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The condition of scholarship devoted to the history of women in photography is confounding.Recent years have witnessed the posthumous inflation of the role of the hobbist Alice Austen into that of a pioneering documentarian while dozens of notable senior figures---Marion Palfi, whose photographs of civil-rights activities in the south served as early evidence of the need for protective legislation, to name one--received scant attention from scholars.And, while Naomi Rosenblum's synoptic histroy of Women Photographers covers the subject through 1920 in a generally useful fashion, once she reaches the 1920's, when the venues, forms, applications,and movements of the medium expanded exponentially, she resorts to an increasingly terse listing of unfamiliar names, with approaches and careers summarized in a sentence or two.

TS : scholar wmen photo confding
KW1: AA docu scant atten
KW2: NR 1920hou terse

1.  A. out of scope; B.out of scope; C.  对 D.out of scope E. out of scope

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OG4

Whether the languages of the ancient American peoples were used for expressing abstract universal concepts can be clearly answered in the case of Nahuatl. Nahuatl, like Greek and German, is a language that allows the formation of extensive compounds. By the combination of radicals or semantic elements, single compound words 5 can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.

The tlamatinime (those who know) were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of their thought. They also availed themselves of other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some derived from Toltec coinages. Of these forms, the most characteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition 10 of two words that, because they are synonyms, associated terms, or even contraries, complement each other to evoke one single idea. Used metaphorically, the juxtaposed terms connote specific or essential traits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression.

1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding present-day research relating to Nahuatl?
A Some record or evidence of the thought of the tlamatinime is available.
B For at least some Nahuatl expressions, researchers are able to trace their derivation from another ancient American language.
C Researchers believe that in Nahuatl, abstract universal concepts are always expressed metaphorically.

2. Select the sentence in the passage in which the author introduces a specific Nahuatl mode of expression that is not identified as being shared with certain European languages

分析文章
kw
kw'
kw''

T use. other form metaph. characteris = juxta. ex

1. infer题。
A. The tlamatinime (those who know) were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of their thought. 该句是指T用xx to express their thoughts, 那当然是有evidence of the thought of T了。不然你是怎么知道他们怎么express thoughts的
B.定位derived from
C. always. one-word-wrong, include extreme words

2. characteristics. 单词词义障碍。

oceannUID: 3637087

OG5

When marine organisms called phytoplankton photosynthesize, they absorb carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater, potentially causing a reduction in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a gas that contributes to global warming. However, phytoplankton flourish only in surface waters where iron levels are sufficiently high. Martin therefore hypothesized that adding iron to iron-poor regions of the ocean could help alleviate global warming. While experiments subsequently confirmed that such a procedure increases phytoplankton growth, field tests have shown that such growth does not significantly lower atmospheric carbon dioxide. When phytoplankton utilize carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, the carbon becomes a building block for organic 10 matter, but the carbon leaks back into the atmosphere when predators consume the phytoplankton and respire carbon dioxide.

1. It can be inferred from the passage that Martin’s hypothesis includes which of the following elements?
A. A correct understanding of how phytoplankton photosynthesis utilizes carbon dioxide
B. A correct prediction about how the addition of iron to iron-poor waters would affect phytoplankton growth
C. An incorrect prediction about how phytoplankton growth would affect the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide

2. It can be inferred that the author of the passage mentions predators (line 10) primarily in order to
A. help explain why Martin’s hypothesis is incorrect
B. identify one effect of adding iron to iron-poor waters
C. indicate how some carbon dioxide is converted to solid organic matter
D. help account for differences in the density of phytoplankton between different regions of the ocean
E. point out a factor that was not anticipated by the scientists who conducted the field tests mentioned in the passage

单词：
organisms：n.有机体
phytoplankton：n.浮游植物
zooplankton: 浮游动物
photosynthesize： v. 进行光合作用

1. infer题
A.B

伏尔泰
Q4：B.定位最后一句

Q6-8
Q6. ABCE. out of scope;
Q7. A. mix up; B.out of scope; C.overshadow? ; E.out of scope
Q8. A. much — scant: contradict; B.

