求问36套中几道不懂的题目 ［会更新］

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Ex 2

A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems
from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist
system—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists
Line as a means of controlling workers. His thesis works
5 relatively well when applied to discrimination against
Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial
prejudice as ―racially-based negative prejudgments
against a group generally accepted as a race in any
given region of ethnic competition,‖ can be interpreted
10 as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as
the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval
Europe. However, since prejudice against these latter
peoples was not inspired by capitalists, he has to reason
that such antagonisms were not really based on race.
15 He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of both the
intolerance faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism
and the early twentieth-century discrimination against
Oriental people in California, which, inconveniently,
was instigated by workers.

5. According to the passage, the Marxist sociologist‘s
chain of reasoning required him to assert that
prejudice toward Oriental people in California was
(A) directed primarily against the Chinese
(B) similar in origin to prejudice against the Jews
(C) understood by Oriental people as ethnic
competition
(D) provoked by workers
(E) nonracial in character


翻译我也看了，大神 的解释我也看了，逻辑我也看了。
但是文章的最后依据花，让我很纠结怎么推出来答案E， he dispose thusly of both the intolerance faced by Jews and Oriental不就是把他们都排除了吗?
排除就能推出 他们是不种族歧视的？还是我对character这个词理解错误？

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Ex 6
Some modern anthropologists hold that biological
evolution has shaped not only human morphology but
also human behavior. The role those anthropologists
Line ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of
5 human behavior but one of imposing constraints.
ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that \come natural-
ly. in archetypal situations in any culture. Our
\frailties. .emotions and motives such as rage, fear,
greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love.may be a very mixed
10 assortment, but they share at least one immediate
quality: we are, as we say, \in the grip. of them. And
thus they give us our sense of constraints.
Unhappily, some of those frailties.our need for
ever-increasing security among them.are presently
15 maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of cultural
detail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction,
and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes.
We would need to comprehend thoroughly their
adaptive origins in order to understand how badly they
20 guide us now. And we might then begin to resist their
pressure. (174 words)


1. Which of the following most probably provides
an appropriate analogy from human morphology
for the \details. versus \constraints.
distinction made in the passage in relation to
human behavior?
(A) The ability of most people to see all the
colors of the visible spectrum as against
most peoplees inability to name any but
the primary colors
(B) The ability of even the least fortunate
people to show compassion as against
peoplees inability to mask their feelings
completely
(C) The ability of some people to dive to great
depths as against most peoplees inability
to swim long distances
(D) The psychological profile of those people
who are able to delay gratification as
against peoplees inability to control their
lives completely
(E) The greater lung capacity of mountain
peoples that helps them live in oxygen-poor
air as against peoplees inability to fly
without special apparatus


答案是E..我也看了大神 的解答，求问大家怎么理解题干？
human morphology for the details versus constrainsts 在文中哪里体现？尤其最后还说in relation to human behavior，是没用的？

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EX 6

Initially the Vinaver theory that Malory‘s eight romances, once thought to be fundamentally unified. were in fact eight independent works produced both a
sense of relief and an unpleasant shock. Vinaver‘s
theory comfortably explained away the apparent contradictions of chronology and made each romance independently satisfying. It was, however, disagreeable to find that what had been thought of as one book was now eight books. Part of this response was the natural
reaction to the disturbance of set ideas. Nevertheless, even now, after lengthy consideration of the theory‘s refined but legitimate observations, one cannot avoid the conclusion that the eight romances are only one work. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the
theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist.
(154 words)

6. The author of the passage concedes which of the
following about the Vinaver theory?
(A) It gives a clearer understanding of the unity of
Malory‘s romances.
(B) It demonstrates the irrationality of considering
Malory‘s romances to be unified.
(C) It establishes acceptable links between Malory‘s
romances and modern novels.
(D) It unifies earlier and later theories concerning
the chronology of Malory‘s romances.
(E) It makes valid and subtle comments about
Malory‘s romances.

7. It can be inferred from the passage that, in
evaluating the Vinaver theory, some critics were
(A) frequently misled by the inconsistencies in
Malory‘s work
(B) initially biased by previous interpretations of
Malory‘s work
(C) conceptually displeased by the general
interpretation that Vinaver rejected
(D) generally in agreement with Vinaver‘s
comparisons between Malory and modern
novelists
(E) originally skeptical about Vinaver‘s early
conclusions with respect to modern novels

答案 E E
第六题觉得答案e 也太普遍了。。。
第七题，没有办法把答案里的initially biased by  对照到文中那句定位里，part of this response was natural reaction to the disturbance of set ideas.

