自己的阅读36套思路分析笔记---每日更新

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最近每天在研究阅读，觉得开始做出了感觉。抓作者思维和文章逻辑层次是解题的关键。
这里开个帖子积累自己每天的阅读笔记。

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Exercise 6

最后一篇文章

When the same parameters and quantitative theory
are used to analyze both termite colonies and troops
of rhesus macaques, we will have a unified science of
sociobiology. I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them. Consider termites and macaques. Both form cooperative groups that occupy territories. In both kinds of society there is a well-marked division of labor. Members of both groups communicate to each other hunger, alarm, hostility, caste status or rank, and reproductive status. From the specialist‘s point of view, this comparison may at first seem facile—or worse. But it is out of such deliberate oversimplification that the beginnings of a general theory are made. (134 words)

现象解释型文章
文章结构为 第一句主旨，第二句给出作者态度，赞成相似点，以下为举例说明相似点，可以略读，最后一句为态度，有保留的赞成。

12. Which of the following best summarizes the
author‘s main point?
(A) Oversimplified comparisons of animal
societies could diminish the likelihood of
developing a unified science of
sociobiology.
(B) Understanding the ways in which animals as
different as termites and rhesus macaques
resemble each other requires train in
both biology and sociology.
(C) Most animals organize themselves into
societies that exhibit patterns of group
behavior similar to those of human
societies.
(D) Animals as different as termites and rhesus
macaques follow certain similar and
predictable patterns of behavior.
(E) A study of the similarities between insect
and vertebrate societies could provide the
basis for a unified science of sociobiology.
主旨题，从作者支持的similarity直接选E
13. Select the sentence in the passage in which the author
suggests that There are significant structural
differences between insect and vertebrate societies
at first glance句

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The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890‘s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been
Line precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier--that is,
5 the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. Actually, however, new lands were taken up for farming in the United States throughout and beyond the nineteenth century. The emphasis of the presumed disappearance of
10 the American frontier obscured the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century. Huge tracts of land were being settled and farmed in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and in
15 the American West, and these areas were joined with one another and with the countries of Europe into an interdependent market system. Consequently, agrarian depressions no longer were local or national in scope, and they struck several nations whose internal frontiers had
20 not vanished or were not about to vanish. Between the early 1870‘s and the 1890‘s, the mounting agrarian discontent in America paralleled the almost uninterrupted decline in the prices of American agricultural products on foreign markets.
(198 words)

这篇我认为是新老观点型。
逻辑思路
先提出老观点，农民不满是因为没有可用土地
但是事实上有可用土地，
那么原因如何呢？第三句给出了国际贸易。
以下为国际贸易的影响，

这里有个地方不明白，
国际贸易与边境是否开放，以及农民不满是什么关系？

10. The author implies that, after certain territories
and countries had been joined into an
interdependent market system in the
nineteenth century, agrarian depressions
within that system
(A) spread to several nations, excluding those in
which the internal frontier remained open
(B) manifested themselves in several nations,
including those in which new land
remained available for farming
正确答案，
new land
remained available for farming=internal frontiers had not vanished?
为什么？

(C) slowed down the pace of new technological
developments in international
communications and transportation
(D) affected the local and national prices of the
nonagricultural products of several nations
(E) encouraged several nations to sell more of
their agricultural products on foreign
markets

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Initially the Vinaver theory that Malory‘s eight romances, once thought to be fundamentally unified. were in fact eight independent works produced both a
Line sense of relief and an unpleasant shock. Vinaver‘s
5 theory comfortably explained away the apparent contradictions of chronology and made each romance independently satisfying. It was, however, disagreeable to find that what had been thought of as one book was now eight books. Part of this response was the natural
10 reaction to the disturbance of set ideas. Nevertheless, even now, after lengthy consideration of the theory‘s refined but legitimate observations, one cannot avoid the conclusion that the eight romances are only one work. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the
15 theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist.
(154 words)

这片文章特别有趣，绕了好多转折。好，现在我们来一个一个的看这些转折
第一句话
第1 Initially 的观点 M8R unified
第2转折 然而 V人认为 eight independent works
第二句话
V人解释 独立的原因
第3转折
发现 是一本书， 为什么呢，部分因为有些人被从前第1的观点所影响了
第4转折， 还是发现是一本书
第5，表明作者态度，并非不同意V人的独立理论，乃是对implication不同意
即有保留的反对，或者不情愿的赞同
逻辑思路抓清楚了，才能很快的解题

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author
believes which of the following about Malory‘s
works?
□A There are meaningful links between and
among the romances.
□B The subtleties of the romances are obscured
when they are taken as one work.
□C Any contradictions in chronology among the
romances are less important than their over-
all unity.
6. The author of the passage concedes which of the
following about the Vinaver theory?
(A) It gives a clearer understanding of the unity of
Malory‘s romances.
(B) It demonstrates the irrationality of considering
Malory‘s romances to be unified.
(C) It establishes acceptable links between Malory‘s
romances and modern novels.
(D) It unifies earlier and later theories concerning
the chronology of Malory‘s romances.
(E) It makes valid and subtle comments about
Malory‘s romances.
7. Select the sentence in the passage that suggests that, in
evaluating the Vinaver theory, some critics were
initially biased by previous interpretations of Malory‘s work.

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希望有同学可以加入，我们一起来做啊。

Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which
Line scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus,
5 for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic
10 effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the
15 differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach. Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians
20 depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. (177 words)

现象解释型吧
文章很简单，思路明显，题目也不难。
文章思路如下
第一句，ts
第二句， for instance，讲imperfect approximation对于数学家是个shock，他们追求specification。
第三句，讲物理学家，相反的，他们维持不完全性。
第四句，作者态度，对skepticism是正的。

文章有个小对比，就是数学家和物理学家的不同，不过题目没有考。

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Ex 2

A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems
from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist
system—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists
as a means of controlling workers. M人论点是种族歧视是资本主义独有的。
His thesis works
relatively well when applied to discrimination against
Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial
prejudice as ―racially-based negative prejudgments
against a group generally accepted as a race in any
given region of ethnic competition, can be interpreted
as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as
the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval
Europe. 但是他的观点含有对。。。人的不好情绪
However, since prejudice against these latter
peoples was not inspired by capitalists, he has to reason
that such antagonisms were not really based on race.
他需要说明这种对立不是在种族基础上的。
He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of both the
intolerance faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism
and the early twentieth-century discrimination against
Oriental people in California, which, inconveniently,
was instigated by workers.最后一句举例子。

这篇文章的逻辑是
M人认为 P=R=C
事实上
P不等于C
所以根据M人的思路，他必须证明
P也不等于R
这样第二道题目就选择E

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E3.1

The dark regions in the starry night sky are not
pockets in the universe that are devoid of stars as
had long been thought. Rather, they are dark because
Line of interstellar dust that hides the stars behind it.
5  Although its visual effect is so pronounced, dust is
only a minor constituent of the material, extremely
low in density, that lies between the stars. The average
density of interstellar material in the vicinity of our Sun is
1,000 to 10,000 times less than the best terrestrial
10  laboratory vacuum. It is only because of the enormous
interstellar distances that so little material per unit of   
  volume becomes so significant. Optical astronomy
  is most directly affected, for although interstellar gas
is perfectly transparent, the dust is not. (125 words)

新老观点型，

我的结构分析为
1, 老观点
2, TS
3, minor
4, low density
5, distance

首先提出长久以来的老观点，接着，事实上，提出新观点，之后解释说明。
其中第2题要格外注意，选项中有些看似和原文一样，其实不同。不要看到有原文的词汇就选择。

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哦哈~沙发哦~~