Q11. 定位『When he moves beyond the principal actors, he finds that religious explanations were less frequently offered, and he concludes that most people immigrated because they were recruited by promises of material improvement.』
A.对 B. direct contradiction C. moves beyond principal actors. mix up

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OG-3

第1题：BCD lab force文中没有，out of scope 直接排除；A 不合题意
第2题：没看懂文章. fallow 休耕的。when xx is compared。

Emily Bront
Many critics of Emily Bront’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a romantic reading receives more confirmation. Seeing the two parts as a whole is encouraged by the novel’s sophisticated structure, revealed in its complex use of narrators and time shifts. Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue for an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts. However, any interpretation that seeks to unify all of the novel’s diverse elements is bound to be somewhat unconvincing. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. In this respect, Wuthering Heights shares a feature of Hamlet.

文章：
WH second part as cterpoint.
BUT,unify is unconvinving
WH elemts resits inclusion
阅读误区：
1. these elements: 指代上文narrator and time shifts
2. authorial: 作者的， 不是权威的。。
3. stiffen: 使...变硬
4. recalcitrant:桀骜不驯的
Q5. A. OOS B.错 C.DC ; D.定位more, more是出题点； E.OOS
Q6. A. OOS 没有和其他Novlist比较 B; C. out of scope ; D.oos; E.mix up,or过度推理，James只出现在让步从句中，后面主句unify与james无直接联系。不要过度推理，mix up
Q7. infer题：审清题干
题干: a novel 泛指novel，而不是专指WH. 定位到 although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger。 rigidity= inflexibility
A. 针对WH， 但对a novel不适用； B. 原句对应；
Q8. In this respect 定位应是but because
    A. WRONG; C. out of scope

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OG6 1920 -2035:
Q1: A. out of scope; C. mix up, size v.s. teeth
Q2: 单词障碍 B. 无关 C. herd无关
1936

Q7: A. 无关 B.解释了近的原因✔️； C.无关； D.废话； E.无关；错因：已晕，要冷静思考，POE

Q9: A. direct contradict--either through the author’s own acknowledgment of a previously anonymous or pseudonymous work; C.第二句；
错因：词义不清：fictitious:虚假的；pseudonymous work，以及第二句
单词：attribution: the act of attributing something; especially :  the ascribing of a work (as of literature or art) to a particular author or artist

Q11. 词义不清+利用上下文。 subtly different 对照。 查字典shade的意思有Nuance,也有degree， 所以重要的是上下文语境。
Q12. A.mix up; B.

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150题 —1
Ragwort：文章较简单
Q1:A. out of scope, decline ； B.out of scope, faster; C.OOS; D. narrow
Q2: infer题。注意：不要过度推断，找原文转述。
   A. milk, human --out of scope; 虽然原文说了honey，但这个到milk以及致病还是有不少gap的；         B. 定位displace;    C. out of scope

150题 —2
African A newspaper: 文章不难，题目坑多
Q1: infer题. A. irrelevant. B. directly contradict; C. 对
Q2：infer题
knowing that buyers of African American papers also bought general-circulation papers, advertisers of consumer products often ignored African American publications.
在A,C之间纠结
C. 知道了买AA报纸的也买其他报纸，所以advertiser就忽略该报纸了。所以在选择在哪里投放广告是明明考虑了AA的reading.

150题 —3
ice: 题目有坑
Q1: infer题。错因：看错选项意思。 They are less salty than {they would be if global warming were to occur}. 前半句是现在，后半句是将来。现在与将来比。

Q2: 做错是因为断句的问题。理解成了“它们（表面的海水）上升得比它们本应该的更快，如果全球变暖发生的话”，但请注意“would”的使用是跟后面的“if“形成虚拟语气，如果要表达如上意思，应该这么说：They rise to the surface more quickly than they should if global warming were to occur.