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Ex 11

The deep sea typically has a sparse fauna dominated by tiny worms and crustaceans, with an even sparser distribution of larger animals. However, near
Line hydrothermal vents, areas of the ocean where warm water 5 emerges from subterranean sources, live remarkable
densities of huge clams, blind crabs, and fish.


5. The passage provides information for answering which of the following questions EXCEPT?
□A What causes warm-water vents to form?
□B What role does hydrogen sulfide play in
chemosynthesis?
□C Do bacteria live in the vent water of smokers?

答案选了ab，说a文章中没有提到。但是文章中不是说了这热水是从地底下出现的么？
areas of the ocean where warm water  emerges from subterranean sources, live remarkable
  管理

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ex 11

We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.

12. n the context of the passage, ―unimaginatively‖ is closest in meaning to
(A) pedestrian
(B) controversial
(C) unrealistic (D) novel
(E) paradoxical

unimaginatively 是缺乏想象力的。。放回文中感觉原文意思很奇怪啊。。

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Ex 14

One of the principal themes of Walzer's critique of liberal capitalism is that it is insufficiently egalitarian. Walzer's case against the economic inequality generated by
Line capitalism and in favor of "a radical redistribution of
5 wealth" is presented in a widely cited essay entitled "In
Defense of Equality." The most striking feature of Walzer's critique is that, far from rejecting the principle of reward according to merit, Walzer insists on its validity. People who excel should receive the superior
10 benefits appropriate to their excellence. But people exhibit a great variety of qualities—"intelligence, physical strength, agility and grace, artistic creativity, mechanical skill, leadership, endurance, memory, psychological insight, the capacity for hard
15 work—even moral strength, sensitivity, the ability to express compassion."Each deserves its proper recompense, and hence a proper distribution of material goods should reflect human differences as measured on all these different scales. Yet, under capitalism, the ability
20 to make money ("the green thumb of bourgeois society") enables its possessor to acquire almost "every other sort of social good," such as the respect and esteem of others.

5.The passage provides sufficient information to answer which of the following questions EXCEPT?
□A What weight in relation to other qualities should a quality like sensitivity have, according to Walzer, in determining the proper distribution of goods?
□B Which quality does Walzer deem too highly valued under liberal capitalism?
□C Which are the social goods that are, according to Walzer, outside the reach of the power of money?


答案是ac，说明作者没有提到c。
但是最后一句话说， Yet, under capitalism, the ability
20 to make money ("the green thumb of bourgeois society") enables its possessor to acquire almost "every other sort of social good," such as the respect and esteem of others.
是说，根据w，他觉得钱不应该买到respect and esteem，那不就提到了吗？为什么还要选c？

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Ex 29

Analyzing the physics of dance can add fundamentally to a dancer's skill. Although dancers seldom see themselves totally in physical terms -- as body mass moving through space under the influence of well-known forces and
obeying physical laws -- neither can they afford to ignore the physics of movement. Some movements involving primarily vertical or horizontal motions of the body as a whole, in which rotations can be ignored, can be studied using simple equations of linear motion in three dimensions. However, rotational motions require more complex approaches that involve analyses of the way the body's
mass is distributed, the axes of rotation involved in
different types of movement, and the sources of the forces that produce the rotational movement.

1.The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) initiate a debate over two approaches to
analyzing a field of study
(B) describe how one field of knowledge can be
applied to another field
(C) point out the contradictions between two distinct
theories
(D) Define and elaborate on an accepted scientific
principle
(E) discuss the application of a new theory within
a new setting


为什么e不对呢。。我觉得e也很对，，

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ex 29
Many organisms are capable of altering their habitat significantly, sometimes limiting their own growth. The influence of the biological component of an ecosystem is often greater in fresh waters that in marine or terrestrial systems, because of the small size of many freshwater bodies. Many of the important effects of organisms are related to their physiology, especially growth and respiration. By their growth many species can deplete essential nutrients within the system, thus limiting their own growth or that of other species. Lund has demonstrated that in Lake Windermere the alga Asterionella is unable to grow in conditions that it itself has created. Once a year, in the spring, this plant starts to grow rapidly in the lake, using up so much silica from the water that by late spring there is no longer enough to maintain its own growth. The population decreases dramatically as a result. (147 words)

4. select the sentence in the passage that indicates certain causes of the alteration of organisms to their habitat.

百思不得其解为什么下面这句诗答案cause
Many of the important effects of organisms are related to their physiology, especially growth and respiration.

