岳然的AW练习日志：习作、提纲、感悟

岳然UID: 3654715

还有三周就要考试了，现在开始列提纲会不会有点晚。
陆陆续续写了十几篇高频Issue，不过完全是野路子，准备接下来修改成符合1+3模式的要求贴上来。
每篇字数控制在450左右（25分钟之内，以我的水平来说，也只能写出那么多了，写得太长对应试并没有太大的借鉴意义）

岳然UID: 3654715

目录：

2L：    Issue 13
3L：    Issue 89
5L：    Issue 58
7L：    关于中式“议论文”
9L：    Issue 4
10L：  关于议论文的语言风格
13L：  Issue 38
14L：  Issue 93
15L：  Argument 14
16L：  Argument 17
17L：  Argument 18

Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.

（背景段）
Interdisciplinary studies have long been a trend both in academia and industry. From biomedical engineering that applies methods emerged from engineering fields to biology to computational finance that incorporates mathematics and computer science to produce investment models and strategies, a number of new fields of research have burgeoned in the past decades. To prepare the students for a world of interdisciplinarity, it seems reasonable to ask them take some extra courses in addition to those inside their field of study.

（主旨段）
However, to require every student to take such courses might be impractical at multiple levels. College students construct a strikingly heterogenous group in which every individual differs in their learning ability and interest from each other. This introduces several problems for the university and the students in terms of the amount, the content and the degree of difficulty of these extra-disciplinary courses.

（分论点1）
The primary question is: how many credits of such courses should be required? Too much time spent on those courses could be a burden for students who are already struggling through their own field of study, while too little might not be enough for students to gain a clear understanding of certain fields. Chances are that the students will take rather the courses where they could spend less time and obtain a better grade than those they are really interested in.

（分论点2，这段的主题句和主旨段呼应得不是很好，不知大家有什么建议）
Furthermore, it is almost impossible to anticipate which subjects can give the students the sparkle they need in the future to combine different disciplines: 30 years ago, bioinformatics did not even exist. As a result, it can be very hard for students to choose the right ones from hundreds, if not thousands, of courses provided by the university. Actually, there are no “right courses” at all. Some might argue that students can choose whatever courses interest them. However, what if they are only interested in their own field of study? This is highly possible, otherwise they would not have applied for it in the first place.

（分论点3）
Last but not least, it can also be very tricky to predetermine the degree of difficulty, or more specifically, the depth and the breadth of such courses. When engineering students and students of arts take a course on computer programming, they are certainly not expecting the same level of difficulty. Therefore, to satisfy the different needs of students from different disciplines, the university has to tailor the courses accordingly, which is a huge amount of work and can be hardly put into practice.

（总结段）
In conclusion, universities have every right to encourage their students to explore different disciplines, and can provide introduction courses for various fields. However, it is neither necessary nor practical to ask every student to take such courses.

岳然UID: 3654715

Claim: Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system. Reason: Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts or minds.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.

（主旨段）
While the claim can be true under certain circumstances since the word “many” is open to various interpretations, the given reason seems untenable, as in my opinion, laws are not meant to and do not have to change people’s mind. Of course, there are problems that can not be solved by legal system alone, but this is more due to the complexity of the problems themselves.

（分论点1）
In a developed and democratic society, legislation is the embodiment of public opinions. When a social problem raises wide attention, people start to think and debate, and eventually, may reach a consensus on this problem, which composes the foundation of the law. In other words, laws are not made to change people’s mind; on the contrary, they are to realize people’s ideals. It just explains why there does not exist laws that allow killing, stealing, raping or any other actions that are considered crimes today, while once existed in the primitive society.

（分论点2）
True, people are divergent on many problems, even laws promulgated through the voting process, especially those newly enacted ones. In this case, laws cannot admittedly change opponents’ mind. However, to solve certain problems does not necessarily require change of people’s opinions but rather regulation of people’s behaviors. As long as people obey the law, the whole society may embrace the idea behind it in the long run. For example, many people in the United States still argue against same-sex marriage, though it was legalized in effect by the Supreme Court in June. One of the most famous cases might be Kim Davis, a clerk in Kentucky who refused to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, being sued and locked up in jail. Ms. Davis had opinions that could not be changed by law, and she decided to fight against it to “preserve her conscience”. Now she lost her job. After this, anyone who attempts to challenge the public view might think twice.

