issue157 (No. 1) welcome to evaluate jxking's essaya and you are appreciated.

jxkingUID: 141801

157. "There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All  
observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's  
expectations or desires."

Some people take for granted that there exists a thing of absolutely objective observation. Yet, a careful examination would reveal that this is not the case under most circumstances.  For example, people are always think of that smoking is harmful to health, not only because it can cause a great many of fire disaster, which leads to huge loss of both life and physical treasure, but also because it can result in numerous disease such as asthma, lung cancer, hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and so on. In short, it is disadvantageous in every aspect. However, a new finding through ten years clinical survey indicates that  most people who smoke have little chance to get Parkinson's disease, or their attack  time is relative later than those who does not smoke, which serve as the control group. In this case, we have good reasons to doubt the validity of the antecede judgment that smoke is harmful in all respects.

Many people may sincerely believe that they can always observe a thing objectively. However, one does not has to go very far to see that almost all the observation is subjective. A good case in point is history. As one of a famous profess in my university has once said (and here I retail): "when we talk about history, people are always suppose that such and such a case is the true fuse of an event which is always written into textbooks, while it is, to a large extent, the historicizers themselves who create it, rather than truly objectively recorded. For instance, there are only three persons who can really articulate the "Xi'an incident", because they are protagonists in this event. Of them, two has been dead, therefore, there left only general ZhangXueliang who now still alive, living in American. He has claimed to publish the real reason of that history event at the year of 2005. Hardly would he publish that important secret when all the history textbooks then would definitely be modified". What this professor would like to emphasis is that most observation, thought accepted by many people or even put into books, are by no means as accurate as itself. In some sense, it is the view of point of an individual or a group of individuals.

Another misconception that many people may hold is that they can observe a thing without other purpose. But they fail to notice that the observation is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires. As we know, when a patient goes to hospital due to certain disorders, different doctors would undoubtedly recommend him make different adjuvant examinations after primary physical examination. To illustrate, for diagnosis of a patient who share the symptom of palpitation and hematemesis, a respiratory doctor who doubt lung carcinoma would ask him to do X ray and CT examination, while a cardiovascular doctor who consider angina pectoris would demand him do ECG (electrocardiograph), and a endocrinology doctor who guesses endocrine disorder would insist him do a hormone test, and so on. In all, doctors of respective department would first take into account the disease attributed to their field. Seldom would a respiratory doctor first consider hepatic disease, and neither could a hepatic doctor first think of genitourinary disease, and so on. In short, all the doctor diagnosis a disease, more or less, with their expectations or desires that this patient might got such and such a disease, within the confine of his clinic experience and fundamental knowledge.


----后记
期末考试终于晚结束了，小憩了两日，开始为2月9号的考试奋斗了， 幸好有一群G友与我并肩作战。

1.  我有一位兄弟叫赵志成现在在天津新东方正上G班， 昨日下午，他介绍给我一种新的写作思路：  
叫”打外围“。我美其名曰“拨洋葱皮”。 这种写作思路一反以往孙远和教我的作文教师的写作思路，不求甚解，不要求写得特别有深度， 而是就题目展开， 尤其适用于题目较长和较晦涩难懂我们无从下手时， 它先是将长的题目解剖成一个个意群（或是句子，或是短语，或是小到词语），他说什么我们就按他的意思写，比如本题我就把他理解为三个句子，每个句子一个意群：（1）. There is no such thing as purely objective observation. （2）. All observation is subjective; （3）. it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires. 不用在意题目本身的整体的意思， 也不管他用什么标点来划分句子，我们想怎么理解就怎么理解，不必担心跑题，因为我们用它的句子稍加句式变换，意思是按他的走的。分隔完了意群就可以在正文部分展开写了。

2.  论证书法照旧, 我一般常用的就10种：fact/example, life experience, anecdote/case/story, authority/quotation, analogy, statistics, imagination/suppose, deductive reasoning, cite, counterevidence. 当然最好用的还是5种： 例证，引证， 反证，类比，引申。

3. 还有我自认为正文每段也要有结构：主题句（即分论点）------展开论证-----适当总结论证或作必要的升华。

4. 当写完正文三段时， 我发现字数太多了（578字），开头和结尾还没写，正文肯定不能写的太多了。
字开始练习ＧＲＥ作文来，正是废话见多，有时候太投入，打都打不住。所以我建议还是先写提纲。对文章的整体有把握。有开头，有正文，有结尾。正文又有分论点１．２．３．哪断详细写，那段简略写，要心中有数。我现在就是下笔就收不住。但是不是在规定时间写完的（多达100分钟,shit!），正式考试肯定来不及，容不得我优哉游哉。

5. 我兄弟还给我介绍了其他的写法，到我遇到适当题目是我在就题论之，希望G友们与我多多交换意见和心得， 多我的文章多加评论，give me more valuable advise and suggestions。

6. 最后请教大家有没有好的开头和结尾句式可以分享一下， 我那几个开头句式我写得都没脸再用了。
相信有不少同学肯能用的还是和我一样的，郁闷！！！

_____________ 年轻的汗水不会白流！！！！！！！！！！！！

angel_naliUID: 148055

关于你再postscript中提出的困惑，想送四个字：求同存异！！以共勉！
加油，只要付出，就一定有收获！ ：）

jxkingUID: 141801

为什么没有人来看我得的文章，郁闷！
我可是精心写出来与大家探讨的。

imongUID: 140258

随便挑一个：people are always suppose ？？

这样的用法错误和不规范从头到尾都有，不一一揪了。

第一段：你说的是跟observation的objectivity有关的东西吗？我怎么觉得是在说认识的局限性，而根原题完全无关？

后两段的论点还可以，不过行文并不很顺畅。而且三个para之前基本上没有衔接。

总体来说就是这样，问题比较多。看看习题库里面（应该是有157的）的文章，比较一下，然后好好想想。

此外，你所写的心得体会，如果可以的话不妨每次都存放起来，然后总结成一个帖子，大家讨论，我想收获也许更大一些。

btw，看看寄托新开的英文写作专版和英文水版，我想那里也许会有你感兴趣/需要的资料（在提高基本的语言表达上）。