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ex 32
About a century ago, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a law of classical chemistry that relates chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to the Arrhenius equation, chemical reaction are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperatures approach absolute zero, and at absolute zero (zero degrees Kelvin, or minus 273 degrees Celsius) reactions stop. However, recent experimental evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperatures, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum- mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry. Specifically, entire molecules can "tunnel" through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.
The rate of any chemical reaction, regardless of the temperature at which it takes place, usually depends on a very important characteristic known as its activation energy. Any molecule can be imagined to reside at the bottom of a so-called potential well of energy. A chemical reaction corresponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition can be accomplished only by going over the potential barrier between the wells, the height of which remains constant and is called the activation energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting molecules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise over the barrier between the two wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.
This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life: the formation of rather complex organic molecules in the deep cold of outer space, where temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin. Cosmic rays (high-energy protons and other particles) might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in dark clouds of interstellar dust. Afterward complex organic molecules would be formed, slowly but surely, by means of tunneling. After I offered my hypothesis, Hoyle and Wickramasinghe argued that molecules of interstellar formaldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. Their conclusions, although strongly disputed, have generated excitement among investigators such as myself who are proposing that the galactic clouds are the places where the prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.

7.Which of the following best describes the organization of the first two paragraphs of the passage?
(A) The author cites a basic principle of classical
chemistry and then describes the research from
which that principle was developed.
(B) The author cites an apparent contradiction to the principles of classical chemistry and then
explains the process of a chemical reaction to
show there is in fact no contradiction.
(C) the author describes the role of heat in chemical
reactions and then offers a detailed explanation
of its function.
(D) The author presents a law of classical chemistry in
order to introduce a kind of chemical reaction that differs from it and then explains the essential difference between the two.
(E) The author presents the fundamental rules of classical chemistry in order to introduce an explanation of a specific chemical reaction.

求问错误答案b错在哪里。。

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As people age, their cells become less efficient and less able to replace damaged components. At the same time their tissues stiffen. For example, the lungs and the heart muscle expand less successfully, the blood vessels become increasingly rigid, and the ligaments and tendons tighten.
Few investigators would attribute such diverse effects to a single cause. Nevertheless, researchers have discovered that a process long known to discolor and toughen foods may also contribute to age- related impairment of both cells and tissues. That process is nonenzymatic glycosylation, whereby glucose becomes attached to proteins without the aid of enzymes. When enzymes attach glucose to proteins (enzymatic glycosylation), they do so at a specific site on a specific protein molecule for a specific purpose. In contrast, the nonenzymatic process adds glucose haphazardly to any of several sites along any available peptide chain within a protein molecule.
This nonenzymatic glycosylation of certain proteins has been understood by food chemists for decades, although few biologists recognized until recently that the same steps could take place in the body. Nonenzymatic glycosylation begins when an aldehyde group (CHO) of glucose and an amino group (NH2) of a protein are attracted to each other. The molecules combine, forming what is called a Schiff base within the protein. This combination is unstable and quickly rearranges itself into a stabler, but still reversible, substance known as an Amadori product.
If a given protein persists in the body for months or years, some of its Amadori products slowly dehydrate and rearrange themselves yet again, into new glucose-derived structures. These can combine with various kinds of molecules to form irreversible structures named advanced glycosylation end products (AGE's). Most AGE's are yellowish brown and fluorescent and have specific spectrographic properties. More important for the body, many are also able to cross-link adjacent proteins, particularly ones that give structure to tissues and organs. Although no one has yet satisfactorily described the origin of all such bridges between proteins, many investigators agree that extensive cross-linking of proteins probably contributes to the stiffening and loss of elasticity characteristic of aging tissues.
In an attempt to link this process with the development of cataracts (the browning and clouding of the lens of the eye as people age), researchers studied the effect of glucose on solutions of purified crystallin, the major protein in the lens of the eye. Glucose-free solutions remained clear, but solutions with glucose caused the proteins to form clusters, suggesting that the molecules had become cross-linked. The clusters diffracted light, making the solution opaque. The researchers also discovered that the pigmented cross-links in human cataracts have the brownish color and fluorescence characteristic of AGE's. These data suggest that nonenzymatic glycosylation of lens crystallins may contribute to cataract formation. (454 words)


6. The passage suggests that which of the following would be LEAST important in determining whether nonenzymatic glycosylation is likely to have taken place in the proteins of a particular tissue?
(A) The likelihood that the tissue has been exposed to free glucose
(B) The color and spectrographic properties of structures within the tissue.
(C) The amount of time that the proteins in the tissue have persisted in the body
(D) The number of amino groups within the proteins in the tissue
(E) The degree of elasticity that the tissue exhibits

比起正确的答案 d， 我觉得e更没有关系。。