（过渡段）
Based on those two points, the reason on which the claim is based is false and irrelevant. Laws can solve many problems in society, at least on which people have a uniform opinion.

（分论点3）
For those problems with controversies that cannot be resolved at the time being, however, laws and legal systems could help little. A wide variety of reasons can lead to this situation. Most commonly, when a problem involves the interest of multiple sides, it is very hard to reach even a compromise. Territorial disputes, socioeconomic gaps and many problems in today’s world cannot be solved by laws alone.

（总结段）
In conclusion, laws are not promulgated to change people’s mind; rather, they come from the common belief of a society. Admittedly, they are not capable of solving all the problems faced by the humanity. However, this is not because they are incapable of changing opinions, but because the problem is inherently complicated and beyond the function of laws.

岳然UID: 3654715

咦，帖子的阅读权限怎么没了，是因为我编辑了主帖的缘故么？

岳然UID: 3654715

Learning is primarily a matter of personal discipline; students cannot be motivated by school or college alone.       

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

嗯……这篇写得不是很好，等我之后再改下……

（主旨段）
While the latter part of this statement is carefully phrased and plausible for most cases, I still have doubts on the former part due to the fact that learning is a continuous process throughout the whole life of a person, and is driven in different life stages by different motives besides self-discipline which itself is also mostly attainable in the learning process. Even though self-discipline plays a pivotal role in learning, it does not necessarily mean that educational institutes should give upon motivating the students.

（分论点1）
Although self-discipline is important for learning, it is not always the primary incentive during the whole life of human beings. For example, language acquisition of children is more of an action out of instinct, which has helped human ancestors to survive the severe natural environment in the last thousands of years, rather than that forced by their parents. Kids repeat and try to reason what they hear, whether or not required. Additionally, teenagers, who are normally considered lacking in self-discipline, can also devote themselves into certain subjects that intrigue them. A 12-year-old hacker might not be able to sit in the classroom for more than 15 minutes, yet he or she would be very pleased to program for a whole night. In this case, interest, rather than self-discipline, serves as the motivation.

（分论点2）
Furthermore, personal discipline itself, is anything but an innate ability. Instead, it takes time and proper guidance for a student to be self-disciplined. For that matter, it would be ironic to claim that learning personal discipline is a matter of personal discipline as the statement does. As hardly anyone is born with self-discipline, teachers should take the responsibility in guiding the students to control themselves and keep concentrating on learning.

（分论点3）
Although the latter part of the statement holds true in general, it certainly does not mean that students should be given absolute freedom. Rather, the focus of schools should be on the measures that could motivate the students to be self-disciplined and interested in learning. Since students at different ages have different qualities, it is very challenging for teachers to apply the proper pedagogical strategies. While force, including strict classroom discipline management, obligatory homework submission, and frequent quizzes and exams, despite its controversy, might work on pupils, it only raises rebellious actions of the teenager.

（总结段）
In conclusion, learning is a complicated process motivated by different factors to which the schools should pay equal attention. The lack of self-discipline should not be an excuse for the schools and colleges to be derelict in instructing students.

tesolchinaUID: 2191404

岳然 发表于 2015-10-3 23:45
咦，帖子的阅读权限怎么没了，是因为我编辑了主帖的缘故么？

估计是的
要不你编辑2楼吧

岳然UID: 3654715

现在ETS对AW的评分已经比以往宽松了很多：4分只有50%below，但仍然有大把的中国学生拿到3，其中甚至不乏托福作文25+的。可见中国学生对ETS考察的critical thinking and analytical writing skills的训练（虽然很多人对待作文基本是弃疗的态度），是有一些本质问题的。

