行文逻辑中的前因后果：辨析cause and effect

imongUID: 140258

这几天打算稍微找一些和逻辑的东西关系紧密一些的参考文献给大家看看 :) 下面这个主要是说Cause and Effect的。（新概念4里面有一课讲的是噪音，曾经有一个句子好像是fail to distinguish the cause from the effect，当时感觉很够劲儿。btw，动词是recognize还是tell还是distinguish来着？记不清楚了。）

from http://www.delmar.edu/engl/wrtctr/handouts/cause_effect.htm

The Cause and Effect Essay  

What is a cause and effect essay?

Cause and effect essays are concerned with why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects). Cause and effect is a common method of organizing and discussing ideas.

Follow these steps when writing a cause and effect essay:

1. Distinguish between cause and effect. To determine causes, ask, "Why did this happen?" To identify effects, ask, "What happened because of this?" The following is an example of one cause producing one effect:


Cause Effect
You are out of gas. Your car won't start.

Sometimes, many causes contribute to a single effect or many effects may result from a single cause. (Your instructor will specify which cause/effect method to use.) The following are examples:

Causes Effect


choose to major in accounting

liked business in high school  
salaries in the field are high
have an aunt who is an accountant  
am good with numbers  



Cause


reduce work hours  Effects
less income
employer is irritated  
more time to study
more time for family and friends  

However, most situations are more complicated.

The following is an example of a chain reaction:

Thinking about friend…forgot to buy gas…car wouldn't start…missed math exam…failed math course.

2. Develop your thesis statement. State clearly whether you are discussing causes, effects, or both. Introduce your main idea, using the terms "cause" and/or "effect."

3. Find and organize supporting details. Back up your thesis with relevant and sufficient details that are organized. You can organize details in the following ways:

Chronological. Details are arranged in the order in which the events occurred.
Order of importance. Details are arranged from least to most important or vice versa.
Categorical. Details are arranged by dividing the topic into parts or categories.

4. Use appropriate transitions. To blend details smoothly in cause and effect essays, use the transitional words and phrases listed below.

For causes

because, due to, on cause is, another is, since, for, first, second

For Effects

consequently, as a result, thus, resulted in, one result is, another is, therefore

When writing your essay, keep the following suggestions in mind:

Remember your purpose. Decide if your are writing to inform or persuade.

Focus on immediate and direct causes (or effects.) Limit yourself to causes that are close in time and related, as opposed to remote and indirect causes, which occur later and are related indirectly.

Strengthen your essay by using supporting evidence. Define terms, offer facts and statistics, or provide examples, anecdotes, or personal observations that support your ideas.

Qualify or limit your statements about cause and effect. Unless there is clear evidence that one event is related to another, qualify your statements with phrases such as "It appears that the cause was" or "It seems likely" or "The evidence may indicate" or "Available evidence suggests."

To evaluate the effectiveness of a cause and effect essay, ask the following questions: What are the causes? What are the effects? Which should be emphasized? Are there single or multiple causes? Single or multiple effects? Is a chain reaction involved?

LiunaUID: 150270

感觉不仅对作文有帮助
对生活中分析利弊 做出决定也有帮助
不过 感觉需要一定时间的练习才能掌握并在规定的作文有限时间内完成
多谢 斑竹