【 寄托No.1】杀G小组第一次作业——写一遍阅读笔记

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2-1, section B 长文章
Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures. Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation. Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance. Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.      
第一段的结构其实个人觉得不难，总分结构，而且很清晰。在文中蓝色字体标出。理解其实觉得还可以，毕竟对我这些东西平时接触不多，channel technological development，直接理解成了通道技术发展，包括四个合法的方法：特殊引导，市场影响，防止犯罪，决策结构的改变，并一一解释了。特殊引导是政府的，而且范围很广；市场影响没看太明白。。。。只看明白了这种改变是通过税收来满足技术支出的费用；防止犯罪，可以通过技术改变人类的行为；决策结构的改变包括了所有可能的调整，看的时候我特别注意了这个all….后来发现有点白瞎。。。
Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources. When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity.当某个东西达到了资源最优化分配，合法方法的联合使用就应该实施了，这些方法的大部分都会产生新的allocation，而如果没有市场活跃下产生资源造成的外来消费，这些allocation就会产生。 There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them.22题答案
第二段说这些方法的运用需要取决于资源是不是达到了最优化分配，并解释。说明如果有消费者和卖家定价，而价格又不能涵盖某些由物品生产和使用的费用，就会产生外来消费，并总结这些开销都在消费者买东西时包括了已经。
Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease: these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all. Such externalities lead to nonoptimal resource allocation, because the private net product and the social net product of market activity are not often identical. If all externalities were internalized, transactions would occur until bargaining could no longer improve the situation, thus giving an optimal allocation of resources at a given time. 如果所有外来消费都被涵盖了，直到交易不能改善情况，transaction就会出现，19题的答案。
第三段以air pollution 为例，举出了资源不合理分配，提到空气污染造成的危害没有定价。得出结论：这些没有做到最优化的资源分配是因为私人和社会产物没有被认识清楚。
17.        The passage is primarily concerned with describing
(A) objectives and legal method for directing technological development
(B) technical approaches to the problem of controlling market activity
(C) economic procedures for facilitating transactions between buyers and sellers
(D) reasons for slowing the technological development in light of environmentalist objections   
(E) technological innovations making it possible to achieve optimum allocation of resources
选A， 我选了E，主题把握的问题，觉得不难，当时就关注optimum allocation of resources了。。。。。
18.        The author cites air pollution from motor vehicles in lines 54-56 in order to
(A) revise cost estimates calculated by including the costs of resources
(B) evaluate legal methods used to prevent technological developments
(C) give examples of costs not included in buyer-seller bargains
(D) refute hypotheses not made on the basis of monetary exchange values  
(E) commend technological research undertaken for the common welfare
选C。 举例说明。
19.        According to the passage, transactions between private buyers and sellers have effects on society that generally
(A) are harmful when all factors are considered
(B) give rise to ever-increasing resource costs
(C) reflect an optimal allocation of natural resources
(D) encompass more than the effects on the buyers and sellers alone  
(E) are guided by legal controls on the development of technology
选D，我选了C。做题的时候就光记着optimum allocation of resources了。。。坏习惯
20.        It can be inferred from the passage that the author does NOT favor which of the following?
(A) Protecting the environment for future use
(B) Changing the balance of power between opposing interests in business
(C) Intervening in the activity of the free market
(D) Making prices reflect costs to everyone in society   
(E) Causing technological development to cease
E,觉得直接没有提到关于技术发展停滞的问题
21.        A gasoline-conservation tax on the purchase of large automobiles, with the proceeds of the tax rebated to purchasers of small automobiles, is an example of
(A) a specific directive
(B) a market incentive modification
(C) an optimal resource allocation
(D) an alteration of a decision-making structure
(E) an external cost
选B，我选了C，现在我也没有弄明白，我觉得就是C，因为我觉得他提到了汽车污染是资源不合理分配的问题。。。求正解
22.        If there were no external costs, as they are described in the passage, which of the following would be true?
(A) All technology-control methods would be effective.
(B) Some resource allocations would be illegal.
(C) Prices would include all costs to members of society.
(D) Some decision-making structures would be altered.   
(E) The availability of common goods would increase.
选C，见文中。细节
23.        The author assumes that, in determining what would be an optimal allocation of resources, it would be possible to
(A) assign monetary value to all damage resulting from the use of technology
(B) combine legal methods to yield the theoretical optimum
(C) convince buyers to bear the burden of damage from technological developments
(D) predict the costs of new technological developments   
(E) derive an equation making costs depend on prices
选A，觉得是从汽车污染那个例子出来的
24.        On the basis of the passage, it can be inferred that the author would agree with which of the following statements concerning technological development?
(A) The government should own technological operations.
(B) The effect of technological development cannot be controlled.
(C) Some technological developments are beneficial.
(D) The current state of technological development results in a good allocation of resources.     
(E) Applications of technological developments are criminally destructive.
选C，当时蒙对的，看着像，呵呵。