我平时很喜欢逛Quora，上面不少中文拼音ID的回答似乎能反映出一些中国学生（甚至是在美多年的留学生）写作的共性，以及背后的问题：

1）国内语文教育，尤其是高考作文过度重视抒情和叙事类的散文，忽视了议论文写作的训练
2）中国学生，对GRE作文这一类议论文所涉及的语言风格，不太熟悉

关于1），这好像已经被默认作我国的文学传统了，即使是说理的文言文，也大多采用类比的议论方法，比如《谏太宗十思疏》：

求木之长者，必固其根本；欲流之远者，必浚其泉源；思国之安者，必积其德义。源不深而望流之远，根不固而求木之长，德不厚而思国之安，臣虽下愚，知其不可，而况于明哲乎？

这五十多字，用两个类比来强调德之于治国的重要性，然而却完全没有说明为什么根之于木，泉源之于江流跟德之于国有共同之处，文采斐然，却毫无逻辑推理可言：“哎呀德好重要好重要，您要是不重视马上就要完蛋哦呵呵呵”

这和某些同学的GRE作文何其相似。

另一种倾向就是喜欢“寓理于事”，道理不会好好讲，先说个小故事（而且故事一看就是编的），末了问你一句：你悟了吗？没有？说明你没有慧根！这种倾向反映到作文上，就是喜欢纯靠例子来说理，而完全不指出例子中哪些元素和之前的论点对应。常见的模式就是一句空洞的大道理，然后跟着长长的例子。

而竟然有很多学生对这种说理方法趋之若鹜，于他们而言，准备GRE作文仿佛就成了准备例子，恨不得把大英百科全书都背下来。恰当的例子当然能增强论点的说服力，但前提是快准狠，如果例子在议论中的功能明确，很多时候一句话就够了。

一个经典的案例：Essayjudge: Issue 24

虽然这是印度学生写的，但犯的错误正是大多数中国学生犯的，大概也体现了东方文化的某种共性。一定要仔细读后面的Review，写得非常棒，读完一定会对如何写GRE作文（或者说argumentative essay）有更深的理解。

如果说这些算是中国文学传统的顽疾，那么语文教育对议论文训练的忽视乃至错误引导更是雪上加霜。

高中语文讲到议论文，好像就等于讲议论方法：例证法、引证法、喻证法、比较法、归谬法、归纳法和演绎法。甚至大部分GRE写作指导书就是以这些内容糅合一些似是而非的观点和提纲作成全书的。然而知道方法就一定会写文章了吗？相比于“如何论证”，大部分学生似乎对“论证什么”和“为什么论证”更为困惑，从立论开始就没有找对方向。

换句话说，议论一个问题，目的在于理清各方观点，提出自己的看法，并且说服别人认同自己的看法，而不是挥斥方遒、指点天下，炫耀文笔的同时作痛心疾首状。很多时候，写作者要保持理性客观，甚至冷峻的态度来对待面前的问题。写完一句话不妨问问自己：真的吗？为什么？有没有其他情况？（恰好这正是argument所要考察的能力）而中国学生架构文章的方法，往往是诉诸于情感，诉诸于意象，而鲜少有诉诸于逻辑的。

这个问题在Quora上体现得非常明显，大家可以看：

Why are so many Chinese irrationally defensive when it comes to discussing their country's issues?

老外也很奇怪，我只是想和你探讨一下，你怎么好像要和我吵架的样子？

一点想法，并不一定对。毕竟我作为一个还没参加考试，还没有拿到任何分数的人在这儿大放阙词，也是心太大了啊哈哈。

明天说2）

岳然UID: 3654715

tesolchina 发表于 2015-10-4 22:11
估计是的
要不你编辑2楼吧

好的

岳然UID: 3654715

Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.

这篇写得有点艰难。虽然字数多，但感觉有些内在的逻辑还是没有讲明白。

（主旨段）
Scandals can capture the public attention and reveal certain social problems as the Watergate case did. However, many so-called scandals are neither credible nor relevant for social issues as today’s media are becoming more and more sensational yet unreliable. While some reports about scandals did suggest the problem under the veneer, newspaper readers and internet surfers do not seem to care about it, as they may be aware that their attention on those issues alone cannot necessarily urge the authority to solve them.

