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The Roman Army's Impact on Britain

In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.



Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.



Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. Some of the demand for the services and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn from far afield, but some local people certainly became entwined in this new economy. There was informal marriage with soldiers, who until AD 197 were not legally entitled to wed, and whole new communities grew up near the forts. These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.



The army also provided a means of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. Such units recruited on an ad hoc (as needed) basis from the area in which they were stationed, and there was evidently large-scale recruitment within Britain. The total numbers were at least 12,500 men up to the reign of the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), with a peak around A.D. 80. Although a small proportion of the total population, this perhaps had a massive local impact when a large proportion of the young men were removed from an area. Newly raised regiments were normally transferred to another province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever return. Most units raised in Britain went elsewhere on the European continent, although one is recorded in Morocco. The reverse process brought young men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of service, and this added to the cosmopolitan Roman character of the frontier population. By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.



This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.

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paragraph 1【In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. 】Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.

        1Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
        （题干两个意思，1停留在新省（推断出是英格兰），2产生巨大影响）
○Many Roman soldiers remained in Britain after conquering it, and their presence had a strong influence.
○The new Roman province of Britain seemed to awaken in the first century A.D. as the local economy improved.（少）
○Camps, fortifications, and economic change contributed to the Roman conquest of Britain.（无）
○With the conquest of Britain by Roman troops, the Roman Empire gained considerable economic strength.（无）

   2According to paragraph 1, the Roman army had the most influence on these areas of Britain that were
○conquered first （无）
○near population centers
○used as military bases （Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential和下一句 military bases 的改写  ）
○rapidly incorporated into the empire（无）

3According to paragraph 1, what effect did military occupation have on the local population?
○It encouraged more even distribution of the population and the settlement of previously undeveloped territory（The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals.对应但是，对象不对，原文中不是针对local population）
○It created discontent and made continuing military occupation necessary（ so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.
）
○It required local labor to construct forts and feed and exercise the soldiers' animals.（无）
○It provied local leaders with opportunities to participate in governance（反）

4The word"suppress" in the passage is closet in the meaning to
○respond to
○warn against
○avoid the impact of
○stop by force 镇压反叛，就是暴力停止

（第一段，结构分析
In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy.【抽象的首句，同时是总起句，提示下文的几个要点，camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy】 Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country.【影响不均衡，P那里强，那里弱，哪方面强】 Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. 【影响弱】Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. 【影响强，P哪方面强】The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. 【经济方面的影响】The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. 【政治方面的影响】This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.【影响的结果】

requisition
n.        征用；(财产或材料的正式)征用令；申请书

vt.        征用,征发
imposition
n.        强加,被迫接受；过分的要求,不合理的负担； 税收

paragraph 2Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.

5The word"friction" in the passage is closet in meaning to
○rebellion
○conflict
○neglect
○crime

6The author mentions" 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead" in order to
○describe the kinds of tasks soldiers were required to perform as punishment for disloyalty or misdeeds（punishment无中生有）
○illustrate some of the duties assigned to soldiers to keep them busy and well-behaved when not involved in military compaigns（Hence提示原因在前面，When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty的精确改写）
○provide evidence that Roman soldiers had a negative effect on the local area by performing jobs that had been performed by native workers（negative错，从下一句，可以推断是正面作用）
○argue that the soldiers would have been better employed in the construction of infrastructure such as roads（better无中生有）

第二段
Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. 【承接上文，经济影响，并且用substantial spending power说明原因】Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. 【分支P那两个】Its large population needed food and other supplies.【第一个影响，人口->食品和其他供给】 Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area.【两个供给，远程和当地】 Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy.【当地供给方式，导致经济改变】 When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. 【第二个影响，原因士兵闲置的危害】Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. 【解决危害的办法，建设】Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.【产生的结果，access to remote areas远程供给】

substantial
adj.        坚固的; 结实的；大量的, 可观的；重大的, 重要的；实质的, 基本的, 大体上的

paragraph 3Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. Some of the demand for the services and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn from far afield, but some local people certainly became entwined in this new economy. There was informal marriage with soldiers, who until AD 197 were not legally entitled to wed, and whole new communities grew up near the forts. These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.
7The phrase "entitled to" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○given the right to
○able to afford to
○encouraged to
○required to