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No.2-1
Section1
在没有进入verbal复习前的试验品吖试验品
上面sennil跟我做同一篇，发完认真看看。。。写得完全摸不着头脑，见谅。

Extended debate concerning the exact point of
origin of individual folktales told by Afro-American
slaves has unfortunately taken precedence over analy-
sis of the tales meaning and function. （主题句：和第一句话相同）
Cultural continuities with Africa were not dependent on importation and perpetuation of specific folktales in their pristine（原始的） form. It is in the place that tales occupied in
the lives of the slaves and in the meaning slaves
derived from them that the clearest resemblances to
African tradition can be found. Afro-American slaves
did not borrow tales indiscriminately from the Whites
among whom they lived. Black people were most
influenced by those Euro-American tales whose func-
tional meaning and aesthetic appeal had the greatest
similarity to the tales with deep roots in their ances-
tral homeland. （表达作者意图很多的一句话开始了）Regardless of where slave tales came
from, the essential point is that, with respect to lan-
guage, delivery, details of characterization, and plot,
slaves quickly made them their own.

17. The author claims that most studies of folktales
told by Afro-American slaves are inadequate
because the studies
   (A) fail to recognize any possible Euro-
     American influence on the folktales叉，过于绝对且太小
   (B) do not pay enough attention to the features
     of a folktale that best reveal an African
     influence    叉，无提及
   (C) overestimate the number of folktales
     brought from Africa by the slaves 叉，无提及
   (D) do not consider the fact that a folktale can
     be changed as it is retold many times 叉，是讲起源和派生的问题
   (E) oversimplify the diverse and complex tradi-
      tions of the slaves ancestral homeland
正确答案：B
做错了。。。
18. The author’s main purpose is to
   (A) create a new field of study 感觉没有创造新的什么论点，像在婆婆妈妈地解释不是这样哒，是那样哒，又是为什么吖。。
   (B) discredit an existing field of study  没有人专门写一篇东西来怀疑吧，或者说总要怀疑后提点东西出来那个才是正确的写作目的吧。。
   (C) change the focus of a field of study 最后一句话
(D) transplant scholarly techniques from one
     field of study to another 无关无提及的感觉
    (E) restrict the scope of a burgeoning new field
     of study  无关无提及的感觉
正确答案：C
19. The passage suggests that the author would
regard which of the following areas of inquiry as
most likely to reveal the slaves’ cultural continu-
ities with Africa?
    (A) The means by which Blacks disseminated
     their folktales in nineteenth-century
     America
    (B) Specific regional differences in the styles of
     delivery used by the slaves in telling
     folktales
    (C) The functional meaning of Black folktales
     in the lives of White children raised by
     slaves
    (D) The specific way the slaves used folktales to
     impart moral teachings to their children
    (E) The complexities of plot that appear most
     frequently in the slaves’ tales
正确答案：D错了还觉得自己挺有道理。。。
又错了。。

20. Which of the following techniques is used by
   the author in developing the argument in the
   passage?
   (A) Giving a cliche a new meaning 明显不是
   (B) Pointedly refusing to define key terms  文章貌似没有这里的关键字
   (C) Alternately presenting generalities and
     concrete details 没有很多concrete details
   (D) Concluding the passage with a restatemen
     of the first point made in the passage  我看文章理解的时候是这样的。。
   (E) Juxtaposing statements of what is not the
     case and statements of what is the case
正确答案：E

做完的感觉：不太长，但句子很多蛮长，尤其第一句。然后句子里面包含的意思有很多层，逻辑比较复杂，要我三分钟弄明白现在是不可能的，我做了个15分钟都可能有，连分析。选项也很绕弯。单词倒基本上都懂，但是可能有些理解不彻底导致出错的，但感觉是理解的速度和思维跟不上。

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20. Which of the following techniques is used by
   the author in developing the argument in the
   passage?
   (A) Giving a cliche a new meaning 明显不是" E; M5 u5 J; R' q: c8 Q
   (B) Pointedly refusing to define key terms  文章貌似没有这里的关键字& L: q, p5 y$ X0 U5 q# S: m9 P$ g5 E1 V
   (C) Alternately presenting generalities and
     concrete details 没有很多concrete details
   (D) Concluding the passage with a restatemen
     of the first point made in the passage  我看文章理解的时候是这样的。。
   (E) Juxtaposing statements of what is not the 6 k9 F5 Z7 }; h8 e
     case and statements of what is the case : D2 Q6 y7 ]# |% e( W
正确答案：E
琼央 发表于 2012-1-31 20:24

你在群上讲，不知道怎么分析的就是这个题吧？？
用你自己的话说“感觉没有创造新的什么论点，像在婆婆妈妈地解释不是这样哒，是那样哒，又是为什么吖。。”
这不就是E选项吗？？？

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14# 846136085
呵呵，受教了，多谢多谢啦

琼央UID: 3236722

18# 846136085
所以我只做对了这道题。。

846136085UID: 2987171

21# 琼央
…………