（分论点1）
Due to the increasing tendency of sensationalism of today’s media, journalists now seem to favor stories that they think can sell more newspapers: murders, accidents, and of course, scandals. With misleading headlines and incomplete information, the news could be deliberately distorted to attract more attention of the readers. That means, many so-called scandals are not necessarily credible. This gets even worse as people now rely more and more on the social media to obtain information, which is usually uncorroborated and unwarranted. If anyone reads “news” on Facebook or Twitter, he might really think that the famous singer Taylor Swift broke up with her boyfriend because he refused to do circumcision.

（分论点2）
Of course, other than scandals of actors and singers, serious news provider do report those of officials and entrepreneurs, which can potentially reflect the related social problems. However, the media usually failed — or were unwilling due to the sensationalism tendency mentioned above as people may find social affairs boring — to attract the public attention to the right issue. The recent FIFA case exposed the corruption and bribes in the association. However, most soccer fans were seemingly more concerned with which matches were played fraudulently to a predetermined result — they even squabbled on the internet about which team was better in those matches — than with the lack of regulation of FIFA.

（分论点3）
More pathetic as it may seem, even when the public does focus on the right problem, the government, or the authority, would not necessarily solve it, or even care to respond to it. Some people might argue that former president Nixon’s resignation due to the Watergate scandal was a success of media and public opinion, yet they fail to see that this was more of an individual case and Nixon resigned only because he and his administration violated the law—if this was not the case, or remained controversial, the situation might be different. PRISM, the surveillance program that collects the user data on the internet, obviously violated the privacy of American citizens, and is thus believed by many unconstitutional. Although this scandal exposed by Edward Snowden did draw a huge amount of attention, Mr Obama has shown neither intention of resignation nor attempt to cancel the program.

（总结段）
Given the analysis above, the usefulness of scandals remains doubtful, though it can attract a lot of attention. Talking about scandals of the politicians may create a false sense of participation in social affairs for ordinary people, but they have to focus more on the important issues and involve themselves more in the real actions: protests, demonstrations and strikes—instead of quibbling on the internet—in order to really contribute to the society.

岳然UID: 3654715

岳然 发表于 2015-10-4 22:11
现在ETS对AW的评分已经比以往宽松了很多：4分只有50%below，但仍然有大把的中国学生拿到3，其中甚至不乏托福 ...

2）中国学生，对GRE作文这一类议论文所涉及的语言风格，不太熟悉

什么是argumentative essay的写作风格？一个最重要的前提是，你得默认你说的不一定是对的，你讨论的问题是有多种可能性的。

为什么说到这一点，是我发现许多同学的写作都或有意或无意地出现了argument by assertion的错误：用非常绝对的语气给出观点，并且不加解释。

让我们来考虑一个Issue题目：政府是否应该提供免费的大学教育？

很多同学写完introduction以后或许会这样写他的分论点：“Free education will lower the quality of teaching..."

一些人或许真的会觉得这是一个argument，然而，从第三个词开始他们就已经误入歧途了。

一般来说，只有在陈述一定会发生的事时，才会使用一般将来时。而既然在这里只是一个观点，那么应该加上情态动词may/might/could

这个问题之所以如此普遍，主要是在于英文和中文习惯上的不同。在中文里，“免费教育会降低教学质量”中的“会”，本身就含有推测的意思，然而在英文中，按照程度不同，却对应了好多不同的情态动词。然而很多学生在写作的时候却没有意识到这个问题。

但母语者对这些词的变化是很敏感的，will一出，人家当即觉得你非常不客观。而客观，可以说是Issue写作中最为重要的因素了。

除了情态动词以外，一些副词如not necessarily, potentially, 也可以缓和语气，为之后的阐发留有余地。

当然，造成argument by assertion的不仅仅只有语言表达，更为重要的是很多人并不知道怎么才算develop an argument，这个话题，留待以后。

biubiubiubunnyUID: 3645805

你好 又见到你了～

我也在准备提纲 但因为时间紧张 不能大范围准备
请问你在准备作文的时候有优先次序吗？参考高频一类的
还是准备不重复topic都准备一下？

岳然UID: 3654715

biubiubiubunny 发表于 2015-10-6 02:04
你好 又见到你了～

我也在准备提纲 但因为时间紧张 不能大范围准备

先把所有提纲列一遍，第一遍不用很详细，每个题目用中文写三句话就可以。
接下来第一步看那些对应很多题目的statement，用英文把主旨句和主题句写好。如果有想用的例子可以事先到wiki查一查。
然后看网上的高频题，操作同上
再看那些你觉得比较难写的题目，操作同上
最后剩下的就没事看看好了，存在手机或者电脑上，有空的话就把文档打开写几句。

