【GRE作文互助组】冬涧苦雪的作业帖---issue提纲

冬涧苦雪UID: 3277513

8月7日，issue提纲，49.58.42

49 Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own.

Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.

(+)ts想法相投确实会促进人学习，总得到不同意见的打击有妨碍学习的可能。
  人都喜欢被肯定，意味着努力和自我价值得到认可，希望继续，就会更努力；而打击会让人有很自然的逃避反应，有可能击退求知热情，阻碍进步。
例子？
分析
（-）但是不同意见导致的压力不一定会阻碍进步。
（1）对待批评态度不同，压力产生的效果就不一样。乐观派：变压力为动力；消极派：一蹶不振
Eg
例子分析：
（2）不同意见产生压力的同时促进自己的反思。通常人们很难发现自己的缺点，他人指出是一个很好的方式，尽快发现错误，而且可以拓宽思路。
Eg 身边事例，做杂志，排版和文章编辑自己以为很完美了，朋友指出主题隐晦和细节问题，促使全面反思，调整。而且有不同意见继续商讨，最后发行上线，得到好评。
分析：没有朋友及时指出，可能质量就会大打折扣，正是批评让人冷静，反思，进步。
（-）即使批评阻碍进步，也不能说意见相同促使进步。
总是得到别人认可、夸奖，会导致自满、浮躁，阻碍进步。
Eg
（合）进步取决于很多因素，不止于别人的意见如何，心态、性格、奋斗目标、个人努力程度等等。

58 Learning is primarily a matter of personal discipline; students cannot be motivated by school or college alone.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

观点：在承认学校对学生学习有影响的前提下，强调，学习主动性还是在学生
1 学校，作为外界因素，会一定程度影响学生的学习。
学校的学习氛围会影响学生学习状况。
Eg图书馆、自习室、讲坛、竞赛，形成氛围，活动的参与中，促进求知。
学校为学生提供的平台会影响~
国际、国家级赛事、国际交流生机会，促进进步。
2 主要因素还是学生自身。
哲学角度出发，解决问题关键在于解决主要矛盾。对于学习这件事，self discipline就是主要矛盾。不但可以利用有利的外部条件，还可以客服不利条件。
Eg 马可尼 家庭教育 无学校氛围 在自己的兴趣上读大量著作，做实验；无学校实验室条件，主动请教，虚心学习，获得试用书馆和实验室的权力。
无氛围，动力，自制，利用好的客服坏的。
3？

42 Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

观点：同意，且要注意提问要在思考的基础上提问。
1 善于质疑促进学生学习。
1.1 养成不迷信权威的学习品质
1.2 激发学习兴趣

2 被动接受的缺点。
2.1 不是真正掌握知识，在实践中会发现各种矛盾，知识体系崩盘，全面怀疑。
2.2 接受各种观点各异的思想，鱼龙混杂，不能形成自己的东西。
2.3觉得知识海洋太大，庞杂无序，接受不过来，丧失信心兴趣。

3 不过，要注意：
3.1不能过于盲目而率性地提问，有思考，有意义。
3.2即防止接受一切，也防止怀疑一切

冬涧苦雪UID: 3277513

28 The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.
观点，国家实力衡量指标随时代不同而变化
.提纲：
1 在古代，衡量国家实力最主要在军事和经济实力，其中，精英的贡献显得十分关键，远非人民福利。
Eg 列举古代文明
2 现代，人民福利越来越重要，但不是最确切的指标。
民主政体的作用下，人民福利越来越重要。但是过多的人民福利会引发社会弊病
Eg 如现在的欧洲经济危机
过高福利导致高度财政负担，经济活力萎靡不振
3 很多因素综合，没有一个最确切的指标。

                                                      
101 Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.
提纲
（+）教学中新技术的应用的确会有些负面作用
        比如教师过分依赖课件，讲课死板；
        学生过分依赖电脑完成作业，书写能力下降；
        多媒体的应用影响学生潜心学习，分散注意力。
（-）但是首先要明确real learning的含义。（探索未知世界，追求真理，掌握已有的理论和技术）电脑等新技术的应用是可以帮助实现这个目标的。
（-）而且，在新时代的求知过程中，如果一味坚持老方法，只能起到相反地作用。
120 Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation must be the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.
Reason: Great achievements by a nation's rulers, artists, or scientists will ensure a good life for the majority of that nation's people.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.
（同28）

冬涧苦雪UID: 3277513

8月9日 issue5.19.80
5 Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive.
Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.
观点：issue中观点不可行
（+）主城市是国家发展最前沿，生产力高，文化水平高，值得更高投资。而且在国际上，是一个国家的主要代表。
（-）传统文化不仅保留在主要城市，甚至很多国家，远离现代中心。
资助之下，主要城市很少保留文化传统，而是向全球化、趋同化迈进。
（-）限于国家财力，不可能全力支持主要城市发展。
会造成的恶果：贫富差距加大，地区发展严重不平衡，社会危机。
19 Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.
观点：未来和眼前要兼顾
（+）眼前问题具有紧迫性，要给以足够关注。
（-）考虑未来的问题相当于做各方面的战略计划，十分重要。使资源有效利用安排。发展方向明确。民众可以对政府有效监督，提高凝聚力。
（-）没有这种战略计划，现在的问题也解决不好。同时，很多未来问题很快会变成当前的棘手问题。比如资源和环境。


80 Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.

大纲：首先，承认政府资助有史以来都是促进艺术发展得一大要素

         其次，指出不足：信息不对称会造成资源分配不合理；艺术家会受到政治压力，影响艺术的完整性。
         最后，以美国国家艺术基金会为例，建议合理化艺术资助体系

冬涧苦雪UID: 3277513

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冬涧苦雪UID: 3277513

23 Governments should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.
提纲：
（+）科学本身的性质要求研究的自由。曾经政治影响带来的恶果。
（-）科学家的强烈好奇心和探索热情会有时会超出道德底线、理性范畴。（克隆人）
科学带来的正负后果需要政府裁夺。（转基因食品）
（-）政府责任，保证纳税人权益，要对科学限制。
74 Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.
（+）由于时代特点的不同，即使是类似事件也不能从历史经验全盘照抄。如经济危机
（-）有很多争议的事情都可以从历史中获得启发，得到答案。（如美国现在孤立主义）
（-）人性的一贯性，很多缺点是继承而来的。如自负、骄傲等，这些缺点导致的恶果在历史上屡见不鲜，应引起当代人警戒。
12 Governments should offer a free university education to any student who has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition.
Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.
（+）很多品学兼优的孩子缺失就是因为经济压力不能继续教育。
     特别对于发展中国家，高等教育普及化对提升人们素质，强国意义重大，而这种贫困生又不少，所以这种政策尤其必要性。
（-）但是可实施性很弱。对所有贫困生都资助，一方面国力不堪重负；另一方面，很难判定贫困生申请的真实度。
（折中方案）首先在贫困地区、少数民族，弱势群体实施，保证经济的可持续性。
            其次，通过适当减税方式鼓励企业捐助，同时孤立个人和慈善机构。

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