite.

第二篇
TOPIC: ISSUE204 - "We learn through direct experience; to accept a theory without experiencing it is to learn nothing at all."
WORDS: 161
TIME: 00:45:00
DATE: 2011-2-26 2:43:05

It is no doubt that direct experience is a sort of way for learning. Direct experience, limited by time and space, provide one an opportunity to gain a more accurate understanding of a matter. Knowledge from direct experience leaves a more vivid expression than that which remains only a theory. However, studying a theory even without experience may acquire something worthwhile. No one can deny the fact that abundant knowledge are gained from books, as well as the results of countless other people’s systematically arranged direct experience. Reading books is an effective shortcut to enrich our knowledge and broaden our horizons.
In general those significant and majesty theories are from thousands of assays to which the scientists devoted painstaking effort. The results of their research are included in some certain curriculum. Knowledge has been set to cater to diverse gradations scientifically according to respective intelligent level. To mid-school students, practicing the theories such as mathematic formula, geography maps for solving problems is required skill. But understanding fully that how the predecessors attain the achievement of the theories is no need and out of intelligence.
There are some special situations in the context of humanity culture. Some theories are seldom to be tested or improved. They are utterly from thoughts of individual hypothesis. It means that the only one who can have direct experience is creator self or no one. For example people are not able to acquire direct experience about the knowledge involving Big Bang theory, and have no chance to test or practice the exactness of cosmography. Do learners grasp opportunities of travelling in cosmic space or locating themselves to circumstance described as the space in predecessors’ book? As far as I know the writers of cosmic hypothesis seldom have direct experience of cosmos. But this does not influence their theories’ spread.
In sum, whether indirect experience or that from others is valuable. No one is able to returning to Ancient times to quest history truth. Nobody can testify the exactness of cosmic hypothesis.
In sum, the exploration to unknown is doomed to be meandering. We human could behave better by combining direct experience with knowledge from others and taking theories to realizable practice.
去高人修改，我已经很久不知道自己英语到底在哪个水平位置上了。不知深浅，参加GRE，说来话长。