岳然UID: 3654715

It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

写得有点凌乱，各种想法没有整合得很好。

（主旨段）
Everyone in the society is inevitably tagged by some labels, innate or acquired. Innate labels shapes the self-definition of a person tremendously, as these labels essentially construct the social setting where one grows up. The acquired ones also have huge impact, because human beings, as social animals, always try to blend into one or multiple social groups to obtain a sense of security. However, when it comes to those innate labels, it can sometimes be difficult to determine whether the self-definition or the identification with a social group comes first.

（分论点1）
People are born with labels: gender, race, sexuality, nationality and so on. These labels automatically divide people into different social groups. From those groups, which partly build their childhood, people accept the ideas and concepts more easily as at a young age they might not have acquired the ability of independent thinking. Most Chinese are shy and conservative compared to Americans, while Chinese babies, like all the other babies, are loud and capricious. This dramatic change in character can be explained as the result of the moderate asian culture. This change, however, is not necessarily irrevocable. When they grow up and experience other different cultures, Chinese can also be outgoing and facetious.

（分论点2）
When people grow up, the society gives them more labels: religion, education, vocation and so on. Even though people now have the freedom to choose which ideals to follow, they might still fall into those stereotypes that these labels define, because human, as social animals, have the need to fit in. Therefore, even sometimes they do not actually possess the qualities of this group, they will try to learn or imitate them in order to be a member of it. It is not rare that some high school students who used to be introvert, become more extrovert or even somewhat flamboyant, as they want to be one of those “popular kids”. Although not all of the social groups have a homogenous trait or mentality, it is undeniable that some of the groups are often associated with certain stereotypes: businessmen are cunning, scholars are pedant and middle-aged housewives are living a miserable life while faking a smile everyday.

（分论点3）
However, due to the nature of mutual enhancement between self definition and identification with social groups, it might be difficult under some circumstances to tell which factor led to the other in the first place. Homosexuals are stereotypically considered sentimental and artistic. Many believe that the identification with homosexuality can somehow affect the personality of homosexuals. However, it is entirely possible that a sentimental and artistic person finds out that he or she is homosexual while not being aware of the existence of other homosexuals.

（总结段）
In conclusion, people define themselves through identification with a certain social group by passively absorbing its concepts as well as actively learning the shared qualities of its members. However, it is hard to tell, for some cases, which one of these two events — self definition or identification with a social group — took place first.

岳然UID: 3654715

Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

为了体现思考的完整性补了一段，字数爆了。。。

（背景段）
It is true that a polished appearance can bring many benefits as today’s society provides so much information that people have to choose what they want in a very short time; and appearance is the first thing coming into their sight. Take cellphones as an example: nowadays almost every cellphone manufacturer starts to learn from Apple and focus a lot on the design of their products.

（主旨段）
However, to evaluate whether this phenomenon is “unfortunate”, we need first know if the image reflects or belies the reality behind it. Furthermore, with the benefits brought by a good image, is it really more important to create good images than the reality? We analyze the topic based on the market of consumer electronics, but the results and perspectives of this analysis can also be applied to other fields.

（分论点1）
Consumers prefer good-looking cellphones, though their definition towards “good-looking” might be diverse. This seemingly superficial choice can be regarded as “unfortunate” by some people. However, since today’s industrial design involves not only artistic appearance but also state-of-the-art manufacturing technology, those cellphones with good design do reflect the fact that their manufacturers have both outstanding designers and engineers. The aluminum unibody shell of iPhone took years of research and development, which is still one of the kind in the industry. This case shows that some visual attributes of a product, considered superficial at the first glance, might require much more technological innovations than many laymen have imagined. Thus, the image of a product is not entirely veneer.

