美国公务员知识简介！

军舰鸟UID: 2475992

我在美国读国关，在这个论坛上的很多人将要去美国读国关，我想大家应该有个清醒地认识吧，去美国读国际关系，你是不能考人家的公务员的。但是对于美国的公务员是怎么选拨的，有兴趣的了解下也不错，这不我们学院招生办发出来的给美国同学的就业机会，在这也想和大家共享，让国人对美国人的公务员选拔也有个了解吧。
Federal Employment Information Fact Sheet:
How Federal Jobs are Filled

Many Federal agencies fill their jobs like private industry by allowing applicants to contact the agency directly for job information and application processing. Previously the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) maintained large standing registers of eligibles and required applicants to take standardized written tests. In addition, applicants completed a standard application form, the SF-171 to apply for all jobs. Today OPM no longer maintains registers of eligibles and only a few positions require a written test. The SF-171 is obsolete and no longer accepted by most Federal agencies. The new Federal application form is Optional Application for Federal Employment, OF-612, http://www.opm.gov/forms/pdf_fill/of612.pdf. In lieu of submitting an OF-612, applicants may submit a resume. Another change is that job seekers do not need a rating from OPM to enable them to apply for non-clerical vacancies. But, while the process is now very similar to that in private industry, there are still significant differences due to the many laws, executive orders, and regulations that govern Federal employment.
COMPETITIVE AND EXCEPTED SERVICE - There are two classes of jobs in the Federal Government: 1) those that are in the competitive civil service, and 2) those that are in the excepted service.
Competitive service jobs are under OPM's jurisdiction and subject to the civil service laws passed by Congress to ensure that applicants and employees receive fair and equal treatment in the hiring process. These laws give selecting officials broad authority to review more than one applicant source before determining the best-qualified candidate based on job-related criteria. A basic principle of Federal employment is that all candidates must meet the qualification requirements for the position for which they receive an appointment.
Excepted service agencies set their own qualification requirements and are not subject to the appointment, pay, and classification rules in title 5, United States Code. However, they are subject to veterans' preference. Some Federal agencies, the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) have only excepted service positions. In other instances, certain organizations within an agency or even specific jobs may be excepted from civil service procedures. Positions may be in the excepted service by law, by executive order, or by action of OPM.

军舰鸟UID: 2475992

1# 军舰鸟 接着上面的，
SOURCES OF ELIGIBLES - In filling competitive service jobs, agencies can generally choose from among 3 groups of candidates:
1) A competitive list of eligibles administered by OPM or by an agency under OPM's direction. This list consists of applicants who have applied and met the qualification requirements for a specific vacancy announcement. It is the most common method of entry for new employees.
2) A list of eligibles who have civil service status consist of applicants who are eligible for noncompetitive movement within the competitive service because they either now are or were serving under career-type appointments in the competitive service. These individuals are selected under agency merit promotion procedures and can receive an appointment by promotion, reassignment, transfer, or reinstatement.
3) A list of eligibles that qualify for a special noncompetitive appointing authority established by law or executive order. Examples of special noncompetitive appointing authorities include the Veterans' Recruitment Appointment (VRA) and Peace Corps.
- Agencies in the competitive service are required by law and OPM regulation to post vacancies with OPM whenever they are seeking candidates from outside their own workforce for positions lasting more than 120 days. (Agency, in this context, means the parent agency -- i.e., Treasury, not the Internal Revenue Service.) These vacancies are posted on OPM's USAJOBS.

军舰鸟UID: 2475992

continued 2：
SAJOBS, the Federal Government's Employment Information System, provides worldwide job vacancy information, employment information fact sheets, job applications and forms on-line. It has on-line resume development and electronic transmission capabilities. Job seekers can apply for some positions on-line. USAJOBS is updated every business day from a database of more than 30,000 worldwide job opportunities and is available to job seekers in a variety of formats to ensure access for customers with differing physical and technological capabilities. It is convenient, user friendly, accessible through the computer or telephone and available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

USAJOBS consists of: INTERNET - The official world-wide-web site for jobs and employment information is http://www.usajobs.gov.

The Online Resume Builder feature allows job seekers to create on-line resumes specifically designed for applying for Federal jobs. Applicants can use the resume builder to create, print, save, edit for future use, or send by fax or mail to employers. Many of the hiring agencies will accept electronic submissions of resumes created through USAJOBS for vacancies listed on the web site.