8According to paragraph 3, how did the soldiers meet their needs for goods and services?
○Their needs were met by the army, and all of their economic transations took place within the forts
○Most of their needs were met by traveling tradespeople who visited the forts
○During their days off, soldiers traveled to distant towns to make purchases
○They bought what they needed from the artisans and traders in nearby towns

第三段
Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. 【pay工资的问题，没地方花钱】The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates.【过度的现金，刺激壁垒外的经济】 Some of the demand for the services and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn from far afield, but some local people certainly became entwined in this new economy.【影响对象，对野外和当地人】 There was informal marriage with soldiers, who until AD 197 were not legally entitled to wed, and whole new communities grew up near the forts. 【婚姻，产生新的town】These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.【town演化】
Entwine

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paragraph 4The army also provided a means of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. Such units recruited on an ad hoc (as needed) basis from the area in which they were stationed, and there was evidently large-scale recruitment within Britain. The total numbers were at least 12,500 men up to the reign of the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), with a peak around A.D. 80. Although a small proportion of the total population, this perhaps had a massive local impact when a large proportion of the young men were removed from an area. Newly raised regiments were normally transferred to another province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever return. Most units raised in Britain went elsewhere on the European continent, although one is recorded in Morocco. The reverse process brought young men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of service, and this added to the cosmopolitan Roman character of the frontier population. By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.

9According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of Britain's auxiliary regiments of the Roman army?
○Membership in these regiments reached its highest point during the reign of the emperor Hadrian（H的时间不在peak范围内）
○Most of the units recruited in Britain were sent to Morocco and other stations outside Europe （most）
○Soldiers served in the regiments for many years and after retirement gengerally stayed where they had been stationed（此题提到两个去处，选项只提到一个）
○Most of the regiments stationed on the frontier were new units transferred from a neighboring province（Newly raised regiments were normally transferred to another province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever return.的改写）

10According to paragraph 4, all of the following changes could be seen in the frontier garrisons by the later Roman period EXCEPT
○Membership in the units passed from father to son（service in units became effectively hereditary）
○Fewer soldiers were stationed at the forts（only rarely transferred）
○Soldiers usually were not transferred to different locations （only rarely transferred）
○Frontier units became more effective and proficient （were no longer populated or maintained at full strength 与proficient相反）

第四段
The army also provided a means of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment.【军队对个人改善，承接结婚？】 Such units recruited on an ad hoc (as needed) basis from the area in which they were stationed, and there was evidently large-scale recruitment within Britain. 【招募的地方】The total numbers were at least 12,500 men up to the reign of the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), with a peak around A.D. 80.【招募的人数，peak】 Although a small proportion of the total population, this perhaps had a massive local impact when a large proportion of the young men were removed from an area. 【巨大影响】Newly raised regiments were normally transferred to another province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever return. 【解释巨大影响，遣散的对象去处1回家】Most units raised in Britain went elsewhere on the European continent, although one is recorded in Morocco. 【2其他地方】The reverse process brought young men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of service, and this added to the cosmopolitan Roman character of the frontier population.【去其他的士兵的影响】 By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.【罗马后期的，壁垒的变化】
auxiliary
adj.        辅助的, 补充的; 备用的
on an ad hoc basis (as needed)
regiment
n.        (军队的)团；大量的人或物

vt.        严格地管制; 严密地编组

cosmopolitan
adj.        世界性的
hereditary
adj.        (生物学中)遗传的；世袭的; 承袭的
whence
adv.        从何处,从那里


paragraph 5This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.

11Why does the author mention that "some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain"?
○To emphasize the degree to which the stability of the British northern frontier depended on firm military control（无）
○To suggest that the Romans continued to occupy Britain even after they had formally given up the right to do so（无）
○To support the claim that fort continued to serve an important economic function even after they ceased to be of any miliary use（economic无中生有）
○To describe one of the things that resulted from frontier garrisons' becoming part of the local community over a long period（This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. ）

12The word "circumstances" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○experiences
○communities
○conditions
○laws

Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. ■ Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. ■ Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. ■ When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. ■ Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.

13Look at the four squares[■ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
One solution was to keep them busy as sources of labor
（solution对应问题，从When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty.可以抽象出问题）

Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. ■Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. ■Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy.■ When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. ■Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.

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