（分论点2）
Nonetheless, some might still argue that the quality of a cellphone, or more specifically, the quality of connection, the camera and of course the CPU are irrelevant to the appearance of it - whether or not this design incorporates high technology. This is certainly true, but irrelevant does not necessarily mean uncorrelated. After all, only big companies as Apple or Samsung have the technological and financial ability to implement a better design. The question is only: with which percentage of all the resources do they invent on design? It leads us to the second question - as manufacturers, they have to allot resources commensurately to the “image” , the design, and the “reality”, the hardware.

In that sense, we do observe the phenomenon that companies nowadays invest more on the image part, since customers always associate a good design with a better performance, especially among those minor manufacturers. Although their products had a similar look as iPhone, the usability was actually very poor. However, these manufacturers did not become more popular; rather, they suffered quite a setback after a short-term profit increase, which shows that the customers do appreciate the quality of the products and not purchase them only because of the appearance.

（分论点3）
Now, we take the discussion further in creating personal image. Does the photos and articles posted on social media reflect or belie the true character of a person? It is hard to say. But one thing for sure: everyone wants to show his/her best side to other people. Therefore, the image created on the internet might be varnished. But will this varnished image bring real benefits such as job opportunities, scholarships or maybe, true love? As analyzed above, at the beginning, people might benefit from the embellished personal image, but as time passes, others will eventually learn the truth beneath that image. Incapable employees will be fired; underperforming students will struggle with job markets or graduate school applications; a capricious girlfriend will be, well, dumped. Armed with this knowledge, everyone should know whether image or the reality is more important.

（总结段）
In conclusion, the statement might be perceived true by many people. However, when they think carefully about the real examples including but not limited to consumer electronics or personal images, they would find out that an embellished image without substances only yields a temporary advantage which will be eventually compensated by the reality behind it.

岳然UID: 3654715

The following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine.

A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms. Of the advertising firms studied, those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night.

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

（主旨段）
The article recommends that for a firm to succeed, it should hire only people who need sleep less than 6 hours based on a study of the relationship between the success of a firm and the amount of sleep its executives need. The article made such recommendation by interpreting the results of the study as that firms with executives who sleep less are more likely to make higher profit. To evaluate the recommendation, some further questions need to be answered about the generalizability of the study, the causation suggested by the article and the potential effects of the recommendation in the long run.

（分论点1）
First of all, we need to know if the job content of executives of advertising firms investigated in this study can represent the general situation for other types of work. According to our daily experience, the answer is most likely to be no. Executives are usually concerned with management issues which do not always have a perfect solution and thus involve many complex considerations. On the contrary, most low-level employees’ work is well defined and even routinized; therefore they may not need to work very long and even sacrifice the sleep time for it. Thus, it makes no sense to require fewer sleep time when a firm is hiring regular workers. Furthermore, even when a firm is hiring executives, we still need to know if the study results concerning advertising industry can be applied to other fields. It is entirely possible that in other fields, executives work in a totally different way than in advertising.

（分论点2）
The study shows a correlation between the prosperity of the firms and the less need for sleep of their executives. However, we do not know if the latter is the direct reason for the former. Other factors such as working efficiency, personality and professional skills can also play a role in executives’ outstanding performance. We still need more information of the study to evaluate how these factors contribute to the prosperity of the firm.

Even these two factors are directly linked, we can not extrapolate — from the information presented in this article — which of them lead to the other. A successful company usually has a larger business volume which might increase the workload of the executives and lead to their less sleep. Or even, a company might hire fewer executives to save the costs of paying salary. Thus the amount of work will sharply increased and the executives have to work late and sleep less. If this is true, a company with a small business volume does not necessarily have to hire executives who do not need much sleep.

（分论点3）
Further, even if hiring tireless executives could increase the profit of a company, one question still needs to be answered: is this lifestyle of less sleep has negative effects on people in the long term? If this is true, the firms might suffer from loss of their employees after a short-term success.

（总结段）
In conclusion, it is not reasonable to follow the recommendation to only hire people who sleep less based on this study which only presents incomplete information in a single industry and a single type of work.