[分享]孙远上课补充的issue新题提纲（在page5上72楼有下载链接）

icyrayUID: 139286

（I 之后的是补充讲义上列出的提纲，II 之后的是我上课写断了手记下来的，有的并不是完整的句子，体会意思就可以啦……，供大家参考）

icyrayUID: 139286

1.”Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.”
I.
Position: The doubts and contrasting views of others are beneficial in general.
A.        Criticism from others may strengthen our belief in an idea and thus reveal the value of that idea from new perspectives.
B.        Since original ideas tend to meet with stubborn resistance from people with vested interests in the status quo, it is especially important for us to defend our ideas with courage.
C.        On the other hand, we may also be persuaded to modify or even give up our ideas.

II.
Position: Oversimplify the way of discovering the value of an idea.
A.        The statement is meaningful when it suggests that original ideas tend to differ from the popular opinion, thus arouse criticism from others. (Darwin)
B.        However, it is possible that people can come to agreement on a valuable idea.
C.        It is also possible that we may be forced to admit the demerit of our ideas.
D.        The best way to test the value of an idea is to put it into practice.

icyrayUID: 139286

2. “If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens.”
I.
Position: Encouraging individuals to pursue their own interests tend to foster the overall success of a society.
A.        The United States serves as a successful example of putting the well-being of its individual citizens before its overall success.
B.        On the contrary, history witnesses many societies that suffered stagnancy due to their oppressing the well-being of individual citizens.
C.        However, overemphasizing the interests of individuals may prove counterproductive.

II.
Position: Normally, encouraging individuals to pursue their own interests tend to foster the overall success of a society.
A.        The US serves as a successful example of putting the well being of its individual citizens before its overall success. Preserve the interest of individual, make sure individual pursue happiness in their lives.
B.        On the contrary, history witnesses many societies that suffered stagnancy due to their oppressing the well being of individual citizens. (Collectivism, former socialism countries such as Eastern European countries collapsed.)
C.        However, overemphasizing the interests of individuals may prove counterproductive. (There are times when individuals should sacrifice their own interest for the good/benefit of the society, for instance, during the war time Ford 汽车公司 stopped all its cars product line for the production of military uses.)

blake_wangUID: 9871

好感动哦，左手还是右手。

icyrayUID: 139286

3. “National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults.”
I.
Position: Children should receive much more attention from government than they do today.
A.        There is no need to decide whether national government should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults since adults and children are two side of the same coin.
B.        Yet there is good reason to argue that children should receive much more attention from government than they do today.
C.        Investing in children is investing in the future of society.

II.
Position: Children should receive much more attention from government than they do today.
A.        There is no need to decide whether national government should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults since adults and children are two sides of the same coin. 文化背景的差异：中/美. The meaning of family varies between culture and culture. In China, the statement is almost meaningless; people regard parents and children as a whole while in the USA it is not the same case.
B.        Yet there is good reason to argue that children should receive much more attention from government than they do today. In all societies we should realize that children are physically vulnerable and financially dependent.
a.        Physically vulnerable. Physically abuse by adults or guardians. Government should step in and help these children such as setting up programs to prevent family violence.
b.        Financially dependent. Government should support the orphans.
C.  Investing in children is investing in the future of society.

icyrayUID: 139286

双管齐下，哈哈

icyrayUID: 139286

4. “Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world.”
I.
Position: Those who are devoted to carrying out social reforms must be prepared for setbacks and frustrations.
A.        Any serious reform is bound to cause changes to the status quo.
B.        When a reform causes damage to the vested interests of certain individuals or social groups, the person who initiates the reform will naturally confront resistance form those people.
C.        However, it is of great importance for the leader of a reform to win the support of as many people as possible.

II. 赞同，限定：应赢得大众的支持。
Position: Those who devoted to carrying out social reform must be prepared for setbacks and frustration.
A.        Any serious reform is bound to cause changes to the status quo. (1. economic interests. 2. social position.)
B.        When a reform causes damage to the vested interests of certain individuals or social groups, the person who initiates the reform will naturally confront resistance form those people. (邓小平。 成功：Franklin D Roosevelt (New Deal 新政) 失败：王安石变法)
C.        However, it is of great importance for the leader of a reform to win the support of as many people as possible.

立花道雪UID: 114678

28篇 开了头 就走上了不归路了
辛苦了

icyrayUID: 139286

有二次断手之感……
服务大众服务大众，呵呵

立花道雪UID: 114678

4  B 补遗
New Deal
laissez faire (自由放任的经济政策)
C
讲究策略
采取渐进式改革evolutionary 这里提到邓 改革前开展真理标准讨论
王安石 措施激进 失败

icyrayUID: 139286

5. “Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals.”
I.
Position: It is society as individuals rather than a whole that defines us and our attitudes.
A.        The society that acts upon us consists of concrete individuals.
B.        It is the people who are physically connected with us that directly shape our values and attitudes.
C.        People with whom we can never get in touch also intellectually influence us.

II.
Position: It is society as individuals rather than a whole that defines us and our attitudes.
A.        The society that acts upon us consists of concrete individuals.
B.        It is the people who are physically connected with us that directly shape our values and attitudes.
C.        People with whom we can never get in touch also intellectually influence us. (Confucius, Marx, Beethoven.)

icyrayUID: 139286

还望多多补充啊，
孙远越说越快，越说越简单，后面中文越来越多了，
哈哈，还是以中文思考问题快啊

立花道雪UID: 114678

5
B parents peers instructors
C补充
可以通过阅读书籍 瞻仰故居 超越时间和空间和远方的人交流思想

icyrayUID: 139286

6. “Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives. ”
I.
Position: People are drowned in information but thirst for knowledge.
A.        People are preoccupied with the tremendous amount of dramatic news about international conflicts that flood the mass media, but show little interest in the root causes of these problems.
B.        The tons of small pieces of information on the Internet are generally factual, but few of us have the time or ability to comprehend them.
C.        However, there is no denying that easy access to information made possible by technology also broadens people’s horizons.

II. (孙远认为Contemporary technology可以看作是Electronic media)
Position: People are drowned in information but thirst for knowledge.(孙seem to 为这一说法感到自豪啊，呵呵)
A.        The electronic media has made it possible for people to have access to enormous amounts of information.
B.        The information provided by the electronic media is mostly fragmented. (举某个网站上的新闻的例子，比如sohu)
C.        It is highly necessary today to develop technology to help people comprehend the information.
(这个和讲义上的非常不一样的。)

icyrayUID: 139286

7. “People in position of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint in the use of that power. ”
I.
Position: Restrain in the use of power often proves more effective than the abuse of power.
A.        Exercising caution and restraint in the use of power is to avoid unnecessary costs and risks.
B.        Irresponsible use of power will ultimately backfire.
C.        A leader lead best who does not lead.

II.
Position: Restrain in the use of power often proves more effective than the abuse of power.
A.        Business: management, respecting employees.
B.        Education: encouragement is more effective than punishment.
C.        Politics: compromise is the rule, negotiation.
D.        However, it is necessary to use power resolutely. (the appeasement toward Hitler of the UK and France. 二战时期的绥靖政策。)