AUTOMATED TELEPHONE SYSTEM - An interactive voice response telephone system which can be reached at 1/703-724-1850 or TDD 1/978-461-8404. By telephone, job seekers can access current job vacancies, employment information fact sheets, applications, forms, and apply for some jobs.

A posted vacancy is an agency's decision to seek qualified candidates for a particular vacancy. The agency is under no obligation to make a selection. In some instances, an agency may cancel the posting and choose to reannounce the vacancy later.

AREA OF GEOGRAPHICAL CONSIDERATION - The area of consideration is listed on the vacancy announcement and is the source from which the agency will consider candidates. The agency may designate whatever area of consideration it considers appropriate. A candidate who is outside the area of consideration will not be considered.

VETERANS' PREFERENCE - Veterans' preference recognizes the economic loss suffered by citizens who have served their country in uniform in times of strife, restores veterans to a favorable competitive position for Government employment, and acknowledges the larger obligation owed to disabled veterans.
Historically, Congress has reserved preference for those who were either disabled, who served in combat areas or during certain periods of time.

Veterans who qualify as preference eligibles (meaning they typically must have served on active duty for at least 2 years during a period of war or in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge is authorized, or be disabled) are entitled to an additional 5 or 10 points added onto their earned rating in a competitive civil service examination. In all other situations (for example, selection from a merit promotion list or other "internal" action such as reassignment, transfer, or reinstatement), veterans' preference is not a factor.

Veterans' preference was intended to give eligible veterans an extra assist in getting a job with the Government and in keeping it in the event of a reduction in force. Veterans' preference does not guarantee the veteran a job. Veterans' preference should not be confused with the special appointing authorities such as the VRA which allow eligible veterans to be appointed noncompetitively to the competitive service.

THE VETERANS EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ACT (VEOA) - This act gave preference eligibles or veterans with 3 or more years of continuous active service access to jobs that might otherwise be closed to them. When an agency advertises for candidates outside its own workforce under merit promotion procedures, it must allow these veterans to apply. Of course, all applications are subject to any area of consideration that the agency has specified on the vacancy announcement. VEOA applicants are not subject to a geographical area of consideration limitation.



Government wide Hiring Programs for Students – Many Federal agencies hire students using the Student Career Experience Program (SCEP) and/or the Student Temporary Employment Program (STEP). STEP is a short-term (i.e., no longer than one year) opportunity by which eligible students work in a Federal agency doing a variety of jobs, not necessarily related to their academic field of study. SCEP represents the possibility for a longer term career path, by which eligible students work in a Federal agency in an area related to their academic field of study; after completion of their academic and work requirements, students may be eligible for permanent employment. These are not centralized programs in which one "overall" application is submitted. Agencies hiring SCEP or STEP candidates may post their announcements on this site, but are not required to do so. Students should also check on individual agency sites and/or with their school’s career services center/academic advisors.
Presidential Management Fellows Program - For more than three decades, the PMF Program has been the Federal Government’s premier leadership development program for advanced degree candidates. In contrast to the programs described above, this is a centralized program with a yearly application cycle. Additional information can be found by visiting: www.pmf.gov
Pathways Programs: The Way Forward - While SCEP and STEP are currently the primary programs for student entry into the Federal government, they will be evolving in the near future. On December 27, 2010, President Obama signed Executive Order 13562, entitled "Recruiting and Hiring Students and Recent Graduates." For more information on this exciting new program, please go to: www.opm.gov/hiring reform/pathways. These new programs will not be operational until new regulations are implemented towards the end of 2011. Until the new regulations are implemented, agencies may continue using the STEP and SCEP programs.
Entry Level Employment upon Graduation – If you are close to graduation and looking for a Federal opportunity after you receive your degree, it is helpful to target your search to entry-level positions on the site's home page. Most, but not all, positions in the Federal government use the General Schedule (GS) for pay. You can target your search to the GS levels that are typically considered "entry level" for Federal employment. For example, individuals with an Associate's degree or equivalent will generally be considered at the GS-4, with a Bachelor's degree at the Grade 5 (GS-7 with superior academic achievement), with a Master's degree at the GS-9, and a PhD at the GS-11. See chart for details. Simply search for jobs you qualify for and follow the instructions on how to apply.

myoyoUID: 3123837

其实,我比较奇怪...为什么读国关要考公务员呢........我自己和周围准备出国的同学也没有这样的想法诶