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Singapore

The degree of Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D.) is offered at the Singapore Management University (SMU), and it is treated as a qualifying law degree for the purposes of admission to the legal profession in Singapore.[160] A graduate of this programme is a "qualified person" under Singapore's legislation governing entry to the legal profession, and is eligible for admission to the Singapore Bar.[161]

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However, like its counterpart the Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.), whether obtained from the National University of Singapore, Singapore Management University or recognised overseas universities ("approved universities"),[162] the SMU J.D. is not in itself sufficient for entry into the Singapore legal profession. Qualified persons are still required to fulfill other criteria for admission to the Singapore Bar, most importantly being the completion of Part B of the Singapore Bar Examinations, and completion of the Practice Training Contract.[163]

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United Kingdom

The Quality Assurance Agency consulted in 2014 on the inclusion of "Juris Doctor" in the UK Framework for Higher Education Qualifications as an exception to the rule that "doctor" should only be used by doctoral degrees. It was proposed that the Juris Doctor would be an award at bachelor level and would not confer the right to use the title "doctor".[164][165] This was not incorporated into the final framework published in November 2014.[166]

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The only JD degree currently awarded by a UK university is at Queens University Belfast. This is a 3 – 4 year degree specified as being a professional doctorate at the doctoral qualifications level in the UK framework, sitting above the LLM and including a 30,000 word dissertation demonstrating "The creation and interpretation of new knowledge, through original research or other advanced scholarship, of a quality to satisfy peer review, extend the forefront of the discipline, and merit publication" that must be passed in order to gain the degree.[167][168]

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Joint LLB/JD courses for a very limited number of students are offered by University College London, King's College London and the London School of Economics in collaboration with Columbia University in the US, which is responsible for the award of the JD. These are four-year undergraduate courses leading to the award of both a British LLB and a US JD.[169][170][171]

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Both the University of Southampton and the University of Surrey offer two-year graduate-entry LLBs described as "JD Pathway" degrees, which are aimed particularly at Canadian students.[172][173]

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In academia

As a professional doctorate, the Juris Doctor is the degree that prepares the recipient to enter the law profession (as do the M.D. in the medical profession and the D.D.S in the dental profession). While the J.D. is the sole degree necessary to become a professor of law or to obtain a license to practice law, it (like the M.D. or D.D.S.) is not a "research degree".[174] Research degrees in the study of law include the Master of Laws (LL.M.), which ordinarily requires the J.D. as a prerequisite,[175] and the Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D./J.S.D.), which ordinarily requires the LL.M. as a prerequisite.[175] However, the American Bar Association has issued a Council Statement,[176] advising law schools that the J.D. should be considered equivalent to the Ph.D. for educational employment purposes. Accordingly, while most law professors are required to conduct original writing and research in order to be awarded tenure, the majority have a J.D. as their highest degree. Research in 2015 showed an increasing trend toward hiring professors with both J.D. and Ph.D. degrees, particularly at more highly ranked schools.[177] Some international commentators have called the Council Statement "self-seeking and egocentric", pointing out that it illogically compares the J.D. only to the taught component of the US Ph.D., ignoring the research and dissertation components.[178]

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The United States Department of Education and the National Science Foundation do not include the J.D. or other professional doctorates among the degrees that are equivalent to research doctorates.[179] Among legal degrees, they accord this status only to the Doctor of Juridical Science degree.[179] In Europe, the European Research Council follows a similar policy, stating that a first professional degree carrying the title "doctor" is not considered equivalent to a PhD.[180] The Dutch and Portuguese National Academic Recognition Information Centres both classify the US J.D. (along with other first professional degrees) as equivalent to a master's degree,[181][182] although the National Qualifications Authority of Ireland states with respect to US practice that "The '1st professional degree' is a first degree, not a graduate degree even though it incorporates the word 'doctor' in the title"[183] and Commonwealth countries also often consider the US J.D. equivalent to a bachelor's degree.[184]

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Use of the title "Doctor"

Despite the name of the degree, the holder of a J.D. is not ordinarily addressed as "Doctor" in the US.[185] Virtually the only context in which the holder of a J.D. is sometimes addressed as "Doctor" is in an academic setting other than a law school (e.g. teaching undergraduate courses).[citation needed] While many state bars now allow the use of the title, some prohibit its use where there is any chance of confusing the public about a lawyer's actual qualifications (e.g. if the public might be left with the impression that the lawyer is also a medical doctor physician).[186] There has been discussion on whether it is permissible in some other limited instances. For example, in June 2006 the Florida Bar Board of Governors ruled that a lawyer could refer to himself as a "doctor en leyes" (doctor in laws) in a Spanish-language advertisement, reversing an earlier decision.[187] The decision was reversed again in July 2006, when the board voted to only allow the names of degrees to appear in the language used on the diploma, without translation.[188]

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Notes and references
University of California, Berkeley. "General Catalog – Graduate Education – Graduate Degrees and Certificates". Retrieved 2008-05-25.

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University of Southern California (1995). "Undergraduate and Graduate Degree Programs". Archived from the original on 2008-04-22. Retrieved 2008-05-25.

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University of Melbourne. "About Use - The Melbourne JD". Retrieved 2008-05-26.

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U.S. Department of Education (2008). "USNEI-Structure of U.S. Education - Graduate/Post Education Levels". Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2008-05-25.

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College Blue Book (1999). Degrees Offered by College and Subject. New York: MacMillan. p. 817.

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"Canadian Degree Qualifications Framework" (PDF). Ministerial Statement on Quality Assurance of Degree Education in Canada. Council of Ministers of Education, Canada. Retrieved 2016-09-16. Though considered to be bachelor's programs in academic standing, some professional programs yield degrees with other nomenclature. Examples: DDS (Dental Surgery), MD (Medicine), LLB, or JD (Juris Doctor)